The Know-it-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World

by A. J. Jacobs

  Worse, I'm worried about the value of reading in general. In the section on mind, philosophy of, I learned of John Locke's parable about a blind man. The blind man wants to know what the color scarlet is like, so he interviews dozens of people about the color scarlet, thinks a long time about the topic, then, at long last, he victoriously announces that he knows what scarlet is like: "It is like the sound of a trumpet." I sometimes wonder, am I the blind man? If I'm just reading about life--about literature, science, nature--without actually experiencing it, maybe I'm hearing false trumpets. Maybe my time would be better spent out in the world, experiencing it.

  N

  names

  Julie and I have been talking about names for our yet-to-be-conceived child. Julie's both an unflagging optimist and a planner, so she figures we should get started now. She's already got a list in her Palm Pilot--Max, Jasper, Kaya, Maya.

  Thanks to the Britannica, I've got lots of new ideas. Over dinner one night, I decide to test them out.

  "I've got a good name for the kid," I tell her.

  "Oh yeah?"

  "How about Crippled Jacobs?"

  "That's a horrible thing to say," she says.

  "No, it's just that many cultures use bad names to scare off demons. Crippled Jacobs or Ugly Jacobs--that kind of thing."

  "Uh, no."

  "They're called apotropaic names."

  No response.

  "How about Mshweshwe Jacobs? After the founder of the Sotho nation. He changed his name to Mshweshwe, which is supposed to be the sound a knife makes when shaving."

  I mimed a little shaving. "Mshweshwe."

  "Probably not."

  "What about Odd? O-d-d. Like Odd Hassel, a Norwegian chemist who won the Nobel Prize."

  "Oh, that one I really like," Julie says. "That one sounds just great."

  Napoleon

  Finally, I arrive at the little big man himself. In an odd way, I feel like I know Napoleon already. Dozens of bits and pieces about the French emperor have bobbed up in the previous eighteen thousand pages, giving me an unfinished but compelling portrait. I know, among other things:

  *A disgruntled Aaron Burr tried to get Napoleon to conquer Florida.

  *Napoleon was a Zionist--or at least "thought of establishing a Jewish state in the ancient lands of Israel."

  *Napoleon loved ice-skating.

  *The Napoleonic Wars were so expensive, England started the first income tax to pay for them.

  *A French soldier named Nicolas Chauvin showed such simpleminded devotion to Napoleon, he is memorialized in the word "chauvinism."

  *Napoleon used balloons for military reconnaissance, and appointed a man named Nicolas Conte--who also invented the pencil--to be head of the balloon corps.

  *Napoleon knew he might want to dump Josephine someday, so when he married her, the crafty emperor made sure there wasn't a parish priest present at the ceremony. This slight technicality allowed him to dispose of her without a sticky divorce.

  *Napoleon commissioned a sculptor named Antonio Canova to make a huge statue of himself in the style of a classical heroic nude. (This one I find particularly surprising. Can you see George W. Bush allowing a statue of himself nude? Clinton, maybe. But most of today's leaders like their nipples covered.)

  *Napoleon's sister slept with Metternich, the Austrian statesman.

  *Napoleon sold the western half of the United States to Jefferson for less than three cents an acre.

  It's a bizarre collection of Napoleon arcana, an admittedly idiosyncratic portrait of the man, but I'm kind of proud of it. I like its randomness. Maybe that says something about me--that I'm overly attracted to the quirks of history. Or maybe it's because I'm trying to justify the days and days I've spent reading the encyclopedia. But in true Napoleonic style, I prefer to see something grander in my grab bag of Bonaparte lore. I prefer to think that it proves just how interwoven history is. Napoleon didn't just affect 19th-century European alliances, he affected income taxes and hot air balloons and my parents' private joke during the eighties that my dad was a male chauvinist pig, which led to a rash of pig-related gifts for his birthday every year, including pig salt and pepper shakers.

  As for the Napoleon entry proper, it's fine. Nothing spectacular. He was a brilliant general, he and the pope weren't the best of buddies, he loved his Voltaire. I'm still, at the end, convinced that the heap of Napoleonic slivers was more revealing.

