4 Raoul Nordling, Sauver Paris: Mémoirs du Consul de Suède, 1905–1944 (Paris: Editions Complexe, 2002), 136.
5 Willis Thornton, The Liberation of Paris (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963), 153, 157.
6 Adrien Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris (Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1946), 246, 254–255; Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 145; Thornton, The Liberation of Paris, 159, 173.
7 Graham Robb, Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 107; Eric Hazan, The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps (London: Verso, 2010), 92.
8 Charles Glass, Americans in Paris: Life and Death Under Nazi Occupation (London: Harper Press, 2009), 387. Beach managed to keep the shop in the Rue de l’Odéon open until the fall of 1941; when she refused to sell a German officer her last copy of Finnegans Wake, as an act of vengeance, the officer had the shop closed. She moved her remaining books to an apartment nearby to prevent them from being confiscated by the Germans. She was interned for six months by German authorities but was allowed to stay in Paris upon her release. Philippe Barat, Pavés Sanglants (Paris: Armand Fleury, 1945), 76, 91.
9 Simone de Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance (New York: Putnam’s, 1964), 3; Jean Reybaz, “Le Maquis St. Severin: Ou Comment Fut Libéré le Quartier St. Michel,” in S. Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 76; Barat, Pavés Sanglants, 43; Gilles Perrault and Pierre Azéma, Paris Under the Occupation (Paris: Vendôme, 1987), 51.
10 Jean Amidieu du Clos, “Heures de Combat sur la Barricade de la Harpe,” in S. Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 103; Barat, Pavés Sanglants, 69.
11 Raymond Massiet, La Préparation de l’Insurrection et la Bataille de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 171. Massiet was himself a senior FFI leader and adviser to Rol; Barat, Pavés Sanglants, 66ff.
12 S. Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 33.
13 Oral history of Cécile and Henri Rol-Tanguy, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 63; Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris, 37, 31; S. Dupin de Lacoste, Les Journées d’Août (Paris: L’Expansion Scientifique, 1945), 19.
14 Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 549; Maudru, Les Six Glorieuses, 34.
15 Claude Roy and Le Comité Parisien de la Libération, Paris: Les Heures Glorieuses, Août 1944 (Montrouge: n.p., 1945), 86; Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant l’Occupation (Paris: Le Jeune Parque, 1944), 268.
16 Edith Thomas, La Libération de Paris (Paris: Mellottée, 1945), 71; Massiet, La Préparation de l’Insurrection, 138, 164, 224; Campaux, ed., Libération de Paris, 34.
17 Ferdinand Dupuy, Le Libération de Paris Vue d’un Commissariat de Police (Paris: Librairies-Imprimeries Réunis, 1944), 24, 35.
18 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 161–162.
19 Henri Michel, La Libération de Paris (Bruxelles: Editions Complexes, 1980), 73.
20 Robert Monod, Les Heures Décisives de la Libération de Paris (Paris: Editions Gilbert, 1947), 43.
21 Ibid., 51–55, 59; Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 309–311.
22 Oral history of Roger Cocteau-Gallois, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 216; “Le Récit de Gallois,” in Robert Monod, Les Heures Décisives de la Libération de Paris (Paris: Editions Gilbert, 1947), 75–80.
23 Martin Blumenson, “The Liberation of Paris,” World War II 15, no. 3 (2000).
24 Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit. The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1961), 601–603.
25 Harold C. Lyon, “Operations of ‘T Force’, 12th Army Group, in the Liberation and Intelligence Exploitation of Paris, France, 25 August–6 September 1944 (Northern France Campaign),” Unit History 02–12 1949, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
26 Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 312. Gallois’s version of Patton’s speech to him is in “Le Récit de Gallois,” 77–78; Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 218–219.
27 Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 312; “Le Récit de Gallois,” 78.
28 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 188.
29 Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 608.
30 Henri Michel, Paris Résistant (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982), 317.
31 Perrault and Azéma, Paris Under the Occupation, 52.
32 Jacqueline Lévi-Valensi, ed., Camus at Combat: Writing 1944–1947 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 12–13.
