and Gutmann collection, 124–27, 148, 173, 180, 186, 187, 235, 257, 275–79, 295, 300
and Hitler’s collection, 123, 124, 180, 276, 279
Karl and Magdalene Haberstock Foundation for the Promotion of Science, Education, and Culture, 307
and Monument Men investigation, 277–81
and Nuremberg Trials, 280–81
postwar claims of, 186, 209, 259, 280–81
and silver collection, 126–27, 148, 295
and Stuck painting, 125, 257–59, 261, 275, 307
Hahn, Kurt, 43
Hainauer family, 33
Hall, Ardelia, 293
Hall, Peter Adolf, 34
Hals, Frans, Portrait of Isaac Abrahamsz. Massa, 11, 85
Harsdorf, Baron von, 36
Hastie, James, 267, 268, 271
Heidecke, Christian, 31
Heine, Heinrich, 39
Heinemann, Rudolf, 284–85
Heller, Stephanie, 174
Henraux, Albert, 180–81
Herzfeld, Hugo, 71
Herzfeld-Gutmann, Vera, 42, 71–72, 103
Hess, Rudolf, 91
Het Loo royal palace, Apeldoorn, 241
Heuss, Anja, 299–300, 301, 302–4, 310
Heydrich, Reinhard “Butcher of Prague,” 137, 138, 260
Hibernia Affair, 28
Himmler, Heinrich, 5, 113, 131–32, 136, 144, 260
Hitler, Adolf, 269
alleged opponents murdered, 100
and anti-Semitism, 71, 116, 138
art collection of, 122–23, 125, 181, 183, 192, 206, 257, 275, 276, 279, 280
and Brandt, 255, 259, 260
and Führerbunker, 260
Führermuseum in Linz, 5, 117, 122, 124, 149, 173, 183, 208, 212, 233, 237, 276, 280, 281, 295
and Mussolini, 129, 145
nonaggression pact with Stalin, 108
private funds of, 148
rise to power of, 96, 97, 98, 106
suicide of, 260, 261
watercolor by, 122
and World War II, 106, 107–8
Hofer, Walter Andreas, 117–18, 124, 183, 206, 209, 256, 280, 281
Hoffmann, Doctor, 302
Hofhuis, Helen, 229, 237, 238
Holbein, Hans the Elder, altarpiece fragment of Madonna, 85, 125, 180, 186, 192, 257
Holland, see Netherlands
Holocaust, 13, 164
apology to Jewish people as overdue, 239
art looted during, 16, 219, 238, 274, 281, 291, 294
Dutch treatment of survivors, 185–92
and “Final Solution,” 138
forgetting, 171, 195, 211, 213, 218, 239, 285
and Kristallnacht, 20, 106–7
landmark cases in art recovery from, 212, 219, 233
“memorial candle” child, 317
official beginning of, 94
scale of, 165, 174
unfinished business of, 217, 317
and Washington Principles, 232–33
see also Nazis; Theresienstadt
Holzing-Berstett, Adolf von, 40
Hope, Adrian Elias, 74
Hope Diamond, 74
Hope family, 74
“Horst Wessel Song, The,” 105
Hotel de Rome, Berlin, 26
Hotel Excelsior, Rome, 146
Huldschinsky, Gertrud, 174
Humboldt, Wilhelm and Margarethe von, 79
Hummel, Helmut von, 148, 295
Hunger Winter (1944–45), 168
I.G. Farben, 141
International Red Cross, 139–40, 164
Interpol, 211, 223, 282
Iron Curtain, lifting of, 197, 210
Isenbrandt, Adriaen, 87, 125, 183, 192, 257
Isle of Man:
“enemy aliens” interned on, 159
Fritz’s incarceration on, 55–58, 60, 66, 142
Fritz’s release from, 62–64
Italian Renaissance table, 241, 247
Italy:
anti-Semitism in, 105, 129
artworks looted from, 279
and Axis alliance, 129, 145
Gutmann connections in, 128–32, 133, 143, 144, 145, 150, 159
Jews in hiding in, 146–47
Jews transported to extermination camps from, 146
Nazi occupation of, 14, 145–46, 147
Nuremberg-style laws in, 105
and rescue of Italian Jews, 130
surrender to Allies, 145
Jaffe, David, 221–22
Jamnitzer, Abraham, Becher (chalice), 36, 73, 127, 190, 292–313
Jamnitzer, Wenzel, 35, 297, 298
Jamnitzer scales with bronze lizard, 246
Janis, Eugenia Parry, 206, 210
Jeu de Paume Museum, Paris, 181, 206, 208
Jewish Museum, Berlin, 26
Jewish Question, “Final Solution” to, 138
Jöckel, Heinrich, 152
Jodl, Alfred, 260
Jonas, Édouard, 263