  Nation, Carry

  The formidable, nearly six-foot woman who fought for Prohibition by smashing barrooms with her trademark hatchet. According to the Britannica, "she also railed against fraternal orders, tobacco, foreign foods, corsets, skirts of improper length, and mildly pornographic art of the sort found in some barrooms of the time." Tobacco and short skirts I can see. But foreign foods? What's so evil about those? I had no idea this was controversial. I'm glad Carry Nation lost, and I live in a world where I can eat my mooshu vegetables with impunity.

  national park

  Julie and I are spending the weekend in my parents' house in East Hampton. It's a nice house, with tasteful wood floors and a classic porch--and lots and lots of buffalo knickknacks. That's the main decorating motif: 21st-century bison. Buffalo signs, buffalo mugs, buffalo photos, buffalo stuffed animals.

  This buffalo invasion is a result of yet another one of my father's practical jokes. It's a story I've heard so many times, I think I can get it right. When their friends the Odells bought a house in East Hampton, my mom and dad hatched a plan. They sent an official-looking note to the Odells--on faux government letterhead--announcing that the Odells' just-purchased land had been claimed by the National Park Service as federal grazing area for the endangered buffalo. My dad threw in some legalese like "eminent domain," and they signed a bureaucratic-sounding name.

  The Odells, my parents guessed, would figure out the perpetrators. They didn't. So my parents took it to the next level: they got my aunt--a former actress--to show up unannounced at the Odells'. My aunt was wearing safari shorts and a pith helmet, clipboard in hand, and she demanded the Odells evacuate for the buffalos. Doors were slammed. Calls were made to the police. My aunt retreated.

  This is how my parents spend their time.

  When the Odells figured out the responsible parties, they retaliated by sending my parents several pounds of bison jerky. This in turn was responded to with an escalating buffalo merchandise war. One day, the Odells are going to get really pissed, and my parents will come home to find a bloody buffalo carcass in the living room.

  In any case, we arrive in time for Saturday lunch, which entails eating off buffalo plates and drinking out of buffalo glasses.

  Naturally, I open with a buffalo fact--how could I not? I point out that the town of Buffalo, New York, was probably not named for the animal, since there aren't any buffalos in Buffalo. The most popular theory is that the name is a mispronunciation of the French phrase beau fleuve, or "beautiful river," in reference to Buffalo Creek.

  My buffalo knowledge exhausted, the topic somehow drifts to former child stars--I think the connection was a new show with Emmanuel Lewis--and my father chimes in:

  "One of the Brady Bunch kids became a porn star."

  Huh. I thought about that. I wasn't sure that was true. And Julie--she knew that wasn't true. You don't mess with Julie on Brady Bunch knowledge.

  "No," she says. "I can tell you what they became. None of them became porn stars." And she told us: Cindy was a sneaker designer, Bobby became a cameraman, Marcia had a sitcom a couple of years ago.

  Nice one, I think to myself, as she continues ticking off the stars. Good for Julie. My dad may be more knowledgeable than Julie and me about a lot of areas, but Sherwood Schwartz sitcoms is not one of them.

  neat's-foot oil

  This is a pale yellow oil derived from boiling the feet of cattle. Good Lord. I'm trying to eat an apricot fruit roll here.

  nervous system

  Much more detail on brain damage. This time, quantified detai
l. After the age of twenty, humans lose 50,000 brain cells a day to atrophy. You probably lost a couple of dozen just reading that sentence. Whoops! There go a bunch more. I still have enough neurons to do a quick calculation on my Palm Pilot: since my twentieth birthday, about 30 million of my precious bits of gray matter have gone belly up. Thirty million! Sure, I've got a few billion left, but still.

  I'm glad I didn't know this back in my carbon-monoxide-obsessed days. But now it's more incentive to keep reading--I've got to compensate for my evaporating cortex.

  New Year

  In India, there's the ritual boiling of rice. In Thailand, people throw water playfully at one another. Here's one of those rare times that I know more, thanks to my sister's husband Willy, a native of Cuzco: in Peru, on New Year's, women wear yellow underwear.

