32 Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris, 313.
33 Fest, Plotting Hitler’s Death, 278.
34 Ernst Jünger, Second Journal Parisien, Journal III, 1943–1945 (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1980), 314.
35 Colonel Rol-Tanguy and Roger Bourderon, Libération de Paris: Les Cent Documents (Paris: Hachette, 1994), 158.
36 Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant l’Occupation (Paris: La Jeune Parc, 1944), 246; Marguerite Duras, The War: A Memoir (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 82–83; Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 513.
37 Wilhelm von Boineburg, “Northern France,” 3; Boineburg, “Organization for the Defense of Greater Paris,” 7–8; Emmench, “Northern France,” 7. See also Hold, “First Army Organization and Replacements,” 10, which says that German assets “could not possibly suffice for a successful defense of Paris.”
38 Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 234, 182.
39 Ibid., 335.
Chapter Four
1 Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 35; Dietrich von Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris: Un Soldat Parmi des Soldats (Paris: Aubanel, 1964), 204–205.
2 Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit. The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1961), 592; Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 36.
3 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 46–47; Sönke Neitzel, ed., Tapping Hitler’s Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942–1945 (London: Frontline, 2007), 367.
4 Marcelle Adler-Bresse, “Von Choltitz: A-t-il Changé d’Avis?” Revue d’Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale 19 (1955): 116.
5 Raoul Nordling, Sauver Paris: Mémoirs du Consul de Suède, 1905–1945 (Paris: Editions Complexe, 2002), 79.
6 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 203; Robert Aron, France Reborn (New York: Scribner’s 1964), 237.
7 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 208, 195.
8 Gerhard Heller, Un Allemand à Paris (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1981), 184.
9 Gilles Perrault and Pierre Azéma, Paris Under the Occupation (Paris: Vendôme, 1987), 50. On the German Army, see Robert M. Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht: The German Campaigns of 1942 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007). There is a lot of questionable historical work on the German Army in World War II. Citino’s work, along with that of Omer Bartov, Geoff Megargee, and Dennis Showalter, should be a serious researcher’s first stop.
10 James A. Wood, ed., Army of the West: The Weekly Reports of German Army Group B from Normandy to the West Wall (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007), 81, 158.
11 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 9–10.
12 Andrzej Bobkowski, En Guerre et en Paix: Journal 1940–1944 (Paris: Editions Noirs sur Blanc, 1991), 604; Jacques Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris: Journal d’un Sénateur, Octobre 1943–Octobre 1944 (Paris: Fayard, 1958), 345; Willis Thornton, The Liberation of Paris (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963), 139.
13 Henri Rol-Tanguy and Roger Bourderon, Libération de Paris: Les Cent Documents (Paris: Hachette, 1994), 59–60.
14 Ibid., 164; Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, Mémoirs Rebelles (Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob, 1999), 63.
15 Olivier Wieviorka, Normandy: The Landings to the Liberation of Paris (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), 280–281.
16 Quoted in Carlo D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Holt, 2002), 572; Wood, ed., Army of the West, 191.
17 Wood, ed., Army of the West, 187.
18 Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 593.
19 Matthew Cobb, The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis (London: Pocket Books, 2009), 258.
20 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 68, 89; Kurt Hesse, “Defense of Paris, Summer, 1944,” Foreign Military Studies D739.F6713, no. B-611, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 18.
21 Martin Blumenson, “The Liberation of Paris,” World War II 15, no. 3 (2000), accessed online through Academic Search Premier.
22 William Hornaday to Richard Sommers, November 11, 1971, William Hornaday Papers, Box 35, folder 14, p. 2, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Hornaday was an aide to Bradley. The letter recounted a conversation with Gerow from 1949. I am indebted to Dr. Sommers for alerting me to the existence of this and other collections.
23 Bobkowski, En Guerre et en Paix, 605.
24 Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 529; Edith Thomas, La Libération de Paris (Paris: Mellottée, 1945), 23.
