Psycholinguistics, 73, 73n9
Psychopaths (sociopaths), 163, 187, 187n3
Punishment
avoiding, 46, 199–200
and cheaters, 163, 172, 201
for aggression, 190
and learning, 53, 126, 130, 148n9, 189, 202, 221
for mistakes, 200–201, 201n11
for norm violations, 164, 172n13, 187, 190–191, 192, 193, 207, 208, 210, 277, 281
third party punishment, 164, 190–192, 208, 239
Puzzle box, 28, 42, 155, 167, 178, 179, 180(fig), 183
Pygmy chimpanzees. See Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Rats, 9, 36(tab), 104, 105, 107, 154, 160, 175, 204, 216–217, 265, 278
Raven’s progressive matrices, 138n3
Reasoning, 49, 50, 72, 132n8, 136–142, 146, 148, 150–153, 156, 158, 168, 206, 209–210, 216, 217, 229, 239. See also Problem solving; Intelligence
social reasoning, 78. 80, 118, 119, 123, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 220. See also Theory of mind
and morality, 187, 189–190, 195–199, 202n12, 209, 210
Reciprocal altruism, 161, 163, 164, 172, 187, 188, 191–192, 191n5, 194, 198
Recursion, recursive rule, 72, 73, 74, 86. See also Embedded thinking
and imagination, 117, 143–144, 217
and language 72–76, 80, 81, 82, 85, 85n15, 86–87, 217
and theory of mind, 117
and working memory, 141, 142
Red Deer Cave People, 264n23
Religion, 3, 4, 223, 277n6
and morality, 162, 193, 194, 195, 220, 271–272
and writing, 271–272
REM sleep, 45
“Report to an Academy” (Kafka, Ein Bericht für eine Akademie), 82, 224
Representational insight, 66, 67, 84
Reproduction, 81, 96, 106, 160, 166, 218, 281–282. See also Breeding, cooperative; Mating habits, primate
human vs. primate, 226, 228
women vs. men, 234
Reputation, 162–164, 172n13, 177, 186n2, 188, 190, 191–192, 198, 223
Research, and negative findings, 60
Research methods, 46–49, 56, 57–62
and bias, 40, 40n1, 42, 43, 43n3
hypothesis development, 4, 5, 61–62, 276, 276–277, 276n5
Response breadth, 155, 156
Rhesus monkeys, 109n6, 124, 128, 207. See also Macaque
and group norms, 208
Rich vs. lean interpretations, 40, 41, 42, 43n2, 43n3, 46, 47, 55, 56, 57, 83, 84, 85, 109n6, 119, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 166n9, 183, 204, 205, 208, 210. See also Romantics vs. killjoys
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (film), 281
Roberts, William, 104, 108–109
Rockhampton Zoo, Australia, 29, 30(fig), 47, 286
Rodents. See also Rats and curiosity, 155
and number of brain cells, 37
and prosocial behavior, 204
Romantics vs. killjoys, 40, 40n1, 41, 42, 43n3, 44n4, 45, 47, 48, 55, 85n15, 105, 109n6, 118, 126, 130, 148, 207, 208, 277
Rumsfeld, Donald, 199
Running, long distance, 250
Russell, Bertrand, 89, 139, 215
Sagan, Carl, 272
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 238(fig), 240, 241n5, 249n12
Sanctions. See Punishment
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 47, 85–86
Scenario building. See Nested scenario building
Schizophrenia, 94, 118, 226, 227n6
Scientific method, 4, 40, 61, 172n13, 273, 276
Scriptures, sacred, 271, 272
Scrub jays, 104–105, 108, 109n6, 130
Self-deception, 76, 200–201, 200n10, 201n11. See also Bias
Selfishness, 161, 162–163, 162n5, 188, 189, 192, 192n6, 205, 206, 220
Semantic memory, 91, 91n1, 100–101, 104, 110
Sexual selection, and entertainers, 222
Seyfarth, Robert, 80, 155
Shakespeare, William, 95, 122
Shame, 164, 197, 208
Shipton, Ceri, 253(fig), 257
Short-term memory. See Working memory
Siamangs (Symphalangus), 20, 20(fig), 21, 58. See also Gibbons
Siberia, hominins in, 236, 258, 264
Sign language, 48, 64, 81n12, 120
and great apes, 83–84, 84n14, 85, 205, 261
and language evolution, 80, 261
Skinner, B. F., 53, 73, 73n10, 74–75
Skuhl Cave Israel, burial site, 259(fig), 261
Small apes. See Gibbons
Smell, sense of, 15, 38, 50, 54, 59, 105
Smoking, quitting, 117
Soccer (football), 43, 97, 124–125, 127–128, 159, 265, 265n26, 287
Social brain hypothesis, 16–17, 24n6
Social learning, 166–167, 173–183, 219, 254. See also Culture; Imitation; Teaching
and behavioral innovation, 156, 156n14, 174
chimpanzees, 31–32, 174–175, 178, 179–180
types of, 176–177
Social lives, primate, 16–18, 24n6, 30, 114, 116, 219. See also Theory of mind; Culture; Morality
Social media, 219, 273
Sociopaths (psychopaths), 163, 187, 187n3
Spanish Inquisition, 201
Species, distinguishing, 236–237, 237n3, 238(fig), 249n11
Speech, 21, 71, 81–82, 81n12, 86
and brain function, 64n2, 254, 261n21
evolution of capacity for, 254, 260–261
Spider, intelligence, 144–145
Spider monkeys, 17, 37(fig)
