Forensic Pharmacology
Page 13
Levine,Barry,ed. Principles of Forensic Toxicology. Washington,DC:American AssociationforClinicalChemistry,Inc.,1999.
Lobo,IngridA. Inhalants (Drugs: The Straight Facts).Philadelphia:Chelsea HousePublishers,2004.
MADD.“FatalitiesandAlcohol-RelatedFatalitiesAmong15–20YearOlds,
2003v.2002.”http://www.madd.org/stats/0,1056,9659_print,00.html.
Marquardt,Hans,SiegfriedG.Schäfer,RogerO.McClellan,andFrankWelsch,
eds. Toxicology. SanDiego,CA:AcademicPress,1999.
McAnalley,BillH.“ChemistryofAlcoholicBeverages.”Chapter1in
Medicolegal Aspects of Alcohol, 3rded.,editedbyJamesC.Garriott.
Tucson,AZ:LawyersandJudgesPublishingCompany,Inc.,1996.
Mechoulam,R.,andY.Gaoni.“ATotalSynthesisofDL-delta-1-
Tetrahydrocannabinol,theActiveConstituentofHashish.” J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 87 (1965):3273–3275.
Miller,RichardLawrence. The Encyclopedia of Addictive Drugs.Westport,CT: GreenwoodPress,2002.
Milles,Dietrich.“HistoryofToxicology.” Chapter1 in Toxicology, editedby HansMarquardt,SiegfriedG.Schäfer,RogerO.McClellan,andFrank
Welsch.SanDiego,CA:AcademicPress,1999.
128
Bibliography
NationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation.“OneSizeDoesNotFitAll:
ThePromiseofPharmacogenomics.”NationalInstitutesofHealth.http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/pharm.html.
NationalClearinghouseforAlcoholandDrugInformation.“Ketamine.A
FactSheet.”U.S.DepartmentofHealth&HumanServices.http://ncadi.
samhsa.gov/nongovpubs/ketamine/.
Neinstein,LawrenceS.,ed. Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide, 4thed.
Philadelphia:LippincottWilliams&Wilkins,2002.
NIDA.“CommonlyAbusedDrugs.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://
www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/DrugsofAbuse.html.
NIDA.“FactsonDrugs.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://teens.dru-
gabuse.gov/facts.
NIDA.“Inhalants.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://www.nida.nih.
gov/ResearchReports/inhalants/inhalants2.html.
NIDA.“NIDAInfofacts.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://www.nida.
nih.gov/infofacts.
OfficeofAppliedStudies.“DrugAbuseWarningNetwork,2003:Interim
NationalEstimatesofDrug-RelatedEmergencyDepartmentVisits.”
U.S.DepartmentofHealth&HumanServices,SAMHSA’sNational
ClearinghouseforAlcoholandDrugInformation.http://www.oas.
samhsa.gov/dawn/2K3interimED.pdf.
OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy.“JuvenilesandDrugs.”http://www.
whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/juveniles/index.html.
“OregontoRequirePrescriptionsforMedicationsLinkedtoMeth.” New York
Times,August,17,2005,A15.
Passie,Torsten,JuergenSeifert,UdoSchneider,andHinderkM.Emrich.“The
PharmacologyofPsilocybin.” Addiction Biology7(2002):357–364.
Ramchandani,Dilip. “ TheLibriumStory.” http://www.benzo.org.uk/librium.htm.
Roueché,Berton. The Medical Detectives.NewYork:TrumanTalleyBooks/
Plume,1991.
Saferstein,Richard. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 8thed.
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonEducation,Inc.,2004.
129
Bibliography
Sandler,David.“ExpertandOpinionTestimonyofLawEnforcementOfficers
RegardingIdentificationofDrug-ImpairedDrivers.”Chapter16in
Medical-Legal Aspects of Drugs, editedbyMarcellineBurns.Tucson,AZ:
LawyersandJudgesPublishingCompany,Inc.,2003.