25 Bobkowski, En Guerre et en Paix, 601; Yves Cazaux, Journal Secret de la Libération (Paris: Albin Michel, 1979), 135; Braibant, La Guerre à Paris, 533; Richard D.E. Burton, Blood in the City: Violence and Revolution in Paris, 1789–1945 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 234.
26 Henri Michel, Paris Résistant (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982), 302; Rol-Tanguy and Bourderon, Libération de Paris, 176.
27 Rol-Tanguy and Bourderon, Libération de Paris, 177.
28 Michel, Paris Résistant, footnote on 304.
29 Philippe Nivet and Yvan Combeau, Histoire Politique de Paris au XXe Siècle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2000), 162–163.
30 Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant L’Occupation (Paris: La Jeune Parque, 1944), 251; Catherine Garvin, Liberated France (New York: St. Martin’s, 1955), 43.
31 Léautaud is quoted in Herbert R. Lottman, The People’s Anger: Justice and Revenge in Post-Liberation France (London: Hutchinson, 1986), 76.
32 Clara Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen: The Story of My Life (New York: Scribner’s, 1949), 216.
33 Marcel Jouhandeau, Journal sous l’Occupation (Paris: Gallimard, 1980). Jouhandeau was the author of the anti-Semitic tract Le Péril Juif in 1938. In 1941 he was among a group of collaborationist writers who went on a highly publicized tour of Germany paid for by Joseph Goebbels. He survived the war unharmed and died of natural causes in 1979.
34 Gilbert Joseph, Une Si Douce Occupation: Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, 1940–1944 (Paris: A. Michel, 1991), 348.
35 Léon Werth, Déposition (Paris: Grasset, 1946), 550; Louis Chavet, “Journal d’un Témoin,” and Alexandre Arnoux, “Fièvre de Paris,” in Jacques Kim, Libération de Paris: Les Journées Historiques (Paris: L’O.P.C., 1944), n.p.
36 Bobkowski, En Guerre et en Paix, 597, 603.
37 Henri Michel, La Libération de Paris (Brussels: Editions Complexe, 1980), 33; Jacques Chaban-Delmas, La Libération (Paris: Paris Match, 1984), 26; Philippe Ragueneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 234.
38 Comité de Tourisme de Paris, “La Libération de Paris” (1945), United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, D762.P3 L35 1945.
39 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 7; Ragueneau and Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré, 136.
Chapter Five
1 Victor Hugo, in Les Misérables, quoted in Eric Hazan, The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps (London: Verso, 2010), 250.
2 Simon Kitson, “The Police in the Liberation of Paris,” in Harry Roderick Kedward and Nancy Wood, eds. The Liberation of France: Image and Event (Oxford: Berg, 1995), 43. It appears that the unreliability of the police was an issue of concern to the Germans outside Paris in 1943 as well. See Robert Gildea, Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the Occupation (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002), 269.
3 Maurice Rajsfus, La Police de Vichy: Les Forces de l’Ordre Françaises au Service de la Gestapo, 1940–1944 (Paris: Les Éditions Cherche Midi, 1995), 240, 254, 261, 219.
4 Rajsfus, La Police de Vichy, 232.
5 Comité Parisien de la Libération, Paris: Les Heures Glorieuses, Août 1944 (n.p., 1945), 92; Rajsfus, La Police de Vichy, 254.
6 Dietrich von Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris: Un Soldat Parmi des Soldats (Paris: Au
banel, 1964), 212.
7 Adrien Dansette, La Libération de Paris (Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1946), 91, 94, 136.
8 Rajsfus, La Police de Vichy, 251; Oral history of Henri and Cécile Rol-Tanguy, in Philippe Raguenau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 47.
9 Raoul Nordling, Sauver Paris: Mémoirs du Consul de Suède, 1905–1944 (Paris: Éditions Complexe, 2002), 93–94.
10 Gilles Perrault and Pierre Azéma, Paris Under the Occupation (Paris: Vendôme, 1987), 51.
11 Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, Mémoirs Rebelles (Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob, 1999), 64.
12 Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant l’Occupation (Paris: La Jeune Parque, 1944), 251–252.
