15 Shaw, “Morts pour la Patrie,” 254.
16 Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel, 1890–1944 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), 568; Henri Michel, Paris Résistant (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982), 319; Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 370–371; Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 283.
17 S. Campaux, ed., La Libération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 183.
18 There are many versions of this story, but the most logical and believable is in Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 377–378.
19 Christine Levisse-Touzé, Paris Libéré, Paris Retrouvé (Paris: Découvertes Gallimard, 2004), 68.
20 Dansette, Histoire de la Libération de Paris, 381–386; and oral history of Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 100.
21 Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris, 366; Shaw, “Morts pour la Patrie,” 252.
22 Oral history of Raymond Dronne, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 246.
23 Alain de Boissieu, Pour Combattre avec de Gaulle, 1940–1946 (Paris: Plon, 1981), 253.
24 Général [Dietrich] von Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris: Un Soldat Parmi des Soldats (Paris: Aubanel, 1964), 256. Choltitz died in 1966 in Baden-Baden, which, ironically enough, was then the headquarters of the French occupation force in Germany.
25 Charles Williams, The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of General de Gaulle (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993), 273.
26 Oral histories of Alain de Boissieu and Henri Rol-Tanguy, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 59.
27 Oral history of Roger Stéphane, in Philippe Raguneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 112.
28 Lacouture, De Gaulle, 573; Charles De Gaulle, Lettres, Notes, et Carnets, vol. 5, Juin 1943 à Mai 1945 (Paris: Plon, 1983), 297–298.
29 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 326.
30 Levisse-Touzé, Paris Libéré, Paris Retrouvé, 73; Yvonne Féron, Délivrance de Paris (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1945), 55.
31 Quoted in Levisse-Touzé, Paris Libéré, Paris Retrouvé, 95.
32 Quoted in Yvonne Féron, Délivrance de Paris, 55.
33 Lacouture, De Gaulle, 575; Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit . The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1961), 623.
34 Life, September 4, 1944, 26.
35 Matthew Cobb, The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis (London: Pocket Books, 2009), 269; Perrault and Azema, Paris Under the Occupation, 56; James Tobin, Ernie Pyle’s War: America’s Witness to World War II (New York: Free Press, 2006), 21. Nichols, ed., Ernie’s War, 353, presents a less crass (and less believable) version: “Anybody who does not sleep with a woman tonight is just an exhibitionist.”
36 Albert Camus, Actuelles: Chroniques, 1944–1948 (Paris: Gallimard, 1950), 22; Andrzej Bobkowski, En Guerre et en Paix: Journal 1940–1944 (Paris: Éditions Noir sur Blanc, 1991), 613–614.
37 Willis Thornton, The Liberation of Paris (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963), 211.
38 Lacouture, De Gaulle, 576–577; Blumenson, The US Army in World War II, 625. The Deuxième Division Blindée did eventually return to the V Corps on September 8.
39 Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 559; Williams, The Last Great Frenchman, 274.
40 Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, Mémoires Rebelles (Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob, 1999), 69; Cobb, The Resistance, 269.
41 Moisson, Anecdotes, 128.
42 Féron, Délivrance de Paris, 87–88; Crang, “Document,” 394. Some of Reid’s original audio of the broadcast, complete with sounds of the shooting, can be heard at http://new.fr.music.yahoo.com/robert-reid/tracks/german-snipers-fire-on-de-galle-as-he-enters-notre-dame--60999376. Note the misspelling of de Gaulle in the URL.
43 Helen Kirkpatrick, “Daily News Writer Sees Man Slain at Her Side in Hail of Lead,” in Reporting World War II, 264; Crang, “Document,” 394.
44 Crang, “Document,” 395; Kirkpatrick, “Daily News Writer,” 265; De Gaulle, Lettres, Notes, et Carnets, 298. De Gaulle used the phrase “une vulgaire tartarinade,” a reference to an 1872 comic novel entitled “Tartarin de Tarascon” by Alphonse Daudet. The hero, Tartarin, is a braggart who invents his reputation as a great hero and a hunter of wild beasts but cannot in reality shoot straight. My thanks to my friend and Dickinson College professor Dominique Laurent for his help with this reference. Harold C. Lyon, “Operations of ‘T Force’, 12th Army Group, in the Liberation and Intelligence Exploitation of Paris, France, 25 August–6 September 1944 (Northern France Campaign),” Unit History 02–12 1949, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
45 Ferdinand Dupuy, La Libération de Paris Vue d’un Commissariat de Police (Paris: Librairies-Imprimeries Réunis, 1944), 49; Emmanuel Blanc, “Les Six Jours de Feu du Palais de Justice,” in S. Campaux, ed., La Libération de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 52–53; Féron, Délivrance de Paris, 54–55; Moisson, Anecdotes, 128. La Marseillaise opens with the lines, “Allons enfants de la Patrie / le jour de gloire est arrivé” (Come on children of the fatherland / the day of glory has arrived).