Schedules of Controlled Substances. U.S.Code.Title21,Section812.
Service,RobertF.“GoingfromGenometoPill.” Science308(2005):1858–
1860.
Shulgin,Alexander,andAnnShulgin. PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story.
Berkeley,CA:TransformPress,1995.
SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthDataArchive.“OverallTeenDrugUse
ContinuesGradualDecline;ButUseofInhalantsRises.”Universityof
Michigan.http://www.monitoringthefuture.org.
U.S.DrugEnforcementAdministration.“Ketamine.”http://www.usdoj.gov/
dea/concern/ketamine_factsheet.html.
U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration. Code of Federal
Regulations,Title49,Sec.40.87(2005).
U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine.“DrugInformation:Barbiturates,Aspirin,
andCodeine(Systemic).”Micromedex,Inc.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
medlineplus/print/druginfo/uspdi/202104.htm.
Wilson,R.I.,andR.A.Nicoll.“EndocannabinoidSignalingintheBrain.”
Science296(2002):678–682.
Zedeck,MorrisS.“AReviewandAnalysisoftheUseofthe2100:1Blood-
BreathRatioforDeterminationofBloodAlcoholConcentration:
ScientificandLegalIssues. ” Expert and Scientific Evidence3(1996):
269–294.
Zedeck,MorrisS.“CocaineSentencingandBadChemistry.” Judicature84
(2000):86–89.
Zernike,Kate.“OfficialsAcrossU.S.DescribeDrugWoes.” New York Times,
July6,2005,A12.
Zernike,Kate.“ADrugScourgeCreatesItsOwnFormofOrphan.” New York
Times, July11,2005,A1.
130
Further readiNg
Evans,Colin. The Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of
the World’s Most Baffling Crimes.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1996.
Fisher,David. Hard Evidence.NewYork:Simon&Schuster,1995.
Owen,David. Police Lab.Buffalo,NY:FireflyBooks(U.S.)Inc.,2002.
Wecht,CyrilH. Crime Scene Investigation.Pleasantville,NY:TheReaders
DigestAssociation,Inc.,2004.
Wecht,Cyril,GregSaitz,andMarkCurriden. Mortal Evidence: The Forensics
Behind Nine Shocking Cases.Amherst,NY:PrometheusBooks,2003.
Web Sites
Alcoholics Anonymous
www.aa.org
American Academy of Forensic Sciences
(Forensic Science Career Information)
www.aafs.org
Drug Enforcement Administration: Club Drugs
www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/intel/01026/index.html
General Information and Photographs of Drugs
www.clubdrugs.org
www.drugabuse.gov/drugpages.html
www.drunkdrivingdefense.com/general/illegal-drugs.htm
www.emedicinehealth.com
www.erowid.org/chemicals
www.streetdrugs.org
Narcotics Anonymous
www.wsoinc.com
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
www.health.org
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
www.nida.nih.gov
131
Further Reading
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
www.samhsa.gov
Information for Teens
http://teens.drugabuse.gov
www.drugabuse.gov/infofax/infofaxindex.html
www.monitoringthefuture.org
Toxicology Tutor
www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/ToxTutor/Tox2/a21.htm
White House Office of National Drug Control Policy
www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov
132
Picture credits
page:
3: ©AnnJohansson/CORBIS
67: ©InfobasePublishing
6: ©C.Schneider/VenturaCounty
72: ©JoshSher/PhotoResearchers,Inc.
Star/CORBIS
74: ©AssociatedPress,AP
13: ©InfobasePublishing
81: ©Dr.JeremyBurgess/Photo
20: ©InfobasePublishing
Researchers,Inc.
22: ©InfobasePublishing
84: ©InfobasePublishing
26: ©Dr.JurgenScriba/Photo
90: ©InfobasePublishing
Researchers,Inc.
91: ©SinclairStammers/Photo
30: ©SusanMcClure/CDC
Researchers,Inc.