13 Yves Cazaux, Journal Secret de la Libération (Paris: Alban Michel, 1979), 135.
14 Rajsfus, La Police de Vichy, 238.
15 Richard D.E. Burton, Blood in the City: Violence and Revolution in Paris, 1789–1945 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 234.
16 Henri Michel, Paris Résistant (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982), 309.
17 Hilary Footitt and John Simmonds, France 1943–1945 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988), 123.
18 Model went back east after his failures in the Battle of the Bulge. He shot himself in April 1945 rather than face a war crimes trial in the Soviet Union for the estimated 600,000 people he sent to death camps.
19 Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 92.
20 André Desfeuilles, Raoul Nordling et la Libération de Paris (Paris: Institut Tessin, 1945). This document is Nordling’s own oral history as recorded in June 1945.
21 After the war, Abetz was sentenced to twenty years of hard labor, although he only served six. He died in an auto accident in 1958.
22 Desfeuilles, Raoul Nordling, 8.
23 Laval was found guilty in October 1945 of treason and executed, although even many of Laval’s critics alleged that the trial was rigged from the outset. Pétain’s postwar story is much more complicated. He, too, was convicted and sentenced to death, but unlike Laval, he still had the sympathy of many people. Aging and becoming senile, he had his sentence commuted by the French government, which allowed him to live in relative comfort on the Île d’Yeu until his death in 1951 at the age of ninety-five. The Russians rescued Herriot from a German prison camp in 1945. He returned to his post as mayor of Lyon, where he emerged as an anticommunist and anti-Gaullist force in French radical politics. He held the presidency of the National Assembly from 1947 to 1954.
24 Henri Michel, La Libération de Paris (Brussels: Éditions Complexe, 1980), 34.
25 Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 535; Jacques Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris: Journal d’un Sénateur, Octobre 1943–Octobre 1944 (Paris: Fayard, 1958), 348.
26 Perrault and Azéma, Paris Under the Occupation, 50; Nordling, Sauver Paris, 96; Cazaux, Journal Secret de la Libération, 145–147.
27 Cazaux, Journal Secret de la Libération, 148.
28 Jean-Pierre Azéma, From Munich to the Liberation, 1938–1944 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 203; Footitt and Simmonds, France 1943–1945, 123.
29 Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit. The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1961), 595.
30 Braibant, La Guerre à Paris, 536.
31 Dansette, La Libération de Paris, 165.
32 Raymond Massiet, La Préparation de l’Insurrection et la Bataille de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 111–113.
Chapter Six
1 Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 538–541.
2 Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 105.
3 Yves Cazaux, Journal Secret de la Libération (Paris: Albin Michel, 1979), 153.
4 S. Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 27. Sources vary on the number of policemen in the Prefecture of Police on August 19 and 20, with the range being from 1,500 to 4,000. The latter number is most likely too high.
5 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 111; Emmanuel Blanc, “Les Six Jours de Feu du Palais de Justice,” in Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris, 46.
6 See the oral history of Roger Priou-Valjean, an organizer of the Paris police, in Philippe Raguenau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), esp. 71–73.
7 Adrien Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris (Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1946), 178.
8 Ibid., 175.
9 Claude Roy, “Mine Eyes Have Seen,” in A. J. Liebling, The Republic of Silence (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947), 449; Andrzej Bobkowski, En Guerre et en Paix: Journal 1940–1944 (Paris: Editions Noir sur Blanc, 1991), 608; Raoul Nordling, Sauver Paris: Mémoirs du Consul de Suède, 1905–1944 (Paris: Editions Complexe, 2002), 113; Jacques Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris: Journal d’un Sénateur, Octobre 1943–Octobre 1944 (Paris: Fayard, 1958), 351.
10 Général [Dietrich] von Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris: Un Soldat Parmi des Soldats (Paris: Aubanel, 1964), 231.
11 Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit. The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1961), 593.
12 Hilary Footitt and John Simmonds, France 1943–1945 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988), 124; Colonel Rol-Tanguy and Roger Bourderon, Libération de Paris: Les Cent Documents (Paris: Hachette, 1994), 198.
13 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 111.
14 Willis Thornton, The Liberation of Paris (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963), 145.
15 Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 178.
