The Story of Civilization: Volume III: Caesar and Christ

by Will Durant

  Aquae Aureliae (Baden-Baden), 480

  Aquae Salis (Bath), 477

  Aquae Sextiae (Aix), battle in 102 B.C.., 119

  Aqua Virgo Aqueduct, 327*

  aqueducts, 81, 92, 103, 220, 270, 326-328, 340, 343, 356, 410, 411, 418-419, 464, 470, 474, 509, 627

  Aquila, called Ponticus, Greek-Jewish translator of the Old Testament (fl. 117-138), 614

  Aquileia (Aquileja), 322, 324, 347, 429, 455, 628

  Aquilia, lex, 312

  Aquilius, Manius, general (?-88 B.C..), 121, 518

  Aquincum, 480, see also Budapest

  Aquinum, 437, 453

  Aquis Urbis Romae, De (Frontinus), 328

  Aquitania (Gallia Aquitanica), 472, 473

  Aquyrion, 664

  Arabia, 204, 217, 325, 329, 337, 346, 366, 419, 507-508, 546, 581, 602, 630

  Arabia Deserta, 508

  Arabia Felix (Yemen), 508

  Arabia Petrea, 413, 508

  Arabic, 504, 507

  Arabs, 464, 470, 500, 503, 504, 507, 508, 529, 634

  Aramaic, 508, 512, 529, 535, 556, 572

  Ara Pacis Augustae, 225, 229, 346, 348, 349

  Aratus of Soli, Greek didactic poet (315-245 B.C..), 238, 308, 584*

  Arausio (Orange), 118, 119, 474

  Arcadia, 101

  Arcadius, Roman emperor in the East (?-408), 412

  Arcesilaus, Greek sculptor in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 342, 349

  arch, 92, 327, 339, 340, 348, 349, 355-361, 443, 454, 455, 466*, 470, 473, 474, 511, 529, 623, 635, 662, 671

  Archagathus the Peloponnesian (Carnifex), physician (fl. 219 B.C..), 75-76

  Archelaus, King of the Jews (reigned 4 B.C.-A.D. 6), 535, 542-543

  Archias, Aulus Licinius, Greek poet in Rome (ca. 120-? B.C..), 141, 163

  Archilochus, Greek lyric poet (714?-676 B.C..), 158, 244, 246, 247

  Archimedes, Greek mathematician and scientist (287?-212 B.C..), 72, 77, 503, 634

  Architectural (Second) Style (painting), 353

  architecture, Etruscan, 8-9, 18;

  Carthaginian, 40-41, 42;

  Byzantine, 421;

  Parthian, 529;

  under Rome, 18, 75, 81, 92-93, 133, 281, 287, 338-354 Passim, 355-362, 410, 411-413, 418-421, 442-443, (Pompeian) 458-459, 464, 465, 477, 511, 514, 515, 516, 532-533, 631, 633, 635, 661-662, 669, 671

  Architecture, On (Vitruvius), 356

  Archon, Peri (Origen), 614

  archon basileus, 13

  Ardashir I (or Artaxerxes), King of Persia (reigned 227-240), 530, 627

  Ardea, 10, 16, 35

  Arellius, painter (fl. end of 1st century B.C..), 352

  Areopagus (Hill of Mars), 487, 584

  Arescon, hermaphrodite mentioned by Pliny, 310

  Aretas IV, King of Saba (9 B.C..-A.D. 40), 508

  Arethusa, 256

  Areus, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. reign of Augustus), 299

  Arezzo (anc. Arretium, q.v.), 9

  Argentoratum (Strasbourg), 480, 633

  Argiletum, The, 234

  Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 241

  Argos, 139, 310, 487, 630

  Ariadne, 157, 256, 352

  Aricia, 35, 61

  Aries, 298

  Ariminum (Rimini), 11, 78, 182, 455

  Ariovistus, German chief (fl. 1st century B.C..), 174-175

  Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer (fl. 280-264 B.C..), 502

  Aristides, Greek writer of romance (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 636

  Aristides, Publius Aelius, surnamed Theodorus, Greek rhetorician (117-187), 328, 424, 515, 516

