The Biggest Estate on Earth

by Bill Gammage

  46 Hoddle FB 377 sketch 61, 5 Dec 1832, 2/5002, SRNSW.

  47 Hoddle FB 375 sketch 70, 5 May 1832, 2/5000, SRNSW.

  48 Colville ff160; vn3289506, NLA.

  49 J Oxley 174–5.

  50 PICs 9027/3–4, NLA; Presland 2008, 86.

  51 Colville 177–9.

  52 6 Apr 1839. MS114, 14, NLA; P Russell 31.

  53 Tietkins J 9 Jul 1889, SAPP 1890/111, 22; scrapbook, PICACC 450, SLNSW; L SMH 26 Dec 1922.

  54 Friedl et al attachment 13, 8–9.

  55 B Hill 203–4.

  56 2 Jul 1902, SAPP 43/1904.

  57 Friedl et al 13.

  58 Friedl et al n2.

  59 Spencer & Gillen 114, 121.

  60 8–9 Aug 1873 & map. Gosse 11.

  61 4 Jul 1902, SAPP 43/1904.

  62 Frank Young 24 Aug 02.

  63 16 Oct 1873. Gosse 16.

  64 Mountford 1953, 93.

  65 Mountford Coll 1170, MSA.

  66 Friedl et al attachment 4, 3.

  67 Kimber 1983, 39–40.

  68 Burrows et al 2000, 2006; D Carnegie 209–10. Also Nodvin & Waldrop 297–305.

  69 Burrows et al 2000, 2006.

  70 Burrows et al 2000, 7.

  71 Frank Young 24 Aug 02; BG 25 Aug 02.

  72 Kimber 39.

  73 BG 11 May 05.

  74 Hoorn 1986, 1990 1–3; McPhee 22–3, 203; J Turner 103–5.

  75 BG 7 Mar 08; Thompson 123–4.

  76 c1819. Rolls 2002, 72.

  77 6 May 1817. J Oxley 21–2, 26.

  78 BG 1 Nov 07.

  79 Plomley 1966, 260–1.

  80 I Thomas 1994, 70.

  81 D Smyth 22.

  82 ML DGD24, SLNSW.

  83 Tipping 44.

  84 31 Mar 1842. CCL Portland Bay L, A1426, ML.

  85 Darke map 821.123, SLV; Smyth 108–9; Townsend VPRS 19 40/1075A, 21 Oct 1840; von Guerard.

  86 5 Dec 1813. Mackaness 1965, 23–4.

  87 Morton 197.

  88 15–16 Feb 1856. AC & FT Gregory 131.

  89 J Oxley 300.

  90 Mittagong 1:25,000 8929–11-S, 506812; Wild R 17 Jan 1824, Col Sec Index reel 6031, 4/7082C, 17, SRNSW; Weatherburn.

  91 2 Aug 1845. Leichhardt 1847a, 354–5.

  92 Apr 1820. Meehan FB reel 2624 (SZ 750/161), SRNSW.

  93 18 Oct 1820. Macquarie 146.

  94 Macquarie map.

  95 Statham-Drew 74, opp 80; BG & Arch Cruttenden 4 Jan 08.

  96 13–14 Mar 1827. HRA 3, vol 6, 560. Stirling missed 12 Mar.

  97 Hallam 1975, 58; Hallam 1986, 122.

  98 19 Jan 1838. Backhouse 538.

  99 Steele 1972, 246.

  100 Steele 1972, 263.

  101 Map MT55, ERM.

  102 Steele 1972, 249.

  103 9–10 Aug 1828. Fraser D, OM 87–25, JOL.

  104 M Cameron 19; Smith & Banks 103.

  105 MH Walker 111, 115.

  106 photo H89.265/80, SLV.

  107 Cosgrove et al.

  108 Brown & Podger 1982b.

  109 B Hiatt 121.

  110 Gee & Fenton 17–21; Sim & West; Vanderwal & Horton 38.

  111 3–4 Mar 1772. Duyker 1992, 29–30, 45.

  112 10 Mar 1773. I Thomas 1991, 44–5.

  113 Jan 1799. D Collins vol 2, 130.

  114 14 Dec 1815. Boyce 92. Southwest coast: I Thomas 1991, 96, 134 & 1993, 3, 8.