Juliana, Princess, 82, 105
Jurk, Michael, 304
Kafka, Franz, 141
Kafka, Ottilie, 141
Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin, 95
Kalckreuth, Countess Anna von, 80
Kaskel, Carl von, 23
Kaskel, Felix von, 23
Kaskel family, 23
Kassel Museum, Germany, 278
Katz, Nathan, 118
Keitel, Wilhelm, 260
Kemp, Barbara, 40
Kendall, Richard, Degas Landscapes, 202–3
Kesselring, Albert, 260
Kessler, Horst, 263
Khrushchev, Nikita, 242
Kienle, Hans Ludwig, Horse and Rider, 118, 245, 253
Killy, Doctor, 276
Kleiber, Erich, 79
Kleist, Paul Ludwig Ewald von, 278
Klimt, Gustav, 266
Kline, Tom:
and Botticelli Portrait, 228–29, 230–31
and Degas Paysage, 204, 205, 216
and Renoir Le Poirier, 222–23, 224, 225
and Stuck Sinnlichkeit, 265, 267
Klutznick National Jewish Museum, 232
Koenigs, Christine, 227, 239, 247, 256
Koenigs, Franz, 80, 83, 90, 121, 183, 227
Koenigs family, 80, 127, 173, 238
Kok, Wim, 239
Kolbe, Georg, 79
Korte, Willi, 204, 206
Kristallnacht, 20, 106–7
Lake Garda, Italy, 288
Lake Starnberg, Bavaria, 294, 295, 302
Landau, Emma von, 174
Landau, Eugen von, 50, 58, 309
Landau, Jacob von, 48–49, 157, 309
Landau, Margarete von, 49
Landau, Thekla von, 48, 50, 107, 120, 243
Landau, Wilhelm von, 49–50
Landesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart, 299, 300, 305
Lang, Fritz, 71–72
Langen, Carl von, 80
Lanz, Anna, 80
Lanz, Otto, 80–81, 83, 118
Lanz family, 238
Lederer, Hugo, bust of Eugen by, 69–70, 309
Lederer, Siegfried, 147
Lederer, Zdenek, 172
Ghetto Theresienstadt, 136, 150, 171
Ledermann, Franz, 107, 174
Ledermann, Ilse, 174
Ledermann, Susi, 120, 174
Lemoisne, P. A., 205
Lenbach, Franz von, 89, 192, 303
portrait of Eugen Gutmann, 19, 258, 292, 293, 317–18
portrait of Sophie Gutmann, 258
Lencker, Johannes, ewer by, 35, 72, 118, 245–46, 250, 252–53
Lerner, Ralph, 205
Lessing, Erich, 265
Lessing, Karl Friedrich, 260
Leuchtmann, R., 186
Lewald, Elizabeth, 278
Lewald, Fanny, 278
Liebermann, Max, 26, 33, 293
Linz, Führermuseum (Hitler’s museum) in, 5, 117, 122, 124, 149, 173, 183, 208, 212, 233, 237, 276, 280, 281, 295
Liotard, Jean-Étienne, 305
landscapes b
y, 86, 183
The Tea Set, 212–13, 242
Lippe-Biesterfeld, Prince Bernhard zur, 82
Lohse, Bruno, 207, 280, 282
London:
Alien Restriction Order, 53–55
Christie’s auction of Gutmann collection in, 251–54
Dresdner Bank in, 26, 47
and World War I, 52–55, 159
London Conference on Nazi Gold, 226
Louis Ferdinand, Prince, 93
Louis XV and XVI furniture, 126, 187, 213, 235, 241, 243, 244, 250, 270
Ludwig II, “mad” King of Bavaria, 48, 184
Lusitania, sinking of, 54
Lütjens, Helmuth, 83, 205
MacRobert family, 161
Maes, Nicholas, 183
Maglione, Cardinal Luigi, 131
Magnus, Hermann, 30
Magnus, Sophie, see Gutmann, Sophie Magnus
Mahler, Willy, 150
Maisels, Rikard, 121
Making a Killing (documentary), 213, 268
Mallard Corporation, 224, 225, 226
Manheimer, Vally, 174
Mann, Thomas, 33
Mannheimer, Fritz, 81, 83
Mannheimer family, 238
Master of the Mornauer Portrait, 85
Master of the St. Bartholomew Altarpiece, Adoration of the Magi, 85
Matisse, Henri, Odalisque, 232, 233
Max of Baden, Prince, 40, 61
Mayer, August Liebmann, 282–83
McCullagh, Suzanne, 253
Meijer, Maarten, 248
Meissen porcelain, 32, 75, 83, 99, 126, 184, 238, 241, 242, 245, 246–48, 255, 289
Melchior, Carl, 61
Memling, Hans, Madonna with Child, 85, 125, 173, 180, 186, 192, 257, 275
Mendelssohn & Co., 81
Mendelssohn family, 94
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 202, 203, 228
Meyer, Bettie, 174
Michelangelo, Bruges Madonna, 183
