and Capitulations, see Capitulations
collapse of, 96
conflict with Persian Empire, 36, 39, 47, 48, 73, 142, 146, 171
decline of, 298–99
English captives in, 92, 94–95, 100, 118, 122–23, 134
extent of, 3, 5–6, 9, 20, 226
gift exchange with, 185–86, 218–19, 221–22
history of, 271–72
invasion of Hungary, 186, 203–4, 217
and “Memorandum on the Turkey Trade,” 82–83, 96
Morocco vs., 7, 63
Murad as sultan of, 3–4
peace treaty with Spain, 96–97
Persian treaties with, 237
rise of, 21, 25–26, 72
Shi’a opposition to, 37, 38
spies in, 118–19
trade with England, 3, 4–5, 40, 41, 53, 73–75, 88–92, 96–97, 101, 103, 112–14, 117–19, 186, 203, 204–5
trade with Europe, 25–26
trade with Venice, 9, 25, 47, 62, 72
war with Habsburgs, 186–87, 204
writing (script) in, 89
Ottoman Turks, 46
Ovid, Metamorphoses, 187
Pageant of the Shearmen and Taylors, The (mystery play), 212–13
Pannemaker, William de, 17–18
Parry, William, 234, 237, 239, 240–41, 245
Parsons, Robert, 253
Pasha, Ahmad, 117
Peace of Amasya, 48, 51
Peele, George, 272, 298
Battle of Alcazar, 163–65, 166, 189, 210–11
and Portugal Expedition, 166–67
The Turkish Mahamet and Hiren the Fair Greek, 210
Persia:
alliance of England and, 8, 54, 233
and Battle of Rabat-i-Pariyan, 238
conflict with Ottoman Empire, 36, 39, 47, 48, 73, 142, 146, 171
Safavid dynasty of, 31, 35–36, 45, 47–48, 53, 70, 237, 240
Timurid dynasty of, 37
trade rights with, 41, 44–45, 53, 68, 73, 113, 114–16
treaties with Ottoman Empire, 237
Persian carpets, 206
“Persians,” use of term, 5
Peter (ship), 95
Philip, King of England, and trade agreements, 31, 41
Philip, Prince, marriage to Mary Tudor, 13–16, 18, 28, 57
Philip I, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 81, 83, 93
Philip II, King of Spain and the Netherlands, 50, 126
and Anglo-Islam relations, 112–13, 123–24, 145
death of, 236, 258
and Elizabeth, 33–34, 60, 61, 76
enmity of England and, 65, 123–24, 129, 141, 142–43, 152–53, 168
and France, 181–82
and Mansur, 152–53, 168, 195
and Murad, 95–96, 142–43
and popes, 61–62, 63, 65, 70
and Portugal, 75, 80–81, 83, 125, 233
and St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 61–62
and Spanish Armada, 123–24, 129, 148–49
Philip III, King of Spain, 236, 253, 254, 273, 292
Pinçon, Abel, 234, 238–39, 245, 246
Pius V, Pope:
death of, 72
Elizabeth excommunicated by, 3, 8, 59–62, 65, 68, 76, 92
and Holy League, 64, 65, 70, 72
and Ireland, 76
Plato, Republic, 241
Pliny, 281, 286
Pococke, Edward, 298
Polo, Marco, 29
Portugal:
Anglo-Portuguese-Moroccan alliance (proposed), 150, 152
Anglo-Portuguese treaty, 65, 66
annexed by Spain, 233
and anti-Ottoman alliance, 38, 39
and Barbary trade, 56, 57–58
and Battle of Alcazar, 77–79, 80
colonies of, 28, 57, 75
Don António’s claim to throne of, 80–81, 125, 129, 146, 149, 153–54, 167–68, 169
House of Avis, 79
Lisbon Inquisition, 128
trade partners of, 75
Portugal Expedition, 153–54, 166–68, 181
Pory, John, A Geographical Historie of Africa, 268, 282
Powell, Thomas, 247
Prannell, Henry, 271
Purchas, Samuel, 5, 228–29
Queen Elizabeth’s Men, 107
Queen Mary Atlas, 31–32
Qur’an, 19, 20, 149, 207
and St. George/Al Khidr, 213
in theatrical works, 6, 161
translations of, 21–22, 24, 298
Rabkin, Norman, 212
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 194, 231
History of the World, 180
Ramadan Pasha, Kaid, 122
Reformation, 13, 15, 27, 35, 191, 299
Reis, Yusuf, 297
Renard, Simon, 14
Robert of Ketton, 21–22
Roberts, Henry, 125–30, 145, 147–51, 154–55, 175
Roberts, Sir Lewis, 290
Roman Inquisition, 99, 101, 103
Rome, fall of, 19
Rose Theatre, 106, 107, 156, 163, 178, 187
Ross, Sir Edward Denison, 229–30
Rowlie, Samson, 10, 138–39
Royal Exchange, 68
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 249–51, 291
