Exceptional
Page 30
Helsinki Accords and, 76
Marshall Plan and, 48
and restoring American power, 249
Russia/Soviet Union and, 76, 197, 249
See also specific nation
economy, U.S.: Marshall Plan and, 48
Edelman, Eric S., 203, 217, 226, 252
Egypt, 92, 127, 163, 239
Eisenhower, Dwight
and allied push toward Berlin, 40
American exceptionalism and, 40
B-52 bomber project and, 60
D-Day and, 26–27, 28
and European Theater, 24–25, 26–27, 28
Khrushchev and, 64–65
Marshall’s letters to/from, 9, 33
and military-industrial complex, 61–62
missile technology and, 62
North Africa campaign and, 25
and Ohrdruf-Nord concentration camp, 33
and Pacific Theater, 23–24
presidential farewell address of, 61–62
as presidential role model, 232
and Roosevelt’s death, 33
and safeguarding American history, 5
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258–59
elections of 2008, 112, 123, 131, 147
elections of 2012, 146, 151, 153–61, 199
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons, 224, 235, 236, 248, 255
Emanuel, Rahm, 209
embassy/embassies, U.S.
bombing of, 98, 99
closing of, 168, 212
ISIS and, 168
taking of Iranian, 78, 79, 173, 176, 180, 181
EMP. See electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons
EMPTA (VX nerve gas), 98–99
The Endgame (Gordon and Trainor), 45
Energy Department, U.S., 217, 251
entitlements, spending for, 237–38
environment, 123, 124, 237
Environmental Protection Agency, 237
Estonia, 53, 87
ethnic cleansing, 50
EU-3: Iran negotiations with, 174, 175, 176, 177
Europe
as dependent on Russian energy, 237, 251
NATO and, 249–51
reduction in U.S. forces in, 94
and restoring American power, 249–51
Russia’s role in, 194, 196–97, 249
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
U.S. role in, 197
See also European Union; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; specific person, nation, or topic
European Union (EU), 179, 191, 197, 198, 203
Evans, Rowland, 76–77
exceptionalism, American
characteristics of, 2–6
examples of, 1
Obama’s views about, 124, 126
reasons for, 2
Farouq, S. M., 172
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 104, 136–37
Fermi, Enrico, 34
Flournoy, Michèle, 212
Flynn, Michael, 154, 155, 174
Ford, Gerald, 70, 72, 73–74, 75, 76, 77
Ford, Robert, 163
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 104
Foreign Relations Committee, U.S. Senate, 19–20, 160, 183, 201, 202, 217
Fort Bragg: Obama visit to, 145
Fort Hood: attack on, 137
Fox News: Dempsey appearance on, 216
France
and Berlin Airlift, 51
German invasion of, 13
Marshall Plan and, 49
Millay’s poem and, 21
as NATO member, 52–53
NPT and, 172
nuclear weapons of, 172
Obama’s visit to, 125–26
and postwar Germany, 50
Soviet relations with, 52–53
and World War II, 13, 16–17, 21
See also EU-3
Frank, Anne, 29–30
Frank, Margot, 30
Frankel, Max, 76
Franklin, Benjamin, 4
Gates, Robert, 112, 140, 148, 149, 150, 208–9, 210, 211, 233–34
Gelb, Les, 77
Georgia: Russian invasion of, 197
German Young Pioneers, 50
Germany
allied zones in postwar, 50–51, 87
declaration of war against U.S. by, 21
demands for reform in, 87
expansion of Nazi, 11–12, 13
and Munich Agreement, 11, 193–94
as NATO member, 52
refugees from, 86–87
reunification of East and West, 87
size of Nazi military in, 15
Stalin-Marshall meeting about postwar, 43–44
Stalin’s pact with, 25
U.S. forces in, 52
See also Berlin, Germany; Berlin Wall; EU–3; World War II; specific person
Gierek, Edward, 80
Gilpatric, Roswell, 65–66
global climate change, 237
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 84–86, 87–88, 92, 193, 200, 201–2, 218
Gordon, Michael, 145
Graham, Lindsey, 151
Great Britain
aid to Turkey and Greece by, 46
Berlin Airlift and, 51
at Dunkirk, 16–17
Hitler’s attack on, 17
Marshall Plan and, 49
and Millay’s poem, 21
as NATO member, 52
in Palestine, 53
and postwar Germany, 50
role in world leadership of, 39–40
and security of Europe in post–World War II years, 51–52
U.S. aid for, 10, 17–20, 226–27
and World War II, 9, 10, 11, 16–20, 21, 25, 30, 38–40, 226–27
See also EU–3; United Kingdom; specific person