  Newton, Isaac

  Before my reeducation, I knew the basic points about Sir Isaac: British scientist, believer in deism, discoverer of gravity, alleged victim of a falling apple. The Britannica doesn't fully endorse the apple theory, calling it an unconfirmed legend. But I was pleased to learn that Newton's verified inspiration for his theory of gravity is just as interesting as falling fruit--maybe more so.

  Newton's revelation came during a six-year self-imposed exile from British society. It was 1678, and he had just suffered the first of his nervous breakdowns, which caused him to lock himself away in his home. Yes, Newton was a complete nut job, the angriest and nastiest scientist in history. The Britannica comes right out and uses the phrase "pronounced psychotic tendencies."

  Among his many feuds was one with philosopher John Locke, to whom he sent strange, paranoid letters accusing Locke of trying to "entangle [him] with women." Newton also hated the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. The two were in a battle over who had invented calculus, and toward the end of his life, Newton expended an enormous amount of energy discrediting Leibniz--even after Leibniz died. As the Britannica puts it: "Almost any paper on any subject from those years is apt to be interrupted by a furious paragraph against the German philosopher.... In the end, only Newton's death ended his wrath."

  But back to gravity. So Newton had gone AWOL for several years. Up to that point, he had been a traditional 17th-century mechanistic scientist who saw the world as a bunch of billiard balls colliding. There was no such thing as action at a distance. But during his seclusion, Newton became obsessed with occult works about alchemy and magic treatises, many of them in what was called the hermetic tradition, even copying these texts by hand. These occult books talked about substances having mysterious sympathies and antipathies toward one another, forces that could affect something even without touching it.

  This unconventional idea allowed Newton to take the intellectual leap. This was his apple. The occult forces inspired him to envision forces of attraction and repulsion that worked at a distance, a breakthrough that eventually led to his theory of universal gravity.

  This, to me, is fascinating. Newton--the man who finally gave us a vision of the universe as a rational and orderly place--couldn't have done it without the help of those weird occult books. Is there a lesson there? I think so. I'm going to keep my mind open, try to be more tolerant of unorthodox ideas, because even the kookiest of them can inspire a profound theory. Maybe I shouldn't be so dismissive of the Kabbalah, or tarot cards, or my New Age aunt from Berkeley who swears that staring at the sun for two minutes every morning is good for your health. No, that last one is crazy.

  nonfictional prose

  It's Sunday morning and Dad invites Julie and me to the beach. My father loves the beach. Or more precisely, he loves sitting on the beach. The temperature doesn't matter. He's not interested in paddleball or Frisbee. He just likes to sit in his beach chair and work. He either works on his twenty-fifth law book or he reads hardbacks--big important nonfiction hardbacks.

  Like many in his generation, he is drawn to the real information, the kind with fiber and vitamins and minerals, not the Ring Ding-quality information I fill up on. My dad devours books like Ezekiel. He reads so intently on the beach that my mother once painted him a T-shirt with the following image: his beach hat floating on the ocean. The implication was that he'd be so engrossed in his reading and writing, he wouldn't notice if the tide rose and swallowed him up. I think he might read right through the apocalypse. He'd just brush those raining frogs off the page. He might look up, make a mental note that the ocean had turned to blood, then get back to business.

  He's got the same weakness I have--we both love information so much, we tend to choose it over actual experience. Case in point: when we'd go on trips to Europe, he'd bring along his Fodor's. We'd get to the Parthenon, and Dad would read passages aloud from the guidebook about its history--the role of Athena and the Centaurs and the Doric columns. Then he'd lower the book, glance at the decaying big marble building for exactly three seconds, then be ready for his next chapter, uh, tourist attraction. And I'm happy to do the same. Which is what I tell Dad. I won't be able to make it to the beach, but there's an excellent section in the Britannica on waves, and how they break when the wave depth equals 1.3 times the wave height.

  norms

  Julie and I are on line at JFK's Alitalia counter. We're off on a week-long trip to Italy to attend the Memorial Day wedding of our friends Rick and Ilene.

  I'm worried that we'll be stopped by security. Won't three clunky volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica passing through the X-ray machine raise a red flag? It's not exactly the usual vacation-friendly Elmore Leonard paperback. But apparently, Alitalia has respect for scholarship, because we breeze right through.