Rurik dynasty, 246
Russia:
Jenkinson in, 41–42, 43–44, 46–47, 53, 54
trade route via, 30–31, 45, 112
trade with England, 31, 44, 53, 104
Rymer, Thomas, 275–76
Sa’adian dynasty, 56, 58, 63, 66, 67, 126, 259
Sadeler, Aegidius, 249
Safavi, Sheik Ismail, 38
Safavid dynasty, 31, 35–36, 45, 47–48, 53, 70, 237, 240
Safiye Sultan, 4, 72, 86–87, 182, 185–86, 203, 218–19, 221–23, 248
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 61
Saldanha, Antonio de, 126
Salomon Aben Yaèx, 202–3
Sampsonia (Teresa), 292
Sanders, Thomas, 122, 138
Sanderson, John, 206
Saracens:
division of, 272
use of term, 5, 20, 21
Sardanapalus, 170
Sebastian I, King of Portugal, 67, 75–80, 164, 240, 245
Sebastianism, 80
Selim, son of Süleyman, 51
Selim I, Sultan, 38, 172–73
Selim II, Sultan, 63–64, 72, 279
Shakespeare, William, 111, 298
Antony and Cleopatra, 276
authorship of plays, 256
Comedy of Errors, 206, 226
Hamlet, 7, 226, 274, 275, 288
Henry IV, 208–11
Henry V, 211–17, 225, 288
Henry VI, 178–81, 189, 208, 216, 293
King Lear, 7, 173, 274
King Richard II, 208–10
Macbeth, 7, 119, 274
Merchant of Venice, 195–201
Othello, 7–8, 274–89, 296
retirement of, 290
Richard III, 165, 208
and Sir Thomas More, 293–95
The Taming of the Shrew, 206
The Tempest, 295–97
Titus Andronicus, 187–93, 273, 277
Twelfth Night, 225–27, 256, 275
Shaykh, Mulay al-, 168
Sherley, Sir Anthony, 227–56
and Abbas, 10, 237–45, 246, 252, 292
and arts of war, 229
characteristics of, 230, 232, 244
crimes of, 229–30, 231–32, 255
death of, 293
erratic behavior of, 231, 245–47, 248�
��49, 253–56, 292–93
exile of, 231, 244, 249, 256, 291–93
honors to, 230–31
in Italy, 251–54
later years of, 292–93
marriage of, 231
memoirs of, 230, 233, 240, 293
in Moscow, 246–47
and Persian expedition, 233–45, 248
in Prague, 249–51, 292
self-promotion by, 229, 230–31, 239, 240, 247–49
and Shakespeare’s plays, 225, 227, 255–56
travels of, 230, 231, 232–33, 234–36, 245–46, 250–55
Sherley, Sir Robert (brother), 227–29, 234, 235, 245, 247, 255, 292–93
Sherley, Sir Thomas (brother), 230, 234–35, 255, 270, 291, 292
Sherley, Sir Thomas (father), 228, 229, 230, 231–32, 234
Shrewsbury, Francis Talbot, Earl of, 13
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Earl of, 179
Shylock (fict.), 196–200
Sidney, Sir Philip, Defense of Poesy, 205
Silk Road, 35
Sinan, Mimar, 85
Sinan Pasha, Koca, 102
Sinzendorf, Joachim von, 88–89
Sixtus V, Pope, 123, 148
Siyavuş Pasha, Kanijeli, 117
Socrates, 277
Solovetsky Monastery, 247
Soltana, Aura, 44, 54
Songhai, Muslim kingdom of, 171–72
Spain:
American colonies of, 28, 45, 126, 171–72, 263, 271, 291
and Barbary trade, 56, 57, 153
and Habsburg Empire, 72
and Holy League, 64, 70
and invasion of France, 181
Jewish conversos in, 58, 128
Jews expelled from, 127
and Low Countries, 34, 123
military alliances against, 6–7, 17, 114, 123–25, 129, 131, 143–45, 147, 148–50, 153–54, 168–72, 182, 193, 195, 259, 261–64, 265–66, 268–71
military intelligence about, 118–19
Muslims in, 25
Ottoman peace treaty with, 96–97
peace negotiations with, 288–89, 290–92
trade competitors with, 70, 82–83, 112–13, 115, 116, 121, 123, 233
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 34
Treaty of London, 288–89
war with England, 193–95, 196
Spanish Armada (1588), 6, 123–25, 129, 137, 142–43, 145–46, 147–51, 153, 163, 181
Spanish Armada (1596), 195
Spanish Company, 84
Spanish Inquisition, 70
Staper, Richard, 74, 84, 97, 104, 113, 119
Stow, John, 265, 268–69
Stukeley, Sir Thomas, 75–76, 78, 165, 240
Sufism, 37, 39, 48, 213
dervishes, 86
Süleyman I (the Magnificent), Sultan, 49, 53, 85, 87, 163, 199
alliance with France, 9, 15, 25–26, 62
and Barbarossa, 17
campaign against Safavid Empire, 35–36, 39–40, 51, 52
death of, 62
successors to, 62–63