  115 Sib Corbett Feb 02; Flanagan 6–13; Marsden-Smedley 1998a, 17; Marsden-Smedley & Kirkpatrick; I Thomas 1994.

  116 Gee & Fenton 263.

  117 Fensham & Fairfax 1995, 7.

  118 18–19 Mar 1843. P & G Ford 299. Also Aurousseau vol 2, 708; Birrell 20–30, 47; Herbert 145; LJ Webb 160.

  119 23–8 Mar 1843. P & G Ford 300–1.

  120 Anon 1854?, 59.

  121 Herbert.

  122 Herbert 145. Also LJ Webb 161.

  123 Fensham & Fairfax 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 519.

  124 Boyd et al; Stubbs.

  125 BG 11 Apr 01.

  126 17 Dec 1813. HRA 1, vol 8, 173.

  127 Grey vol 2, 271.

  128 Coutts 4; RG Gunn et al 10–13, 22–3; Russell & Isbell 123–5.

  129 PWS Tas 13.

  130 PWS Tas 24–6.

  131 Hurley PIC FH/1834, NLA; PWS Tas 24–6; Tas Field Nat Club 6, 9.

  132 BG 21 Feb 03.

  133 Fensham 1985, 102–3.

  134 Plomley 1966, 398.

  135 29 May 1890. SUR/A 91/5517, QSA.

  136 Hill et al 2004, 77.

  137 Mac Core 6 Oct 02, OHU; Hill et al 2000, 142; Jack vol 1, 211; vol 2, 479–80, 536–43, 547–8, 555, 587; Jack R 1881 vol 2, 230–1, 255, 257, QPP; Savage 73, 78, 81–2, 85, 100, 171.

  138 26 Oct 1886. Savage 229–30.

  139 Milman 29 Jul 1890. SUR/A 91/5517, QSA.

  140 29 May 1890. SUR/A 91/5517, QSA.

  141 27 Apr 1891. SUR/A 91/5517, QSA.

  142 Helenvale 7966 run 14, 19 Oct 1994; Mossman 7965 run 1, 1 Oct 1991.

  143 Hill et al 2004, 49.

  144 Cubit.

  145 12 Jun 1834. Plomley 1966, 884.

  146 BG 14 Feb 02.

  147 Bill Tewson Feb 02; Binks 63–4; Plomley 1966, 884.

  148 16 Feb 1827. F Ellis 30.

  149 R Jones 1975, 27.

  150 Gilfedder 2.

  151 BG 14 Feb 02; Gilfedder 25–30, 43.

  152 12 Jul 1831. Plomley 1966, 376.

  153 6–7 Mar 1841. PIC T3386, NLA; Hodgkinson 37–40; Ryan et al 10.

  154 Giles 1889, 20–2.

  155 Griffin & McCaskill 14–15.

  156 Eyre vol 1, 35–6.

  157 M Williams 126–7.

  158 AC & FT Gregory xiii.

  159 R othery 36.

  160 R othery xii, xxi, 37.

  161 R E Oxley esp 24–5, 31–2, 35–7.

  162 Macquarie 157–9 & map.

  163 28 Aug 1820. MS351, NLA.

  164 Breton 1834, 53–6, 235; Cambage 1921, 259–60; Cunningham 7 Apr 1824, reel 46, SRNSW; Field 372; Gibbney 3; Jervis 261; C Throsby Smith J 3 Dec 1820, MS689, NLA; T Walker 8.

  165 Govett 22–3.

  166 15 Dec 1831. Colville 148.

  167 FBs 376 Jun 1832, 23–30, & 377 20 May 1833, 158, 2/5001–2, SRNSW.

  168 BG 2000–9.

  169 Hoorn 1986, 1990.

  170 Mathew 1910, 87, & 53–4. Also Byrne 1987, 26–30, 43–4; Curr 1887, 174.

  171 BG 9 Oct 08.

  172 Vallance et al 542.

  173 PIC T693 nk762/22, NLA.

  174 Wedge 5.

  175 Flannery 1994, 221.

  176 14 Jul 1850. T Griffiths 1988, 128.