  Aristippus, Greek philosopher (435?-356? B.C..), 494

  Aristobulus II, King of Judea (reigned 67-63 B.C..), 530

  Aristobulus, grandson of Hyrcanus II (1st century B.C..), 532, 534

  Aristobulus, son of Herod the Great (?-6 B.C..), 534

  aristocracy, in Etruria, 6, 17;

  in Carthage, 40-43, 46;

  under Rome, 16-17, 21-31, 34, 64, 69, 70, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 103, 104, 111-208, 212, 215-216, 222, 234, 243, 251-252, 258, 260, 267, 270, 271, 279, 282, 286-287, 292, 296, 297, 313, 319, 332, 335, 348, 351, 363-364, 372, 373, 384, 409, 433, 434-435, 440, 441, 446, 449, 460, 622, 626, 628, 633, 641, 644, 670;

  Cicero on, 165

  Aristonicus, pretender to throne of Pergamum (?-129 B.C..), 516

  Aristophanes, Greek comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C..), 74, 99

  Aristotelian (Peripatetic) philosophy, 95, 432, 489-490

  Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C..), 4, 25, 42, 79, 123, 302, 308, 311, 421, 490, 497, 506, 507, 610, 611

  arithmetic, 72, 75

  Arithmetica (Diophantus of Alexandria), 634

  Arius, Greek priest of Alexandria, and founder of Arianism (280?-336), 658-660, 662, 663

  Ark of the Covenant, 533

  Arles (anc. Arelate or Arelas), 192, 474, 658

  Arles, Council of, 658

  Armageddon, 593

  Armenia, 132, 179, 206, 217, 231, 275, 280, 320, 366, 413, 414, 517, 528, 602, 629, 630;

  Lesser, 188

  Arminius, chief of German tribe of Cherusci (18 B.C..-A.D. 19), 218

  army, of Pyrrhus, 38;

  of Carthage, 43, 46, 48, 50-51, 53, 106;

  under the Republic, 33-34, 46, 49, 50-51, 53, 80, 87, 116, 118-120, 126, 178-179;

  under the Principate, 216-217, 220, 232, 260, 268, 269, 271, 284-285, 292, 293-294, 330, 336, 340, 417, 429, 620-621;

  under the monarchy, 621-622, 626, 628-629, 632, 633, 638-639, 641, 661, 669, 670

  Arnus (Arno), 454

  Arpinum (Arpino), 118, 141, 162, 453

  Arretium (Arezzo), 6, 77, 322, 328, 346, 454

  Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian and philosopher (100?-170?), 418, 490, 520

  Arsaces, King of Parthia (fl. ca. 248 B.C..), 528

  Arsacids, 528-529, 622

  Ars Amatoria (Ovid), 255

  Arsinoë, 499

  art, Etruscan, 5, 8-11, 18, 149, 339, 350, 359, 443;

  Campanian, 37;

  Greek, 92-93, 95-96, 338-339, 349, 351-361;

  German, 479;

  Byzantine, 512, 529;

  Parthian, 529;

  Christian, 601;

  under the Republic, 18, 77, 92-93, 95, 102, 108, 123, 125, 132;

  under the Principate, 215, 225, 233-234, 269, 277-279, 280, 291, 310, 338-362, 376, 415, 421, 442-443, 456, 459-460, 461, 511-512;

  under the monarchy, 621, 629, 630, 632, 634-635, 661;

  of Rome, 671, 672

  Artabanus IV, King of Parthia (?-227), 529, 530

  Artaxata, 528

  Artemis, 63, 514, 515, 585

  Artemis, Festival of, 515

  Artemis, Temple of (Ephesus), 515, 518, 585, 630

  Artemis, Temple of (Magnesia), 514

  Artes Liberales, 342

  Artibus, De (Celsus), 313

  artisans, see craftsmen

  “Art of Poetry, The” (Horace), see Ad Pisones

  Art Poétique, L (Boileau), 249*

  Arval Brotherhood, 59, 66, 73, 388

  Ascalon, 508

  Ascanius (Iulus), 167, 240-241

  asceticism, 303, 426, 445, 490, 497, 502, 525-526, 527, 537-538, 560, 562, 577, 580, 605, 606, 607-609, 613, 615, 657, 658, 667

  Asclepiades of Prusa, Greek physician in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 312, 507