46 Bardoux, La Délivrance de Paris, 380.
47 Simone de Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance (New York: Putnam’s, 1964), 4, 16; Jacqueline Gaussen-Salmon, Une Prière dans la Nuit: Journal d’une Femme Peintre sous l’Occupation (Paris: Documents Payot, 1992), 221; Pleas B. Rogers Papers, Archives Building 950, Bay 5, Row 167, face P, Shelf 6, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
48 A. J. Liebling, “Letter from Paris,” New Yorker, November 3, 1944, 42.
49 Raymond Massiet, La Préparation de l’Insurrection et la Bataille de Paris (Paris: Payot, 1945), 224.
50 Braibant, La Guerre à Paris, 562; Dronne, in Raguneau and Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré, 251.
Conclusion
1 Simone de Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance (New York: Putnam’s, 1964), 30.
2 Oral history of Daniel Mayer, in Philippe Ragueneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 172.
3 Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, Mémoires Rebelles (Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob, 1999), 71; Henri Michel, Paris Résistant (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982), 335; oral history of Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, in Philippe Ragueneau and Eddy Florentin, eds., Paris Libéré: Ils Étaient Là! (Paris: France-Empire, 1994), 102.
4 There are today 1,061 members of the Ordre de la Libération, honored in a wing of Les Invalides. Members mentioned in this book include Georges Bidault, Alain de Boissieu, Pierre Brossolette, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Raymond Dronne, Henri Karcher, Philippe Leclerc, Charles Luizet, Jean Moulin, Alexandre Parodi, and the City of Paris.
5 Hilary Footitt and John Simmonds, France 1943–1945 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988), 148–150.
6 Pleas B. Rogers Papers, Archives Building 950, Bay 5, Row 167, face P, Shelf 6, United States Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
7 Charles Braibant, La Guerre à Paris (Paris: Corrêa, 1945), 562.
8 The figure of 9,000 comes from Matthew Cobb, The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis (London: Pocket Books, 2009), 280, and seems generally accepted, although much higher numbers circulated at the time—a product, undoubtedly, of fear. Also Sisley Huddleston, France: The Tragic Years, 1939–1947, An Eyewitness Account of War, Occupation, and Liberation (New York: Devin-Adair, 1955), 301.
9 Herbert R. Lottman, The People’s Anger: Justice and Revenge in PostLiberation France (London: Hutchinson, 1986), 81.
10 Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant l’Occupation (Paris: Le Jeune Parque, 1944), 284; Lottman, The People’s Anger, 79.
11 Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris After the Liberation, 1944�
�1949 (New York: Penguin, 1994), 135; Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 334. Arletty (born Arlette-Léonie Bathiat) gave a great double entendre when she said, “In my bedroom, there are no uniforms.” She was imprisoned and had her right to act restricted for a brief period then resumed her career, later starring in The Longest Day, a 1962 film about the D-Day landing. Chanel lived in such luxury that the Ritz still boasts about it on its web page, although the hotel notes that she was seeking a haven from “the frenzied world of Jazz Age society,” not the poverty and misery of occupied Paris. More about her romance with the Nazi spy Hans Günther von Dinklage can be found in Hal Vaughn, Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel’s Secret War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011). The subject of the shavings is treated in greater detail in Fabrice Virgili, Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France (Oxford: Berg, 2002).
12 Brenton G. Wallace, Patton and His Third Army (Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Company, 1946), 74–75.
13 Pascale Moisson, Anecdotes . . . sous la Botte (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1998), 121.
14 de Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance, 11; Louis S. Rehr, Marauder: Memoir of a B-26 Pilot in Europe in World War II (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004), 132.
15 Catherine Gavin, Liberated France (London: St. Martin’s, 1955), 80; Janet Flanner, Paris Journal, 1944–1965 (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 4; Joseph Evans, “City of Light but No Heat, Paris Lives with Its Clothes On,” Newsweek, January 29, 1945, 50–52; Beevor and Cooper, Paris After the Liberation, 190.
16 Holbrook Bradley, War Correspondent: From D-Day to the Elbe (New York: iUniverse, 2007), 81–82; Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance, 11, 25, 28, 52.
17 Dominique Veillon, Vivre et Survivre en France, 1939–1947 (Paris: Payot et Rivages, 1995), 293; Galtier-Boissière, Mon Journal Pendant l’Occupation , 289; Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit. The US Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1961), 627.
18 Tom Siler, “Paris: The GI’s Silver Foxhole,” Saturday Evening Post 217, no. 3 (1945): 26–27; “Paris: The City of Light Comes Out of the Darkness Again,” Life, October 2, 1944, 90; “Paris Delivered,” National Geographic 87, no. 1 (1945): 83.
19 Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance, 15.
20 “Paris: The City of Light,” 87; “Life Correspondents See the New Paris,” Life, September 11, 1944, 38; “Paris Creations,” Life, October 2, 1944, 32.
21 “Paris Is Free Again,” Life, September 11, 1944, 36. The Eisenhower quotation comes from the multimedia exhibit at Le Mont Valérien, Suresnes, France. A nineteenth-century fortress in suburban Paris, it is now an impressive museum commemorating the location of Germany’s primary execution site during the occupation. Among those shot here were the members of Paris’s first organized Resistance cell, formed at the Musée de l’Homme and led by Boris Vildé.