  177 Parkin 448.

  178 R yan 2007, 80–1.

  179 14 Aug 1841. PL Brown 1952–71 vol 3, 79.

  180 10 Nov 1835. GF Moore 2001 unpub c~ Jim Cameron.

  181 Ward et al.

  182 R osenman 44.

  183 Dale 11.

  184 Dale 5.

  185 30 Jun 1828. HRA 3, vol 6, 540.

  186 Feb 1836. Darwin 449–50.

  187 Burrows and Abbott 120.

  188 12 Sep 1820. PP King 404.

  189 12 Mar 1865. Richardson 51.

  190 Nunn 1981, 1989.

  191 P Andrews 2006, 2008.

  192 Canberra Times 22 Aug 03.

  3 The Nature of Australia

  1 Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 238.

  2 de Satge 147.

  3 Field 374.

  4 Frankel 44.

  5 Turner 1891, ix–x.

  6 G Martin 1.

  7 Soil: BG; MR Allen 118; Barr & Cary 16– 18; Brock 33, 198; S Clarke 102; Dixson 204; Gammage 1986, 224; Gott 1983, 12; Gott 2005; Hahn 120; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 135–6, 214; Mitchell 1848, 266; Norton 1903, 156; Ratcliffe 1936, 21, 23, 64 c~ Jan Cooper; GH Reid 5; Rolls 1984a, 246; Seddon 1994, 41–2; Youl 30–1.

  8 1 Jun 1832. Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 222.

  9 Anon 1854?, 33–4.

  10 13 Jan 1839. Waterhouse 181.

  11 1–2, 5 Jul 1817. J Oxley 92�
�5, 100.

  12 P Andrews 163–4; Ratcliffe 1936, 23, 64.

  13 Howitt 1891, 129.

  14 S Clarke 100, 102.

  15 11 May 1889. Donovan 93.

  16 B Finlayson 215–16, 221.

  17 R eid & Mongan 61–7.

  18 Gammage 1986, 5.

  19 Water: Abbott 1890, 41–59; P Andrews 2006, 51–4, 173–5, 182–3; Arthur 10, 23, 31; Barr & Cary 16–18; Bland 47, 82; Brock 33; Darwin 443; Franklin D Dec 1840 & 10, 27 Apr 1843, MS114, NLA; Gammage 1986, 4–5, 11, 223; Hancock 107–9; Hawdon 38; Hood 170, 205; R Howitt 154; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 237, vol 2, 311; Norton 1903, 157; Peters 25; Randell 1, 5, 7; Ratcliffe 1936, 22–3, 64; Robinson R May 1846, Governor’s Des ZA7081, 38, ML; Scott vol 2, 60; T Walker 17; Waterhouse 178.

  20 5 Aug 1818. J Oxley 256–7.

  21 Donovan 15.

  22 Hawdon 19–25.

  23 Gott 1991.

  24 17 Oct 1845. Sturt 1849 vol 2, 38–9.

  25 DI Smith 106.

  26 McMaster 645.

  27 Morton 1859, 197.

  28 Curr 1883, 185.

  29 BE Norton 4–6.

  30 TM Perry 14.

  31 JC Hamilton 37.

  32 H Allen 1983, 23–30.

  33 26 May 1827. Lee 558.

  34 24 Jan 1839. Buchhorn 66.

  35 Mitchell 1848, 43–79.

  36 Sturt 1849 vol 1, 205.

  37 Grass: H Allen 1983, 9–14; JM Black; Curr 1883, 186; Lunt et al 1998b, 32; A Mitchell 137; RM Moore; Rolls 1984a, 111–14; Rolls 1999; Stuwe 93–4; F Turner 1891; Ward 2001.

  38 5–6 April 1839. P Russell 31.