16 Roy, “Mine Eyes Have Seen,” 454; Pierre Maudru, Les Six Glorieuses de Paris (Paris: Société Parisienne d’Edition, 1944), 38.
17 Thornton, The Liberation of Paris, 148; Ferdinand Dupuy, La Libération de Paris Vue d’un Commissariat de Police (Paris: Libraries-Imprimeries Réunis, 1944), 15.
18 Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris, 29; Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 195.
19 Claude Roy and Le Comité Parisien de la Libération, Paris: Les Heures Glorieuses, Août 1944 (Montrouge: n.p., 1945), 96.
20 André Desfeuilles, Raoul Nordling et la Libération de Paris (Paris: Institut Tessin, 1945), 12.
21 Quoted in Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 127.
22 Desfeuilles, Raoul Nordling, 13.
23 Nordling, Sauver Paris, 115.
24 Desfeuilles, Raoul Nordling, 14.
25 Ibid.; Robert Aron, France Reborn (New York: Scribner’s, 1964), 268–269.
26 Nordling, Sauver Paris, 121.
27 Henri Michel, La Libération de Paris (Brussels: Éditions Complexes, 1980), 59.
28 Philippe Raguenau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 51, 95.
29 Ibid., 125, 143.
30 Martin Blumenson, “The Liberation of Paris,” World War II 15, no. 3 (2000).
31 William Hornaday, “The William T. Hornaday Papers,” Vertical File 950, Bay 5, Row 190, Face A, Shelf 7, Box 35, Folder 14, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 2–3. See also Harold C. Lyon, “Operations of ‘T Force’, 12th Army Group, in the Liberation and Intelligence Exploitation of Paris, France, 25 August–6 September 1944 (Northern France Campaign),” Unit History 02–12 1949, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania; André Martel, Leclerc, un Homme, un Chef, une Épopée (Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, 1987), 63.
32 Hornaday, “Papers,” 3
33 Victoria Kent, Quatre Ans à Paris (Paris: Editions le Livre du Jour, 1947), 201; Cazaux, Journal Secret de la Libération, 157.
34 Roy, Paris, 95.
35 Matthew Cobb, The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis (London: Pocket Books, 2009), 261.
36 Michel, La Libération d
e Paris, 63.
37 Nordling, Sauver Paris, 129.
38 Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 227; Aron, France Reborn , 271; Nordling, Sauver Paris, 130.
39 Dupuy, La Libération de Paris, 19; Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 143, 134.
40 Office of the Chief of Military History, Personal Papers of William Sylvan, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
41 Joachim Ludewig, Der deutsche Rückzug aus Frankreich 1944 (Berlin: Rombach, 1994), part B, I, section 3; Kurt Hesse, “Defense of Paris (Summer 1944) [Karlsruhe, Germany: Historical Division, Headquarters, US Army, Europe, 1947],” Foreign Military Studies MS# B-611, D739.F6713, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania; OKW War Diary, 1 April–16 December 1944, Foreign Military Studies MS #B-034, Folder 2, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. I am deeply indebted to David Zabecki for making me aware of the Ludewig volume and for providing me with an English translation.
42 Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant l’Occupation (Paris: La Jeune Parque, 1944), 259.
43 Dupuy, La Libération de Paris, 19.
44 Footitt and Simmonds, France 1943–1945, 135.
Chapter Seven
1 Jacques Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris: Journal d’un Sénateur, Octobre 1943–Octobre 1944 (Paris: Fayard, 1958), 354; Pierre Maudru, Les Six Glorieuses de Paris (Paris: Société Parisienne d’Edition, 1944), 11.
2 OKW War Diary, 1 April–16 December 1944, Foreign Military Studies MS #B-034, Folder 2, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 117–118; Joachim Ludewig, Der deutsche Rückzug aus Frankreich 1944 (Berlin: Rombach, 1994), part B, II, section 1.
3 Thomas H. Wolf, “My Brush with History: The Liberation of Paris,” American Heritage 45, no. 5 (1994): 29.
The Blood of Free Men Page 33