33 Dupin de Lacoste, Les Journées d’Août, 20–22.
34 “Le Récit de Gallois,” 78–79.
35 Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 604–605.
36 Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command. The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1954), 240–241, emphasis in original; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 604–605; Martin Blumenson, The Duel for France, 1944 (New York: Da Capo, 1963), 344; Dwight Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1949), 296.
37 Personal Papers of William Sylvan, US First Army War Diary, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, entry for August 22.
38 Omar Bradley, A Soldier’s Story (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 392; Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 193; “Le Récit de Gallois,” 79–80; Raguneau and Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré, 221.
39 Harold C. Lyon, “Operations of ‘T Force’, 12th Army Group, in the Liberation and Intelligence Exploitation of Paris, France, 25 August–6 September 1944 (Northern France Campaign),” Unit History 02–12 1949, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 7.
40 Capt. Even, “La 2ième Division Blindée de son Débarquement en Normandie à la Libération de Paris,” Revue Historique de l’Armée, March 1952, 116.
41 Oral history of Raymond Dronne, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 229.
42 Oral history of André Tollet, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 128. Tollet seems to have believed that the Germans never intended widescale demolitions in any case.
43 Robert Aron, France Reborn (New York: Scribner’s, 1964), 279; “Le Récit de Gallois,” 81.
Chapter Eight
1 Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 145; Willis Thornton, The Liberation of Paris (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963), 202–203.
2 Quoted in Christine Levisse-Touzé, Paris Libéré, Paris Retrouvé (Paris: Découvertes Gallimard, 2003), 51.
3 S. Dupin de Lacoste, Les Journées d’Août (Paris: L’Expansion Scientifique, 1945), 25.
4 Emmanuel Blanc, “Les Six Jours de Feu du Palais de Justice,” in S. Campaux, ed., La Libération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 50–51; Lebar-Renaud, quoted in Campaux, ed., La Libération de Paris, 37; Jacques Kim, La Libération de Paris: Les Journées Historiques (Paris: L’O.P.G., 1944), n.p.; Jean Eparvier, A Paris sous la Botte des Nazis (Paris: Editions Raymond Schall, 1944), 26.
5 Jacqueline Lévi-Valensi, ed., Camus at Combat: Writing 1944–1947 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 15.
6 This estimate comes from Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 145. There are no entirely reliable statistics on casualties at this stage of the uprising, but this number seems as reasonable a guess as any. Gilbert Joseph, Une Si Douce Occupation: Simone de Beauvoir et Jean-Paul Sartre, 1940–1944 (Paris: A. Michel, 1991), 353–354, 358.
7 Jean Amidieu du Clos, “Heures de Combat sur la Barricade de la Harpe du 19 Août au 26 Août 1944,” in S. Campaux, ed., La Li
bération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 105; Pierre Maudru, Les Six Glorieuses de Paris (Paris: Société Parisienne d’Edition, 1944), 40.
8 Today the barracks are called the Caserne Vérine and house the French Garde Républicaine. I would like to thank the young woman of the Garde who allowed me to take a brief walk around the courtyard. She had no idea of the events that had transpired there in 1944, although she told me she had always been curious about the old photographs and historical mementos inside. Robert Aron, France Reborn (New York: Scribner’s, 1964), 283.
9 Joachim Ludewig, Der deutsche Rückzug aus Frankreich 1944 (Berlin: Rombach, 1994), part B, II, section 2; Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 557; Colonel Rol-Tanguy and Roger Bourderon, Libération de Paris: Les Cent Documents (Paris: Hachette, 1994), 275.
10 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 225; Général [Dietrich] von Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris: Un Soldat Parmi des Soldats (Paris: Aubanel, 1964), 240.
11 Marcelle Adler-Bresse, “Von Choltitz, A-t-il Changé d’Avis?” Revue d’Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale 19 (1955): 116.
12 Kurt Hesse, “Defense of Paris (Summer 1944) [Karlsruhe, Germany: Historical Division, Headquarters, US Army, Europe, 1947],” Foreign Military Studies MS# B-611, D739.F6713, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 17, 23–24; Ernest Hemingway, “How We Came to Paris,” in Samuel Hynes et al., eds., Reporting World War II, Part Two, American Journalism, 1944–1946 (New York: Library of America, 1995), 247. The article originally appeared in Collier’s in October 1944.