  39 Fortey R 5 Aug 1875, AA Co P 1/256/3 (WP-F1a), 3–4, Noel Butlin Archives, ANU c~ Jim Noble.

  40 Andrews 2006, 11–13, 70–87; Rozycki; DI Smith 42–61; ME White 222; Youl 57.

  41 Gammage 1986, 31–2, 51.

  42 Donovan 15.

  43 BG; Andrews 2006, 166; Lunt et al 1998b, 9.

  44 BG; Christine Jones Sep 04; C Jones 2001, 2002.

  45 Hallam 1975, 6.

  46 Keast vol 1, 163–297; Kirkpatrick 1994, 3.

  47 BG Feb 02; Brad Potts 17 Mar 08.

  48 I Thomas 1994, 12.

  49 Moulds & Hutton 6.

  50 Constraints: BG; Anderson & Ladiges; Ashton 397; Foreman & Walsh 159–94; Gee & Fenton 98–101; RS Hill 1994, 380; S Kelly et al vol 1, 12; Kirk 7; Kirkpatrick 1977, 10, 47; Kirkpatrick 1994, 3, 12–17, 60; TM Perry 96; Presland 2008, 109–53.

  51 Breton 1834, 261.

  52 Gillen & Drewien 18.

  53 Kirk 7.

  54 Barney Foran 12 Apr 02; Leigh & Noble 5 map, 12–15, 21; RM Moore 250.

  55 Henry Nix 21 Jun 02.

  56 Mullette 9.

  57 Anderson & Ladiges; J Read.

  58 Gammage 1986, 6.

  59 17 Oct 1845. Sturt 1849 vol 2, 38.

  60 Sturt 1833 vol 1, xxxi–iii, xlii. Also Rolls 1984a, 260.

  61 Noble et al.

  62 Acacias: RS Hill 1994, 122; Isaacs 1987, 114; Keast et al 6; Latz 1995, 13; Riley; Simmons 7–9, 70, 110, 128–32, 164, 232, 248, 266, 314; Urban 78–85; van Oosterzee 1995, 131; ME White 190, 207–12.

  63 CJ Lacey 29.

  64 Barker & Greenslade 153.

  65 Nutrient mobility: Attiwill et al; J Banks 1982, 211–12; Crane; Pyne 1991, 17–18.

  66 Kelly et al vol 1, 34.

  67 Grimwade 43.

  68 R are eucalypts: BG; M Cameron 98; Duncan 1990, 157; Grimwade 25; Haw &Munro 303–4; S Kelly et al vol 1, 77, vol 2, 50, 68; Mullette 9; Rossetto et al.

  69 Keast vol 1, 510–18.

  70 BG; Grimwade 9, 17; S Kelly et al vol 1, 60.

  71 Eagle 82.

  72 Eucalypts: BG; J Banks 1982, v, 35, 208, 211; Cary et al 6; Gammage 1986, 5–6; Gill et al 24, 362; Good 146–9; Griffiths 2001a, 14–23, 158; Grimwade; Haynes 1977, 6; Haynes et al 54; RS Hill 1994, 410–13; Keast vol 1, 499–536; Keast et al 2; Kelly et al vol 1, 4–5, 49; Kirkpatrick 1994, 40, 56–7; MacPherson 1939; Pate &McComb 149–53, 161, 173–5; Pyne 1991, 17–28; Seddon 2005, 179, 185–6; Seddon 1972, 99–100, 111; ME White 190.

  73 Fire and plants: Clarke & Knox; Gee &Fenton 94; Gill et al 412–14; Kirkpatrick 1977, 5–10; Latz 1995, 6; Lines 1991, 7–8; Lunt et al 1998b, 13; A Mitchell 137; Pate & McComb 77–8; Pyne 1991, 31; J Read; Seddon 1972, 100–1; JMB Smith 142–3; Smith & Banks 101–2; Ward 2000b, 10; ME White 223.

  74 Acacias and fire: BG; Henry Nix 21 Jun 02; Bradstock et al; Clarke & Knox; Duncan 1985, 32–3; Fensham 1985, 47; Flannery 1994, 227; Foreman & Walsh 212–26; Gill et al; Keast vol 1; Kirkpatrick 1977, 1994; Latz 1995; Lunt et al 1998b; A Mitchell 137; Noble 1997; Pyne 1991, 29, 38–41; Seddon 1972; JMB Smith; A Stewart 22; Ward 2000a, 2000b.