34: ©InfobasePublishing
93: ©DrugEnforcement
41: ©InfobasePublishing
Administration
48: ©InfobasePublishing
98: ©APPhoto/PatRoque
52: ©AdamHart-Davis/Photo
104: ©InfobasePublishing
Researchers,Inc.
112: ©DrugEnforcement
56: ©InfobasePublishing
Administration
57: ©InfobasePublishing
59: ©CordeliaMolloy/Photo
Cover:©MauroFermariello/Photo
Researchers,Inc
Researchers,Inc.(mainimage);©
64: ©DrugEnforcement
MarkLorch/Shutterstock.com
Administration
(spotimage)
133
index
AAFS,8
backextrapolation,77
Abel,JohnJacob,8
barbiturates,67–71,78
absorption,18
bars,dramshopcasesand,77–78
abuse,5,40
baseball,58,109
accreditation,36–37
Bayer,AdolphVon,66
acetaminophen,15,40
behavior. Seeeffects
ADAMprogram,45
benzodiazepines,21,67,71–73,76
ADHD,57,58
benzoylecgonine,60–61
adolescents,42,43–45,90,103,109–110
benzylisoquinolines,80
adulterants,39–40
bloodalcoholconcentration,33–37,68–69,
AIDS,50
76–78
alcohol
blood-brainbarrier,12–15,60–61,83,104,
adolescentsand,43
105
bloodalcoholconcentrationand,33–35
brains,14,21–23
chloralhydrateand,75
breathalyzers,34,107
derivationofproofand,70
Bucheim,Rudolf,8
metabolismof,16,68–69
bufotenine,89,92
withdrawaland,76–77
Burns,Marcelline,76
alcoholdehydrogenase,16,68
butalbital,78
alveoli,12
buttons,mescaline,89,92
amnesia,69
amotivationalsyndrome,51
California,49
amphetamines,21,57–60,61,64
cannabinoids,47–51,52–53
amylnitrate,106
capillaryelectrophoresis,31–33
anaboliceffects,109
cataplexy,73
AnabolicSteroidControlAct,110
cathinone,61–62
anabolic-androgenicsteroids,3,109–113
CDC,45
analysis
celebrities,overdosesby,1–2
bloodalcoholconcentrationand,33–37
centralnervoussystem,14–15,21–23,55–65.
cannabinoidsand,52–53
See alsodepressants
chromatographyand,26,29–33,53,85
chainofcustody,64
depressantsand,76–78
chemotherapy,50
DrugRecognitionExperts(DREs)and,
chloralhydrate,75
35–36
chromatography,26,29–33
ecstasyand,92
cirrhosis,69
futureresearchand,115–116
Coca-Cola,56
GHBand,78
cocaethylene,61
ofhallucinogens,95
cocaine,55–57,60–61,63–64,82
marijuanaand,53
codeine,75,82
opioidsand,85–86
colorimetrictests,28–29,53
stimulantsand,62–65
ComprehensiveDrugAbusePreventionand
testsfor,25–29
ControlAct,40–42,107,110
urinetestingand,28,32,63–64,78,85–86
concentration,defined,25
anandamide,51
confirmatorytests,25,64
androgens,109
conjugation,16
anemia,106
consultants,6
anesthetics,67,71,75,97–102
ControlledSubstancesAct(CSA),40–42,107,
antidiuretichormone,69
110
ASCLAD,36–37
crackcocaine,56–57,62
ASPET,8
cross-tolerance,38–39,94
asthma,47,60
CSIeffect,1
ataxia,51
curare,27
automobiles. Seemotorvehicles
cutoffvalues,31,32
134
Index
daVinci,Leonardo,19
expertwitnesses,6
DASIS,45
extrapolation,77
daterapedrugs,71–72,73–74,75,78
DAWN,43,44
falsepositives,28,52–53,62,64–65
decomposition,27
FDA,101
dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA),110