  Asclepieum of Pergamum, 516, 518

  Asclepius, see Aesculapius

  Ascyltos, 297

  Ashoka, Indian ruler and religious teacher (reigned 273-232 B.C..), 559*

  Ashur (city), 529

  Asia, 40, 60, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 112, 117, 124, 134, 139, 140, 147, 157, 167, 171, 207, 211, 225, 226, 308, 324, 347, 355, 359, 366, 389, 392, 412, 423, 431, 433, 483, 508, 514, 516, 517, 518, 519, 524, 526, 540, 578, 590, 592, 606, 630, 640, 649*, 655, 659, 669

  Asia Minor, 5, 8, 116, 130, 187, 216, 262, 320, 329, 364, 381, 418, 429, 431, 483, 513-516, 518, 520, 5
22, 578, 583, 585, 588, 592, 602-603, 605, 617, 627, 629, 632, 633, 640

  “Asianic” style, 161, 169

  Asiatic style, 361

  Asiaticus, freedman of Vitellius (fl. 1st century), 285

  Asisium (Assisi), 455

  Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C..), 187, 487

  Aspendus, 513

  assassination as a political method, 260

  Assembly, Centurial, 23-30, 33, 34, 44, 50, 52, 85, 91-92, 107, 116-117, 119, 139-140, 200, 232, 260, 265, 269, 393

  Assembly, Curial, 25-26, 393, 395

  Assembly, Tribal, 24, 26-28, 30, 34, 47, 91, 113-115, 121-122, 123, 126, 145, 171, 173, 179, 180, 181, 188, 191, 201, 213, 223, 232, 260, 340, 393

  Assyria, 413, 414, 511

  Astarte, 41

  Astraea, 237*; see also Virgin

  astrology, 75, 147, 164, 231, 259, 278, 292, 308, 311, 388, 415, 425, 435, 503, 512, 514, 525, 559, 621

  astronomy, 75, 307-308, 309, 367-368, 472, 488, 502-503, 514

  Asturae (Astura), 162

  Atalanta, 256

  Atargatis (dea Syria), 390, 522

  Atella (Aversa), 237

  Athanasius, St., Greek father of the Church (296?-373), 660, 663

  atheism, in Lucretius, 147-154; 388, 485, 490, 497, 522

  Athenaeum, 415

  Athenaeus of Naucratis, Greek grammarian (fl. 3rd century), 325, 334, 635-636

  Athenagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 168), 611

  Athene, see Pallas Athene

  Athenion, leader of slave rebellion (?-101 B.C..), 121

  Athenodorus Cananites of Tarsus, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. ist century B.C..), 228

  Athens, 13, 40, 68, 79, 87, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 104, 123, 124, 131, 141, 186, 203, 205, 207, 228, 234, 239, 244, 254, 300, 325, 349, 368, 389, 418, 428, 431, 432, 462, 465, 466, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487-490, 495, 504, 514, 515, 519, 520, 534, 546, 579, 583-584, 585, 604*, 621, 630, 661

  athletics, in Etruria, 7;

  under Rome, 72, 223, 277-279, 314, 340, 351, 360, 375, 377, 382, 430, 438, 510, 532, 625

  Atlantic Ocean, 175, 217, 252, 307, 325, 326, 466, 470, 475, 514, 521

  Atlas Mountains, 464

  Atman, see soul

  atomic philosophy, of Lucretius, 150-154; 164

  Atreus, 293

  atrium, 343-344

  Atrium Vestae, 359, 635

  Attalids, 516

  Attalus, King of Perganum (reigned 241-197 B.C..), 94

  Attalus III Philometor, King of Pergamum (reigned 138-133 B.C..), 114, 516

  Attalus, Gallic Christian martyr (?-177), 649

  Attalus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 301

  Attianus, Caelius, guardian of Hadrian (fl. end of 1st century), 414

  Attica, 4, 487

  Attic Nights (Aulus Gellius), 442

  Attic style (art), 348, 349, 361, 635

  “Attic” style (literature), 161

  Atticus, Titus Pomponius, scholar and philosopher (109-32 B.C..), 130, 131-132, 159, 163, 169, 189, 202

  Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius, Greek rhetorician and millionaire (104?-180), 487, 515