Surtees, Rev. Scott, 256
Swallow (ship), 46, 95, 139
Swan Theatre, 106
Symcot, John, 115–17, 119–20
Syria, trade with, 4
Tahmasp I, Shah, 39, 45, 47, 48–53, 68, 73, 237
Talib, ‘Ali ibn Abi, 36–37, 49, 240, 272
Talib, Husayn, 37
Tangarffe, Moor chief, 59
Tatar warlords, 42
Temryukovna, Maria, 46
theater, 105–10, 155–67, 172–77, 271–89, 293–98
Alphonsus, King of Aragon, 173
Battle of Alcazar, 163–65, 166, 189, 210–11
censorship of, 106
A Christian Turned Turk, 297
first playhouses (1576), 105
iambic pentameter in, 157–58
interest in Islamic world in, 6, 105, 106, 110, 162, 166, 272, 298
The Jew of Malta, 174–76, 178, 188, 190, 196, 200
liberties (open-air), 106
Lust’s Dominion; or The Lascivious Queen, also known as The Spanish Moor’s Tragedy, 272–74, 275
mystery-play cycles, 22, 212–13
pageantry, 28
Poulter’s measure used in, 157
The Renegado, 297
Sir Thomas More, 293–95
The Spanish Tragedy, 163
Tamburlaine, 6, 155–59, 160–63, 165, 172–74, 178, 210, 212, 281, 284, 288
Three Ladies of London, 106–10, 113, 114, 156, 157, 196, 200
Tragicall Reign of Selimus, 172–73, 188
Travailes of the Three English Brothers, 297–98
see also Shakespeare, William
Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), 291
Thomson, George, 259, 281
Thomson, Jasper, 257–60, 281
Thomson, Richard, 257
Thorne, Robert, 28–29
Timur, 156
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 34
Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 96
Treaty of London, 288–89
Treaty of Nonsuch, 123
Turkey Company, 105, 113–14, 118, 121, 122, 131, 134, 145, 193, 204
Turkish carpets, 206
Turkish republic, birth of, 96
Turks:
and Battle of Lepanto, 64–65, 289
depicted in theater, 287–88, 297
“Memorandum on the Turkey Trade,” 82–83, 96
Ottoman Turks, 46, 47, 82
and Persian shah, 51–52, 53, 242–43
trade with England, 93–94, 104–5, 112, 113, 121–22, 218
use of term, 5, 20, 22
war against, 25, 26
see also Constantinople
Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, Earl of, 248
Umar, Caliph, 38, 49, 242
Umayyad dynasty, 37
Usman, Caliph, 38
Ustajlu, Abdullah-Khan, 47–48, 50, 52–53
Uthman, Caliph, 49, 242
Uzbeks:
Persian defeat of, 237, 238, 242
threats from, 48
Venice:
and anti-Ottoman alliance, 38, 39, 64, 119
Sherley’s travels to, 232–33, 234, 254–55
trade with Ottoman Empire, 9, 25, 47, 62, 72
Venice Company, 204
Vermeyen, Jan, 17
Verstegen, Richard, A Declaration of the True Causes of the Great Troubles, 182–84, 186
Virgil, Aeneid, 229, 296
Virginia Company, 291
Walsingham, Francis:
aging of, 181
and Anglo-Ottoman trade, 65, 72, 82, 124
and anti-Spanish alliance, 123–25, 129
and Capitulations, 183
death of, 141
and Hakluyt, 217
and Harborne, 96, 102, 118, 123–24, 141, 142–46
intelligence networks of, 84, 118, 124, 125, 162, 168
and Leicester, 117, 120
“Memorandum on the Turkey trade” (1578), 82–83, 96
and Moroccan trade, 68, 71, 72, 73, 82–83, 115–17, 119–20
and Portugal, 65, 83
and unregulated trade, 103–4, 115–17, 120
Ward, John, 297
Waring, John, 259, 260
Warner, William, Albion’s England, 54–55
Warren, Sir Ralph, 205
Warwick, Robert Rich, 1st Earl of, 121
Wattasid dynasty, 56
Wazzan, al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al- (Leo Africanus), 268, 282
Webbe, Edward, 140–41
West, John, 205
Whe
eler, John, Treatise of Commerce, 104
White Sea, trade route via, 41, 43
Whyte, Rowland, 261, 262
Williams, John, 66–67
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 30, 34, 40
Wilson, Robert, The Three Ladies of London, 106–10, 113, 114, 156, 157, 196, 200
World War II, 188
Wright, Edward, 226
Wright, John, 74, 84
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 15, 16
Wyndham, Thomas, 56–57
Zenden, Casper van, 270
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