13 Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit. The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1961), 618.
14 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 247.
15 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 253, 255; Jean-Pierre Azéma, From Munich to the Liberation, 1938–1944 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 205–206. For more on the role of German officers in arranging surrenders at the end of World War I to protect their men from further harm in a lost cause, see Scott Stephenson, The Final Battle: Soldiers of the Western Front and the German Revolution of 1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Choltitz, a lieutenant on the western front in 1918, had undoubtedly learned from what he had seen firsthand at the end of that war.
16 “The Battle for Paris,” Newsweek, September 11, 1944, 31; Life, September 4, 1944, 26; Edith Thomas, La Libération de Paris (Paris: Mellottée, 1945), 73.
17 Jacques Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris: Journal d’un Sénateur, Octobre 1943–Octobre 1944 (Paris: Fayard, 1958), 361; Thomas, La Libération de Paris, 73.
18 Capitaine Even, “La 2ième D. B. de son Débarquement en Normandie à la Libération de Paris,” Revue Historique de l’Armée, March 1952, 121; Ferdinand Dupuy, La Libération de Paris Vue d’un Commissariat de Police (Paris: Librairies-Imprimeries Réunis, 1944), 35.
19 Quoted in Olivier Wieviorka, Normandy: The Landings to the Liberation of Paris (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), 350–351; Charles Williams, The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of General de Gaulle (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993), 270.
20 Oral history of General Alain de Boissieu, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 306; Clara Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen: The Story of My Life (New York: Scribner’s, 1949), 228; L’Humanité article, in Philippe Nivet and Yvan Combeau, Histoire Politique de Paris au XXe Siècle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2000), 165.
21 Albert Camus, Actuelles: Chroniques, 1944–1948 (Paris: Gallimard, 1950), 19–21.
22 Lévi-Valensi, ed., Camus at Combat, 17.
23 Holbrook Bradley, War Correspondent: From D-Day to the Elbe (New York: iUniverse, 2007), 70; Emlen Etting, “Going in with Leclerc,” Atlantic Monthly 174, no. 6 (1944): 41–42.
24 Oral history of Raymond Dronne, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 238.
25 William T. Hornaday to Richard Sommers, November 17, 1971, page 2, Papers of William T. Hornaday, Archives Vertical File Building 950, Bay 5, Row 190, Face A, Shelf 7, Box 35, Folder 14, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 611.
26 Quoted in Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel, 1890–1940 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1990), 564.
27 Hornaday to Sommers, 2; David Nichols, ed., Ernie’s War: The Best of Ernie Pyle’s World War II Dispatches (New York: Touchstone, 1986), 352.
28 Pierre Bourdan, Carnet de Retour avec la Division Leclerc (Paris: Plon, 1965), 150–151.
29 Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 613, 614; Martin Blumenson, “The Liberation of Paris,” World War II 15, no. 3 (2000): 58.
30 Irwin Shaw, “Morts pour la Patrie,” in Samuel Hynes et. al., eds., Reporting World War II, Part Two, American Journalism, 1944–1946 (New York: Library of America, 1995), 252.
31 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 242.
32 Lacouture, De Gaulle, 568.
33 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 236; Alain de Boissieu, Pour Combattre avec de Gaulle, 1940–1946 (Paris: Plon, 1981), 252–253. Boissieu was captured in 1940 but managed to escape to Russia, which was then an ally of Germany. The Russians imprisoned him until July 1941, when they sent him to London to join de Gaulle. In addition to the Paris campaign, he also fought at Dieppe and in Africa. He married de Gaulle’s daughter Elisabeth in 1946 and served as chief of staff of the French Army from 1971 to 1975.
34 Some sources report that Dronne entered through the nearby Porte de Gentilly. Even, “La 2ième D. B.,” is one such source. It is possible that Dronne divided his forces. There is also disagreement about exact times that events occurred. These times and entry points come from Dronne himself, in his oral history in Raguneau and Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré, 240.