  Attila, King of the Huns (4o6?-453), 670

  Attis, 94, 385, 523, 553, 588, 598

  “Atys” (Catullus), 157

  Aude (anc. Atax), 470

  Auditoria, 312

  Augsburg (anc. Augusta Vindelicorum), 324, 480

  augury, 63-64, 93, 388, 435, 651

  Augustales, 226

  Augustalia, 649

  Augustan Age, 188, 211-258, 271, 295, 297, 338, 361, 454, 533

  Augusta Rauricorum (Augst), 480

  Augusta Taurinorum, see Turin

  Augusta Trevirorum (Trèves), 474, 635, 640

  Augusta Vindelicorum, see Augsburg

  Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo and father of the Church (354-430), 42, 60, 307, 465, 493, 494, 603, 606, 611

  Augustonemetum (Clermont-Ferrand), 473

  Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C..-14 A.D.), iii, 121, 128, 154, 159, 199-258, 259, 260, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 273, 274, 285, 286, 288, 290, 294, 299, 308, 309, 312, 319, 323, 325, 326*, 331, 335, 338, 340, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 352, 356, 357, 358, 360, 363, 365*, 381, 383, 387, 388, 391, 394, 396, 397, 398, 407, 410, 411, 413, 414, 417, 419, 432, 434, 454, 455, 460, 464, 465, 469, 472, 473, 474, 478, 482, 487, 499, 508, 511, 514, 516, 528, 530, 531, 532, 543, 558, 640, 645, 663, 664

  Aulis, 149

  Aulularia (Plautus), 100

  aurea mediocritas, 245-246, 249

  Aurelia, mother of Caesar (2nd and 1st centuries B.C..), 167

  Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), Roman emperor (212?-275), 606, 628, 632, 638-639, 640, 642, 654, 664, 665

  Aurelian Way, 78

  Aurelius, Marcus (Marcus Annius Aurelius Antoninus), Roman emperor and philosopher (121-180), 13, 28, 97, 108, 159, 299, 322, 329, 330, 331, 335, 346, 349, 396, 398, 412, 422, 423, 424, 425-432, 442, 443-446, 447, 448-449, 460, 465, 469, 478, 480, 489, 490, 492, 495, 505, 507, 606, 611, 622, 627, 631*, 633, 645, 649, 650, 662, 665, 666

  Aurelius, Severus, brother of Marcus Aurelius (fl. 2nd century), 426

  Aurelius, Column of, 412, 443

  Aurelius Imperator, 443

  aureus, 192

  Aurignacian man, 470-471

  Aurora, 241, 255

  Austria, 471

  Austria-Hungary, 480

  autobiography, Hadrian’s, 415

  Autun (anc. Augustodunum), 175, 474

  Auvergne, 176

  Avare, L’ (Molière), 100

  Avaricum (Bourses), 177, 471*, 473

  Aventine, 12*, 74, 81, 117, 339-340, 360

  Avernus, Lacus (Lake Averno), 220, 240, 456

  Avignon (anc. Avenio), 417, 474

  Aviola, Marcus Acilius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C..), 311

  Aziz, 390

  B

  Baal (Bel), 45, 390, 511, 606, 623-625, 639;

  Baal-Haman, 41, 42, 47;

  Baal-Moloch, 41

  Baalbek, see Heliopolis

  Babylonia or Babylon, 7, 9, 88, 133, 308, 322, 374, 538, 540, 546, 549, 588

  Babylon, whore of, 593

  Babylonian Captivity, 545

  Bacchae (Euripides), 178, 529

  Baachanalia, 94

  Bacchantes, 204

  Bacchus, 94, 164, 347, 354, 511; see also Dionysus

  bachelors, 68, 224, 237, 250, 363

  Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher and statesman (1561-1626), 304

  Baedeker, Karl, German publisher of guidebooks (1801-1859), 324

  Baetica (Andalusia), 216, 470

  Bagradas (Medjerda) River, 39, 464-465

  Baiae (Baja), 133, 135, 185, 266, 370, 377, 422, 456

  Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Balbinus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628

  Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C..), 191, 192, 195, 333, 340, 360