  75 Breton 1834, 248.

  76 Eucalypts and fire: eucalypt notes; BG; H Allen 1983, 23–35; J Banks ii-v, 19, 75, 81–90, 96, 136, 144, 206; Blainey 81–2; Gill 362; Good 143–68; Griffiths 2001a, 7; Haynes et al 54; Jackson 1968, 3, 9–16; Jurskis 2002, 689–90; A Keast et al 2–3; SGM & DJ Kerr 122; Kirkpatrick 1994, 56–7; Latz 1995, 6; Pate & McComb 77–81, 169; Phillips 5–8; Seddon 2005, 179–81; Ward 2000b, 14; ME White 190, 222.

  77 Tierney.

  78 Stuwe 1994.

  79 Gill et al 412–13; Kirkpatrick 1977, 3, 8–10.

  80 JMB Smith 142.

  81 Managed fire: Clarke & Knox; Duncan 1985, 32–3; Fensham 1985, 47; Foreman & Walsh 212–26; Lonsdale & Braithwaite; Pate & McComb 81; Tierney.

  82 TM Perry 28.

  83 Noble 1996, 62–3; Norris et al 91, 216.

  4 Heaven on earth

  1 Berndt 1970, 132. Also Myers 52–3.

  2 Cawthorne n, A1447, ML.

  3 Teichelmann 13.

  4 R Jones 1975, 28; Keen 236–40, 392; Lee & Daly 319.

  5 Plomley 1966, 369, 376–7, & 186, 498.

  6 Tasmanian Dreaming: Backhouse 82, 181–2, 557; G Calder 19–35, 69, 118; J Clark 28; McFarlane 2002, 29–34, 39; McFarlane 2010, 112–14; Stokes vol 2, 451.

  7 Strehlow 1971, 284–6. Quoted c~ Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs.

  8 Strehlow 1971, 666. Quoted c~ Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs.

  9 R & C Berndt 1965, 128, & 133.

  10 Lumholtz 172.

  11 Songlines: Stuart Cooke 20 Jun 09; Dick Kimber 2 Aug 09; Berndt 1970, 94–5; C Ellis 17–93; de Graaf 15–16; Eyre vol 2, 229; Grey vol 2, 303–4; Elkin 1935, 171–4; B Hill 236; Kassler & Stubington 149–53; McBryde 2000, 157–8; Meggitt 60–61; Morphy 1991, 100–03; W Roth 117; Strehlow 1971; Sutton 1998a vol 2 bk 3, 360–1.

  12 21 Feb 1838. Hawdon D, A1493, ML.

  13 Soul: John Bradley 11 Jul 01; Murray Garde 1 Jul 05; Bulmer P box 9, F1 XM 900–10, MV; Corris 34; Gammage 1986, 12–13; Keen 145; McCourt & Mincham 62–3; Rose 1992, 82–3, 100; Rose 2000, 291.

  14 R & C Berndt 1978, 19; Cawthorne n, A1447, ML; Home 10; Stanner 1976, 25–32.

  15 de Graaf 34.

  16 John Bradley 11 Jul 01.

  17 Words and music Ted Egan, c~ Ted Egan.

  18 Bride 426–7.

  19 de Graaf 103.

  20 R ubuntja & Green 16.

  21 J Hunter 150; Kohen 1995, 108; Kohen 1996, 24; Powell & Hesline 134–7.

  22 Yates 49–50.

  23 Berndt 1970, 102–3.

  24 Shaw 1986, 33–4.

  25 Totem: East 572.993E, 4–5, ML; Grey vol 2, 84; Hale & Tindale 1933–4, 107–8; Howitt 1889, 103–4; Mitchell 1839 vol 2, 29, 346–7; Pepper 1–4; Spencer & Gillen 1899, 9–11, 34; Worgan L 12 Jun 1788, B1463, ML.