35 Dronne, in Raguneau and Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré, 241. Some sources indicate that Leclerc had ordered Dronne to head directly for the prefecture, but Dronne himself did not mention these orders in any of his later recollections. Dronne went on to serve under Leclerc all the way to Hitler’s headquarters in Berchtesgaden and then in Indochina. He was later elected to the National Assembly as a Gaullist.
36 Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant l’Occupation (Paris: Jeune Parque, 1944), 276; Doutard, quoted in Richard D.E. Burton, Blood in the City: Violence and Revolution in Paris, 1789–1945 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 238; Lebar-Renaud, quoted in Campaux, ed., La Libération de Paris, 37.
37 Yvonne Féron, Délivrance de Paris (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1945), 51; Hilary Footitt and John Simmonds, France 1943–1945 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988), 137; Burton, Blood in the City, 238–240.
38 Eparvier, A Paris sous la Botte, 26–27; Adrien Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris (Paris: Fayard, 1946), 357; Dupuy, La Libération de Paris, 38; Braibant, La Guerre à Paris, 557–558.
39 Even, “La 2ième D. B.,” 125; Etting, “Going in with Leclerc,” 42.
40 Philippe Barat, Pavés Sanglants (Paris: Armand Fleury, 1945), 84; Simone de Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance (New York: Putnam’s, 1964), 4.
41 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 258–259.
42 Ibid.
Chapter Nine
1 David Nichols, ed., Ernie’s War: The Best of Ernie Pyle’s World War II Dispatches (New York: Touchstone, 1986), 351–352.
2 Pierre Maudru, Les Six Glorieuses de Paris (Paris: Société Parisienne d’Édition, 1944), 50.
3 Nichols, ed., Ernie’s War, 352.
4 Robert Aron, France Reborn (New York: Scribner’s, 1964), 286.
5 Pascale Moisson, Anecdotes . . . sous la Botte (Paris: L’Hamattan, 1998), 125; Adrian Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris (Paris: Fayard, 1946), 364; Irwin Shaw, “Morts pour la Patrie,” in Reporting World War II, Part Two, America
n Journalism, 1944–1946 (New York: Library of America, 1995), 261–262.
6 Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 271–272; Thomas H. Wolf, “My Brush with History: The Liberation of Paris,” American Heritage 45, no. 5 (1994): 29; Charles Codman, “The Americans Arrive,” Atlantic Monthly 174, no. 6 (1944): 45 (this article is a letter Codman wrote to his wife on August 27); Jeremy A. Crang, “Document: General de Gaulle Under Sniper Fire in Notre Dame Cathedral, 26 August 1944: Robert Reid’s BBC Commentary,” Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 27, no. 3 (2007), 399.
7 Jacques Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris: Journal d’un Sénateur, Octobre 1943–Octobre 1944 (Paris: Fayard, 1958), 366.
8 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 275.
9 Kenneth Crawford, “The Battle for Paris,” Newsweek, September 11, 1944, 32; Charles C. Wertenbaker, “Paris Is Free,” Time, September 4, 1944, 35.
10 Codman, “The Americans Arrive,” 45; Pierre Bourdan, Carnet de Retour avec la Division Leclerc (Paris: Plon, 1965), 150–174.
11 Bourdan, Carnet de Retour, 176; Moisson, Anecdotes, 124; Gilles Perrault and Pierre Azema, Paris Under the Occupation (Paris: Vendôme, 1987).
12 Eric Hazan, The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps (London: Verso, 2010), 131.
13 Oral history of Jacques Massu, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 288. Massu later led the revolt of French Army officers in Algeria. He was relieved of command in 1960, although he continued a distinguished military career. In 1968, then serving as commander of French forces in Germany, Massu pledged support for de Gaulle against antigovernment demonstrators, but only if de Gaulle gave an amnesty to all French officers punished as a result of their opposition to French policy in Algeria. Shaw, “Morts pour la Patrie,” 254, 260.
14 Personal Papers of William Sylvan, US First Army War Diary, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, entry for August 25.
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