  The flight is an overnight one, and after reading about nonsense verse and Nordic skiing, I slip my Britannica into the seat pocket and lie back for a nap. I get about ninety seconds of sleep before it starts. The snoring. Two rows behind us, in row 17, seat D, we've got a snorer. This isn't regular snoring--this is Fred Flintstone-style snoring. It's about the same decibel level as the two-thousand-pound jet engine hanging from the wing. I expect to see the window shades go up and down in its rhythm.

  "My God," I say.

  "Wow," says Julie, who has pushed her eyeshades up to her forehead.

  I turn around. There he is, his mouth agape, a meaty doofus, red-faced and plump as a Tuscan tomato, squeezed into a tight yellow tank top. I'm not alone. I notice a dozen others like myself turned around in their seats, marveling at this acoustic phenomenon. No one within a seven-row radius is sleeping.

  A stewardess walks by, and I'm just cranky enough to stop her.

  "Can you wake him up?" I ask.

  "I'm sorry, that's not our policy," she says, in an Italian accent.

  "But no one on the plane can sleep."

  "We don't wake passengers up unless there's a safety reason."

  "Well, actually, sleep apnea can be quite dangerous. You can lose oxygen to the brain for up to a half minute."

  Doesn't seem to register. "You can wake him yourself if you want."

  She walks off. Damn. I consider poking the pudgy snorer in the arm and running away, but decide instead on the better strategy of hating him from afar.

  Every couple of minutes the snoring stops, and I have a false moment of hope, but then it revs back up again. I'm screwed. All the knowledge in the world can't solve this dilemma. That said, my scholarship does help me in one way: I can now see the snoring situation through a clear historical and philosophical framework.

  "This is a classic ethical dilemma," I say to Julie. "Classic."

  Julie studies me. She isn't sure if this is going to be more or less pleasant than the sound of the snoring.

  "I read about this in the ethics section," I continue. "We've got here a clear-cut example of utilitarianism versus deontology."

  "Meaning what?"

  I explain: the utilitarians believe in the greatest good for the greatest number. So they'd wake him up. If the philosopher Jeremy Bentham were pushing the dessert cart on Alitalia, you can bet your ass that the S
noring Wonder over there would be wide awake, with some espresso forced down his throat for good measure.

  But deontologists would let him sleep, because they believe in personal rights. Unfortunately, our flight attendant is a deontologist. Deontologists say that if you're all starving in a lifeboat, you still don't have the right to kill and eat the sickest person.

  Julie seems mildly interested--more than average, anyway.

  "And which are you?"

  "Well, I think we should wake the snoring jackass up. So I guess I'm a utilitarian."

  "Huh," says Julie.

  "Unless I was the one doing the snoring. Then I'm a deontologist."

  Julie laughs. But sadly, I'm not really joking. I'm a utilitarian for other people and a deontologist for myself. Clearly, I could use a little more growing in the morals department. But at least I know how to label the theories. Which makes me feel better.

  North Italy

  I was hoping that the Britannica would be good substitute for an Italian-English dictionary. I was crossing my fingers that the Italy section would tell me how to order my pizza with no anchovies and ask how far to the nearest taxi stand. No such luck. That's not to say the Britannica lacks handy-phrase translations--they just aren't in Italian. Just so you know, I've compiled a little phrase book of things I've learned how to say:

  English: Let us, each one of us, move indeed to the west across the creek.Hokan Native American language: Yabanaumawildjigummaha'nigi.

  English: The girl ate mush and three biscuits but she wasn't satisfied.Traditional Gullah slave language: Uma-chil' nyamnyam fufu an t'ree roll-roun, but 'e ain't been satify.

  English: You are going to remain lying down.Haitian Creole: T-ale reste kushe.

  English: I have good friends.Esperanto: Mi havas bonajn amikojn.

  I'm not sure why the Britannica in all its wisdom chose those particular phrases to translate. But if I'm ever walking to a Starbucks on the other side of a Hokan reservation and there's a creek in the way, I'm in excellent shape to encourage my Hokan pals to cross it. Also, I can stage a kidnapping in Haiti. But mi havas no Italian chops.