Miedl, Alois, 117–18, 123, 124, 173, 257
Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung, und Kunst Baden-Württemberg, 303
Misch, Arthur, 174
Modernism, 88–89
Montgomery, Bernard, 1st Viscount, 7
Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) [Monuments Men], 182–86, 189, 192, 207, 208–9, 233, 237, 277–79, 293, 302
Moore, Dudley, 9–10
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 36, 46
Mueller, Waldemar, 44
Mühlmann, Kajetan, 117, 123, 124, 173, 183, 257
Müsch, Irmgard, 310–11
Museum of Modern Art, New York, 232
Mussolini, Benito, 100, 105, 129, 143, 145, 147
Napoléon Bonaparte, 19, 36
Nathan, Henry, 29, 65–66
National Archives, Washington, DC, 232, 293–94
National Gallery, Berlin, 262
National Gallery, Washington, DC, 190
National Gallery of Canada, 305
Navarro, Rafael, 224
Nazis:
anti-Semitism of, 91–92, 91, 95–106, 175
assets stolen/fake purchases by, 15, 99, 116–19, 122–28, 148, 168–71, 173–74, 180–84, 186–92, 206–7, 209, 212, 215, 218–19, 226, 228, 230, 240, 245, 256, 257, 275–77, 280, 281, 295, 296
banks taken over by, 97–99, 102–3, 126, 309, 310
barbarism of, 109, 153, 168
books burned by, 100, 310
concentration camps of, 106, 137–41, 144–45, 157, 164, 166
ERR, 180, 187, 206–8, 223, 225, 256, 282
and “Final Solution,” 138
Gutmann belongings swept away by, 11–12, 127–28, 142, 191
industrialized murder by, 164
inventories of collection, 235, 248, 256, 296
and Kristallnacht, 20, 106–7
and Munich “putsch,” 69, 71
and Nuremberg Trials, 124, 165, 260, 261, 280
patina of legality, 124, 127, 148–49, 150, 184, 294, 295, 296
“second-generation loot” from, 302
Netherlands:
anti-Semitism in, 119–21, 166–68, 236, 243, 275
art sales in, 192, 236
art treasures in, 116–19, 124, 192, 236, 237, 238, 240
Bernard’s return visits to, 165–71, 172–73, 176, 179, 250
Bosbeek in, see Bosbeek estate
claims filed with government for Gutmann family art, 185–86, 256, 287
Dutch Art Property Collection (NK), 238
Ekkart Committee, 238–40
and end of World War I, 66
German invasion of, 113–19
ghetto in Amsterdam, 127, 131
Gutmann family in, 62–64, 65–90, 103, 104, 166, 173
Hunger Winter (1944–45), 168
Jewish assets seized/sold in, 103, 118, 119–21, 128, 167, 168, 236, 240, 275, 279
Jewish refugees in, 107, 116, 167
Jewish resistance in, 120
Jews deported from, 165
Jews lost in Holocaust, 165, 174
Nazification of banks in, 102–3, 126
Nazi occupation of, 6, 116–34, 168, 191
neutrality of, 107–8
Origins Unknown (Herkomst Gezocht) agency, 238–39, 240, 256, 288
postwar, 168–71, 239
postwar art recovery/restitution in, 184–85, 186–92, 237, 238–53, 256, 289, 315
postwar treatment of Jewish survivors, 236–40
“restitution” bureau, 6, 167, 171, 172, 185–92, 233, 288
World War I internees released to, 62–64
Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN), 241, 243–48
Netherlands Property Management Office, 128
Netherlands Red Cross, 162
Dutch (free) Red Cross, 162, 163, 165, 171
Neuschwanstein castle (“Mad Ludwig’s castle”), 184
Neville, Rena, 230
New York State Banking Department, Holocaust Claims Processing Office, 233, 286
New York World’s Fair (1939), 86
Nibelungen gold, 37, 193
Nicholas, Lynn, The Rape of Europa, 204
Núñez Fábrega de Baeza, Dolores Brunilda, 224–27
Nuremberg Laws, 100, 105
Nuremberg Trials, 124, 165, 260, 261, 280–81
Old Castle, Stuttgart, 310–13
Oppenheim, Salomon, 20
Oppenheim family, 23, 257
Oppenhejm, Ralph, 151, 152
Orpheus Clock, 72, 298
acquired by Eugen, 35, 36
legal ownership of, 148
lost from Bosbeek estate, 173