  26 McBryde 2000, 156.

  27 Strehlow 1947, 30–31.

  28 R eligion, soul, totem: LA Allen 3, 16–17, 20–3, 44, 54, 62, 196–9; Berndt 1970, 92–140; R & C Berndt 1978, 63–71; R & C Berndt 1993, 81, 112; R & C Berndt 1996, 137–8, 232–8; Bride 421–2; Cameron 1904, 91; Caruana & Lendon 22; Cawthorne n, A1447, ML; Charlesworth et al 145–66; Clarke 1994, 125–6, 349; Clarke 1997, 1999; Corris 40–1; Davis & Prescott 40–2; de Graaf 9–10; Elkin 1931, 1935, 174–9; Fison & H
owitt 246; Gammage 1986, 12–17; Greenway n 1873, 13, 4/788.2, SRNSW; Grey vol 2, 228; Gunther c1843, B505, ML; Gunther ms 536–8, 541, COD 294B no 81, SCMC, SRNSW; Hartwig 67–8; Hetzel & Frith 78; Horton 2000, 142; Howitt 1889, 98– 100; Howitt 1904, 144–51; Kaberry 1938, 266–74; Kassler & Stubington 109–10; Keen 145; Krefft 1862, 1; Krichauff 11–12; Latz 1995, 17, 69; Love 83–4; McKaige et al 1997, 75–9; Meggitt 59–66, 251–2, 317; Mulvaney 23; Myers 52–4; Parker R 1 Jan 1845, app 8, CSC 4/7153, SRNSW; KL Parker 15–20; Pepper 1–4; Pink 176– 8; Rose 1992, 44, 54–5; Rose 1996, 28; Rose 2000, 289; Rose & Clarke 142–51; RSC 1860/165 vol 2 pt 2, Qs 1270, 1403, 2069, SAPP; Shaw 1981, 31–2, 119–20; Shaw 1986, 51, 83–6, 124–5, 183; Spencer & Gillen 1999, 112–13, 119–27, 138, 167–8, 207; Stanner 1976, 1979, 23–5, 34; Strehlow 1947, 16–17, 25–6; Strehlow 1971, 181; Strehlow 1978, 35–6; P Sutton 1989, 13–19; TM Sutton 17; Swain 16–19, 41–3; Threlkeld R 21 Jun 1826, Bonwick Box 53, Missionary vol 5, 1643, ML; Unaipon chap 2 1–5, chap 3 2–3, chap 18 1–3, chap 26 1–5, A1930, ML; Woods 1–2, 63–4.

  29 HL Roth 1886.

  30 Fraser D 26 Jul 1828, OM 87–25, JOL.

  31 Sturt 1849 vol 2, 138.

  32 Meggitt 246.

  33 29 Sep 1836. Backhouse 431.

  34 Haynes 1997, 11; R Jones 1975, 25.

  35 Isaacs 1987, 46, 93. Also Nash 1984, vi, 8–10, 34–5.

  36 Curr 1886 vol 2, 450; Morrill chap 3.

  37 BG; Charlesworth et al 14–17, 32; Gammage 1993; Strehlow 1947, 5.

  38 Mathews 1904, 209–10. Also Rose 2000.

  39 Gammage 1986, 15–17.

  40 R obinson R Apr–Oct 1844, VPRS 4414 unit 1; Thomas R Sep 1849, VPRS 10 unit 11, 5, 19–20, 41.

  41 P Sutton 1978, 80.

  42 No empty land: John Bradley 11 Jul 2001; S Anderson 116; Chapman & Read 85–7; Clarke 1994, 141–2; Davis & Prescott 70–9, 93; Langton 20; Meggitt 35–46; Parkhouse 638; Spencer & Gillen 1899, 152–4; P Sutton 1978, 69–83; Sutton & Rigsby 158–61; Unaipon chap 18, 3, A1930, ML.

  43 Newsome 1980. Also Elkin 1933, 281; Morphy 1996, 192–3; Radcliffe-Brown 1929, 408–11; Sherratt et al 34–5, 39–40; M Thomas 91–2.

  44 Songline as map, signal: Frost 28; Griffiths 2001a, 58–9; Isaacs 1987, 13; McBryde 2000; McFarlane 2008, 37; Shellam 41; Spencer & Gillen 1899, 447–9; Walsh 1990, 30–2; EK Webb 5, 36–40.

  45 John McEntee 16 Aug 07.

  46 Merlan 20, 22; van Oosterzee 1995, 145.

  47 Unaipon chap 6, A1930, ML.

  48 Ecological inspiration: John Bradley 11 Jul 01; Davis & Prescott 107; Flannery 1994, 284; Haynes 1985, 210; LR Hiatt 284–6; Hill et al 1999, 215–16; TN Howard 225; Isaacs 1987, 49; R Lawrence 217–23; McComb 92; McKaige et al 1997, 75–9; Presland 2008, 204–5.