  Balbus and Ollius, banking firm, 331

  Balearic Islands, 40, 42, 470

  Balkans, 431, 483, 519, 630, 638, 669

  ballet, 378-379, 487

  Baltic Sea, 478

  Balzac, Honoré de, French novelist (1799-1850), 412

  banking, 79-80, 88, 111, 130, 169, 323, 331-332, 336, 499, 514, 515, 536, 671

  bankruptcy, 58, 79, 111, 192, 331-332, 396

  baptism, 558, 560, 577, 598, 600, 618, 649, 658, 664

  barbarian invasions, 174-178, 188, 294, 406, 424, 428-429, 431, 448-449, 480-481, 507, 627-633, 638-639, 644, 650, 665-670

  Barcino (Barcelona), 470

  Bar Cocheba, Simeon, Jewish rebel leader (?-135), 542, 548, 549

  Bardesanes, Syrian heretic (fl. 200), 604

  Barnabas, Joses, apostle, 582-583, 590, 603

  Basilica Aemilia, 92

  Basilica Julia, 267

  Basilica Porcia, 92

  basilicas, 92-93, 130, 219, 340, 345, 355, 362, 465, 466, 476, 477, 480, 511, 601, 618-619, 661-662, 671


  Basilica Ulpia, 411

  Basilides, Alexandrian heretic (fl. 117), 604

  Bassa, 317

  Batanea, 535

  Bath, see Aquae Salis bathing, 81, 343, 344, 345, 374-375, 459, 477, 599, 624; see also watering places

  baths, public, Carthaginian, 40, 465;

  Roman, 81, 219, 220, 277, 289, 290-291, 317, 327, 343, 355, 356-357, 359-360, 362, 363, 374-376, 412, 418, 440, 459, 460-461, 465, 466, 473, 474, 476, 477, 480, 509, 511, 512, 515, 548, 623, 627, 635, 661

  Bathyllus of Alexandria, artist in pantomime (fl. end of 1st century B.C..), 378

  Baucalis, 658

  Baucis, 256

  Bauer, Bruno, German theologian (1809-1882), 554

  Baur, Ferdinand Christian, German Protestant theologian (1792-1860), 553-554

  beards, 415, 471, 529

  Beaumarchais, de (Pierre Auguste Caron), French dramatist (1732-1799), 101

  Beauvais (anc. Caesaromagus), 471*, 474

  Beersheba, 535

  Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770-1827), 381

  Behistun inscription, 528

  Belgae, 175

  Belgica, see Gaul, Belgic

  Belgium, 36, 329

  Belgrade (anc. Singidunum), 480

  Bellerophon, 10

  Bellona, 62, 447

  Bellovaci, 471*

  Beloch, Karl Julius, German historian in Italy (1854-1929), 333, 364

  Benacus, Lacus, see Garda, Lago di

  Benedicta, 426

  Benefits, On (Seneca), 302

  Beneventum (Benevento), 37, 38, 78, 410, 440, 455

  Ben-Giora, Simon, Jewish hero (fl. 1st century), 404

  Berenice, Jewish queen (28?-?), 288

  Berenice (Benghazi), 499

  Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, Irish philosopher (1685-1753), 310

  Berlin, 350

  Beroea (Aleppo), 512

  Beroea (Verria), 583, 585

  Berytus (Beirut), 510, 511, 534, 545

  Bethar, 548

  Bethlehem, 535, 558, 663

  Bethsaïda, 535

  betrothal, 68, 369, 374

  Bible, 539-542, 553, 555, 578, 598, 599, 606, 613*, 614, 615, 616, 618, 658

  bibliotheca, 343, 344

  Bibliotheca Ulpiana, 635

  Bibracte (near Autun), 175

  Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius, politician (?-48 B.C..), 171-172, 196

  Bilbilis (Bámbola), 316, 318

  biography, 160, 269, 433-434, 442, 483-484, 635, 662-663

  birth control, 56, 88, 90, 132, 134, 158, 193, 211, 222-225, 232, 286, 363-364, 438, 483, 487, 505, 606, 666

  bisexuality, 132, (Caesar’s) 168, (Antony’s) 199, 246, 253, (Domitian’s) 290, (Martial’s) 317-318, (Horace’s) 369, (Commodus’) 447, (Meleager’s) 509, (Greek Anthology) 510

  Bithynia, 55, 120, 140, 155, 157, 167, 170, 216, 276, 366, 441, 516, 518-519, 521, 578, 630, 636, 653, 659;