in Nazi warehouse, 127, 148
postwar location of, 183, 293
recovery of, 248, 296–302, 306, 310–11, 313
renamed Fremersdorf 1, 299
sand and dirt in, 301–2, 311, 317
Orpheus clocks, 34–35, 298–99, 306
Orpheus Clocks, The (Coole and Neumann), 298, 299
Orpheus in the Underworld, legend of, 35, 297
Orsenigo, Archbishop, 130, 132, 144
Orsini Baroni, Luca, 18, 40, 100, 105, 145, 189
and Fritz and Louise’s removal from Bosbeek, 134
and Gutmann art collection, 148–49, 294, 296
and Gutmann connection, 129, 130, 131–32, 143, 144, 275
and Gutmann family trust, 127, 149
Orsini, Lili Gutmann (great-aunt), 18, 31
exempt from anti-Semitic laws, 105, 147, 175
and Holzing-Berstett, 40
and Italian nobility, 71, 129
marriage to Orsini, 40
in postwar Italy, 173, 174–75
Orthodox Church of Cyprus, 204
OSS (Office of Strategic Services), Art Looting Investigation Unit, 182–83, 209, 280
Ostade, Adriaen van, 87, 194
Osten, Gert von der, Paintings and Documents, 273, 283–84
Ostrich automaton, 127, 246, 300, 311, 311, 313
Pacelli, Archbishop Eugenio (later Pius XII), 71, 129
Paillou, Peter, 34
Pannwitz, Catalina von (Aunt Käthe), 81, 82, 83, 104, 118
Pannwitz, Ursula, 82
Pannwitz, Walther von, 81, 82
Papen, Franz von, 95, 100, 165
Paris:
Allied liberation of, 282
Fritz and Louise in, 45–47
Gutmann art stored in, 6, 223, 225, 256, 275–76, 277, 282
Gutmann family refugees in, 174
Nazi occupation of, 125, 207–8, 215
postwar search for Gutmann art in, 174, 180–81, 187, 201, 212
Parke-Bernet, 222, 224
Paul Cassirer & Co., Berlin, 83, 88
Pavlova, Anna, 47
Paysan, Moritz, 310, 311
Pereira, Baron Alfons von, 271
Petzolt, Hans, silver-gilt drinking cups by, 36, 118, 246, 250, 253, 254
Phillips, Anthony, 250, 252
Piaf, Edith, 282
Piccadilly Gallery, London, 264–65
Pietà sculpture, fifteenth century, 180, 287–89, 287
Pietrabissa, Franco, 130
Pilkington, Godfrey, 265
Pissarro, Camille, 88
Pius XII, Pope, 71, 129
Plietzsch, Eduard, 117, 124, 257
Ploeg, Rick van der, 241
Poellnitz, Baron von, 277, 278
Poland, extermination camps in, 146
Porten, Henny, 71
Porter, Marc, 219, 252
Poschinger, Heinrich von, 49
Posse, Hans, 122
Poznanski, Maurice, 174
Princip, Gavrilo, 52, 155
Proehl, Ernst, 66, 67, 80, 83, 84, 103, 173
Proehl, Ilse, 80, 103
Proehl & Co., 103
Proehl & Gutmann, 67, 81, 102–3
psychogenealogy, 317
Quedlinburg, art looted from church in, 204
Radnitzky, Emmanuel (Man Ray), 76
Rahm, Karl, 140, 149, 150, 152, 155, 164
Rathenau, Walther, 26, 43, 61, 71
Rathenau family, 29
Ray, Man, portraits by, 42, 64, 76–77, 251, 318
Redlich, Egon “Gonda,” 136
Rehborn, Anni, 255, 259
Reichsbank, 97, 99
Reinhold, Johann, 311
Reinhold Clock, 36, 127, 183, 296, 300–301, 302, 311, 313
The Great Astronomical Table Clock of Johann Reinhold: Augsburg 1581 to 1592, 301
Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of a Man with Arms Akimbo, 90
Renaissance, 35, 84, 87, 297, 298, 306–7
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 124
Le Poirier or The Pear Tree (in Bloom), 88, 173, 201, 218, 222–27, 233, 237, 249, 317
Reynaud, Paul, 81
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 96, 101, 108, 165, 260
Ricci, Marco, capriccios by, 84
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 241, 242, 248, 249–50, 252, 253, 288, 289, 290
Rijksmuseum Twenthe, Enschede, 237, 241
Ritz Hotel, Paris, 46, 174, 207–8, 278
Robbia, Andrea della, armorial plaque, 251
Robert, Hubert, 126, 192
Roberti, Ercole de’, The Argonauts Leaving Colchis, 85, 284
The Orpheus Clock Page 36