fentanyl,82
dependence,38–39,51,75,111
first-passeffect,17
depressants
flashbacks,94–95
alcohol,68–69
forensicscience,2–5,6–11
barbiturates,69–71
freebasecocaine,56–57
benzodiazepines,71–73
Freud,Sigmund,55
forensicissuesand,76–78
GHB,73–75
GABA,21,74
historyof,66–67
gamma-hydroxybutyrate,21,67,73–75,78
overviewof,75–76
gaschromatography(GC),28
dextromethorphan,22,82,84
gaschromatogratography/massspectrometry
diazepam,15,72–73
(GC/MS),28,29–30,85
diets,57,58
GHB,21,67,73–75,78
diffusion,12–13,14
gluesniffing,107
diluents,39–40
glutethimide,75,82
dissociativeanesthetics,97–102
Gray,Henry,19
DMT,89,92
growthhormone,67
dopamine,21,22
dosage,toxicologyand,4
hairtesting,26
dramshopcases,77–78
half-life
drivingwhileintoxicated(DWI),76–77
ofbenzodiazepines,72–73
dronabinol,50
ofcocaine,60–61
DrugRecognitionExperts(DREs),35–36
defined,18
druggeddriving,43–44
ofecstasy,92
Duquenois-Levinecolortests,53
ofLSD,91
Dyer,JoEllen,6
ofmescaline,92
dynorphins,21–22
ofopioids,83
ofPCPandketamine,99–100
ecstasy. SeeMDMA
hallucinogens,47,88–90,90–95
effects
<
br /> hashish,48,50
ofhallucinogens,93–94
headspacegaschromatography,33
ofinhalants,105
hemp,47–48,52–53
ofmarijuana,51
Henry’sLaw,33
ofopioids,84
heroin,75,80,82–84,86
ofPCPandketamine,100
high-performanceliquidchromatography
ofsteroids,111
(HPLC),28
ofstimulants,62
Hofmann,Albert,88
electrophoresis,31–33
embalmingfluid,27,99
infraredspectrometry,28,34–35
endorphins,21–22
inhalants,43,103–108
enkephalins,21–22
injection,39–40
enterohepaticcirculation,17
interactions,16–17,22,39
enzymemultipliedimmunoassaytechnique
ions,14
(EMIT),28
ephedrine,58–60
Jascalevich,MarioE.,27
epinephrine,22
excretion,17–18
ketamine,97,98,99–100,101
exhumation,27
khat,58
135
Index
kidneys,17–18
narcolepsy,57,58
kinetics. Seepharmacokinetics
narcotics,defined,80
NationalInstituteofJustice,45
Laborit,Henri,67
nausea,50
lipids,13–14,15,50–51,72–73
needles,39
liver,15,17–18,50,68–69,111
Netter,FrankH.,19
LSD,21,88,90–91,95
neurotransmitters,20–23,74,88,100
lungs,17–18
NHTSA,76–77
Luster,Andrew,6
NIDA,36–37,44,109–110
Niemann,Albert,55
MaHuang,58–59
nitrousoxide,103,106
MAOI,22
NMDAreceptors,22,84,100
MarijuanaTaxAct,48
norepinephrinereceptors,21,22
MDMA,73,88,89–90,92–93,94
noscapine,80
medicalexaminers,7
NSDUH,43,44–45
medicinalusage
nucleusaccumbens,23
ofamphetamine,57–58,64
nystagmus,35,76
ofcocaine,55,56
ControlledSubstancesAct(CSA)and,40
OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy,45
marijuanaand,47,49
omegafattyacids,52
ofopioids,82
one-legstand,76
membranes,12–13,50–51
opioidreceptors,21–22
mescaline,89,92
opioids,80–87
metabolism
opium,80–82
ofalcohol,68–69
overdoses,1–2,71,75,76,85
ofbarbiturates,69–71
oxazepam,73
ofbenzodiazepines,71–73
oxycodone,43
ofcannabinoids,50–51
ofGHB,73–75
papaverine,80
ofhallucinogens,90–95