Splitters vs. lumpers, 237, 237n3, 238(fig), 245, 249n11
Sports, 97, 124, 125, 127–128, 143, 193, 212, 265, 265n26, 277n6
Squid
communication, 81–82
and shadow, 54
Stanford-Binet IQ test, 135
Stepparents, 161n4
Sternberg, Robert, 137, 142
Storytelling, 45, 68, 82, 86, 93, 99, 100, 104, 116, 170, 216, 221–222, 222n3, 223, 262, 263(fig)
Strepsirrhini (wet nose), 17
Strum, Shirley, 207–208
Stumbling on Happiness (Gilbert), 99
Suddendorf family tree, 231–232
Suicide, 90, 98, 201, 275, 277n6
Sumatra, 19, 20, 22, 23, 23(fig), 24(fig), 25, 25(fig), 26, 26n7, 175
Sweating, whole-body, 2, 82, 226, 250
Symbiosis, 159–160, 172
Symbols, and language, 65–69, 68n5, 70, 71, 76, 83, 84, 84n14, 86, 87, 104, 136, 142, 150, 158, 171, 210, 217, 223, 250, 260, 262, 270–271, 271n3
Symphalangus (siamangs), 20, 20(fig), 21, 58. See also Gibbons
Syntax, 71–73, 74, 75, 76, 85
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), 18, 274, 274n4
Tactical deception, in primates, 46–47, 80, 125–126, 127, 127n7, 128
Tamarins, 17, 85n15, 206
Tanzania, 22, 174, 211, 243, 247
Taung child, 236, 243n7
Taxonomy, primate, 17
Teaching, 169–170, 183. See also Social learning
and animals, 83, 86, 181–183
and cultural inheritance, 167
definition, 181
functional, 182
Telegraph, invented, 273
Television, portrayal of animals on, 29, 103
Temporary memory. See Working memory
Terrace, Herbert, 83, 83n13, 84
Theater metaphor, 95–96, 99, 114, 140, 216, 218, 218n1. See also Nested scenario building
Theory of mind, 113–132
across cultures, 115n3, 118, 265
alternative explanations for behavior, 127, 128
animals and, 118–119, 124–132, 148, 176, 215–216
definition, 114
and developmental psychology, 115–116, 119–124, 143, 144n7,
and empathy, 187
and false beliefs, 119–121, 123, 124, 125–126, 130–131, 144
and irony, metaphor and sarcasm, 123
and mental illness, 118, 168, 220
and ne
sted scenario building, 114, 117, 122, 141, 153, 158
and pedagogy, 170, 181, 183
Thumb, opposable, 1, 15, 23
Time travel. See Mental time travel
Timo (author’s son), 66(fig), 73, 74, 101(fig), 102, 115, 116, 192
Tolkien, J. R. R., 10, 236, 264, 269
Tomasello, Michael, 128, 130–131, 165, 187–188, 207, 219–220, 254
Tooby, John, 10, 229
Tool use, 97, 244, 246–247, 254
animal, 25, 28, 31, 31–32, 31n9, 33, 108, 109, 110, 144, 146–148, 149, 152n13, 174, 175, 182–183
and hunting behavior, 31, 133, 205, 247, 256, 262
and imitation, 167–168, 180(fig)
Toolmaking, 244, 251, 251n15, 252, 253–254, 256, 262, 264
animal, 144, 147, 153
Acheulean, 252, 253, 253(fig), 254, 254n17, 256, 259(fig)
composite tools, 257, 260, 262
Levallois technology, 256–257
Oldowan, 247, 254n17
Trap tube task, 149
Tripa Swamp forest, Sumatra, 26n7
Trivers, Robert, 161, 200
Trust
and cooperation, 163, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198, 200
definition, 191
Tulving, Endel, 91, 91n1
Turkana, lake, 247, 248, 251
Uganda, gorillas in, 26, 27(fig)
Uncertainty monitoring, 145, 145n8
United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 195
Universal negative, 57, 58
Unknown knowns and unknowns, 199–200, 200n10
Ur (Mesopotamian city), 158, 271
Vegetarianism, 26, 189, 197
Vervet monkeys, 16, 80, 81
Vidal, Gore, Creation, 271
Violence, 266, 280–281. See also Aggression; Hunting behavior; Murder; War
of chimpanzees, 12–13, 30–31, 34, 202–203, 205n14
declining, 12–13, 212, 213, 281
family, 161n4
government monopolies on, 190, 203
and group selection, 265, 265n25, 265n26, 266
Vision, of primates, 15
Visual cortex, 38, 243, 243n6
Vocalizations, animal, 21, 22, 24, 79, 80–81, 206
War, 12, 13, 30, 137, 146, 171, 189, 194, 202, 212, 265, 265n26, 266, 271, 277n6, 280–281
World War II Germany, 185–186, 186n1, 187n3, 195, 202
Washoe (chimpanzee), 83, 205, 205n14, 208
Weapon use, human, 241, 242, 247, 254, 261–262, 265, 266, 280–281
Wearing, Clive, 91, 91n1, 94
Whales, 35, 36(tab), 38n14, 64, 66, 81, 177, 178, 182
Whitehead, Alfred North, 73n10, 186n2
Whiten, Andrew, 28, 36, 46, 57n15, 127, 155, 168, 174, 178, 179, 180(fig)
Wings, evolutionary development, 2, 60–61
Woodruff, Guy, 118, 119, 124, 125
Working memory, 140, 140n5, 141–142, 218, 276
chimpanzees, 153–154
and intelligence, 140, 141, 153–154
Worrying, 97–98, 114, 117, 223
Wrangham, Richard, 251, 281
Writing, invention of, 269–271, 270n1, 271n3
and mass distribution, 272–274
Written languages, 75, 166, 167, 271
Y chromosome, 233, 234, 234n1
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