22 Gilbert Joseph, Une Si Douce Occupation: Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, 1940–1944 (Paris: A. Michel, 1991), 357.
23 Victor Hugo, “A l’Arc de Triomphe,” in Les Voix Intérieures, Oeuvres Complètes, Poésie, VI (Paris: Eugène Renduel, 1837), 50.
INDEX
Abetz, Otto
Abwehr
Action (newspaper)
Alençon
Algeria
American Military Government (AMGOT)
Anti-Semitism
Arc de Triomphe
Army Group B
Army Group West
Asnières
Atlantic Wall
Auschwitz
Avenue des Champs Élysées
Avenue Foch
Barat, Philippe
Barbie, Klaus
Bardoux, Jacques
impressions of Germans
impressions of the lack of Allied aid
impressions of the mood of Paris
Barton, Raymond
Bastille Day
BBC
role in the Resistance
announcement of the liberation of Paris
Bender, Emil “Bobby,”
Bidault, Georges
Billotte, Pierre
Black Orchestra
Blanc, Emmanuel
Bobkowski, Andrzej
Boineburg, Wilhelm von
Bois de Boulogne
Boissieu, Alain de
Bourdan, Pierre
Bourget, Pierre
Bradley, Holbrook
Bradley, Omar N.
thoughts on the liberation of Paris
thoughts on the liberation of Rome
and Mortain
and Falaise
Braibant, Charles
thoughts on the Normandy campaign
thoughts on the Paris food shortage
thoughts on the German occupiers
thoughts on the liberation of Paris
Brasillach, Robert
Bussières, Amédée
Café Les Deux Magots
Cagoule
Camus, Albert
Casablanca Conference
Cathédrale Notre Dame
Cazaux, Yves
Chanson d’Automne (Verlaine)
Childers, Thomas
Choltitz, Dietrich von
and Pierre Taittinger
and Raoul Nordling
attitude and strategy toward Paris
communications with Hitler
disillusionment with German strategy
negotiates truce with Paris insurgents
response to Paris police strike
reputation in urban warfare
surrender
Churchill, Winston
relationship with Charles de Gaulle
Clark, Mark
Cocteau, Robert (Gallois)
Codman, Charles
Collaborators
and the Resistance
and Vichy leadership
communications
épuration
fear of reprisals
life in Paris
Parisian attitudes toward
within the Paris police
Combat (newspaper)
Combined Bomber Offensive
Comité Parisien de la Libération (CPL)
Communist Party
and the Gaullists
and the general strike
and the Paris police
and the Resistance
fears of
support of Soviets
thoughts about truce
Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT)
Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR)
Cunningham, Sir Andrew
Darlan, Jean
de Beauvoir, Simone
de Gaulle, Charles
and the communists
and Chaban
attitude toward épuration
and Luizet
and Parodi
and Vichy
as head of the provisional government
BBC addresses
leadership of Free France
liberation strategies
Normandy campaign
Paris police
relationship with the Allies
Resistance
return to Paris
de Gaulle, Philippe
Delmas, Jacques (Chaban)
and the communists
and de Gaulle
and the FFI
and the Paris police strike
Deuxième Division Blindée (Second Armored Division)
entry into Paris
victory parade
Dio, Louis
Doisneau, Robert
Drancy
Dronne, Raymond
Duras, Marguerite
Dutourd, Jean
Eden, Anthony
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
and Giraud
and de Gaulle
and Falaise pocket
and the Normandy campaign
bombing of Paris
Paris liberation
strategy
thoughts of strategic importance of Paris
Élysée Palace
Épuration
Etting, Emlen
Falaise-Argentan pocket
Fascism
Flanner, Janet
Food shortage
after Allied bombings
and the Allies
for average Parisians
for Germans
Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur (FFI)
and the Allies
and Chaban
and Choltitz
and the Gaullists
and the Normandy campaign
and the Paris police
barricades
épuration
fears of
German surrender
lack of weapons
leadership and membership
mission to contact the Allies
uprising of
thoughts on liberating Paris
truce
Franco-Prussian War
Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP). See also FFI
French Army
French Expeditionary Corps
French Parliament
French Revolution
French Senate
French Fourth Republic
French Third Republic
Fresnes
Front National de la Police
Galtier-Boissière, Jean
Gare de l’Est
Gare Montparnasse
Gaussen-Salmon, Jacqueline
Gavin, Catherine
German Army
and the Allies
and Choltitz
and the Paris police
and the Soviets
actions during the Paris barricades
during the Normandy campaign
morale of
Mortain and Falaise operations
strategy for Paris
German Supreme Command West
Gerow, Leonard
Gestapo
and the assassination attempt on Hitler
and Choltitz
and the Resistance
Giraud, Henri
Goebbels, Joseph
Grand Palais
Hamon, Léo
Hampton, Wade
Haussmann, Baron
Heller, Gerhard
Hemingway, Ernest
Henriot, Philippe
Herriot, Edouard
Hesse, Kurt
The Blood of Free Men Page 35