Greece, 46–48, 52
Greenert, Jonathan, 211
Gromyko, Andrei, 74–75
Groves, Leslie R., 34
Guantánamo prison (Cuba), 106–7, 125, 128, 131, 134, 241
The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 73
Gulf War (1991), 91–93, 219, 254
See also Operation Desert Storm
hackers, 223. See also cyber issues
Hadley, Steve, 251
Halabja, Iraq: chemical weapons attack on, 113
Hamas, 173, 178
Hamilton, Alexander, 4
Hamzi, Newaf al, 105
Haqqani Network, 151
Harvard University: Marshall’s speech at, 48–49
Hashemi, Tariq al-, 142–43, 162
Havel, Vaclav, 76, 88
Hayden, Michael, 103, 104–5, 106, 131–32, 224, 235, 240
Hayes, Stephen F., 99, 155
Helprin, Mark, 238
Helsinki Accords, 72, 74–76
Henderson, Loy, 46
Hezbollah, 173, 178, 191
Higgins, Henry, 28
High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG), 136–37
Hill, Chris, 141–42
Hirohito (Japanese emperor), 36
Hiroshima, Japan: bombing of, 5, 34, 35, 36, 129
history: importance of safeguarding American, 4–6
Hitler, Adolf, 10, 11–12. See also World War II
Ho Chi Minh, 54
Hoar, Joseph, 97
Holder, Eric, 134
Holland. See Netherlands
Holocaust, 5
Hopkins, Harry, 15
House of Representatives, U.S.: and Iraq War, 109–10
human rights, 72–73, 74–76, 164, 231, 248
The Hundred-Year Marathon (Pillsbury), 224
Hungary, 53, 68, 86–87
Hussein, Saddam
Bush (George H. W.) letter to, 219
capture of, 116
and Iraq War, 109–13
Kuwait invasion by, 91–93
nuclear program of, 254
and September 11, 109
as threat to other nations, 93
See also Iran/Iraq War
hydrogen bombs, 56, 57, 242. See also nuclear weapons
hypersonic weapons, Chinese, 236, 247, 248
IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency
Iceland. See Reykjavik, Iceland
Inchon, landing at, 55
Indochina, 54, 70
Indonesia, 124
industrial mobilization: in World War II, 9–11, 14, 15, 18, 28
INF. See Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
infrastructure, U.S.: as terrorist targets, 236, 247
Institute for the Study of War, 152
intelligence
Cheney’s comments about, 101
and defense spending, 235
importance of, 101
about Iraq, 113–16
and restoring American power, 235, 236, 253–54, 255
Snowden and, 199
strengthening of U.S., 103–6, 118
technology and, 235, 236
Intelligence Committee, U.S. House, 105
Intelligence Committee, U.S. Senate, 105
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 85, 201–2, 204, 218–19, 251, 253
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 113, 172, 174, 175, 176, 187, 189, 253
International Security Assistance Force, 148
interrogation methods, enhanced
American values and, 131–35
Cheney’s views about, 133–35
effectiveness of, 109
and ending wars, 131–35
HIG and, 136–37
and killing of bin Laden, 153
Obama and, 109, 125, 128, 131–35, 137
and restoring American power, 241
and terrorism, 107–9, 118
Iran
Afghanistan and, 173–74, 245
and American leadership and supremacy, 2
and appeasement, 3, 180–94, 204–5
Bush (George W.) and, 177, 179
China and, 179, 182, 224
Clinton (Bill) and, 180
coup of 1953 in, 180
and ending wars, 131, 140, 142
establishment of Islamic Republic of, 173
EU-3 negotiations with, 174, 175, 176, 177
EU and, 179, 191
financial system in, 173, 176–79, 182, 183, 184, 190, 192, 245
Iraq and, 111, 115, 140, 142, 173, 174, 175, 186, 240, 245
Israel and, 191, 244, 245
Khomeini takeover of, 78–79
and Lebanon, 174, 245
Middle East influence of, 174, 186, 187, 191, 193, 204, 212, 241–42, 245–46
missiles and, 126, 174, 187, 189–90, 194, 224, 241, 243, 244–45
moral differences between U.S. and, 193
NATO and, 189
Obama and, 3, 126, 140, 142, 173, 175, 179, 181–94, 204, 241–42, 243–46
oil industry in, 184, 190
presidential elections in, 182
protests in, 182
and restoring American power, 233, 238, 239, 240, 241–42, 243–46, 254
Russia/Soviet Union and, 180, 182, 183, 204
sanctions on, 173, 176, 177, 179, 183–84, 185, 189, 190–91, 192, 193, 194, 241, 243, 244, 245
as state sponsor of terrorism, 126, 168, 173, 179, 181, 187, 190, 192–93, 194, 238, 239, 241–42, 244, 245–46
and Syria, 174, 186, 191, 242, 245
taking of American embassy and hostages by, 78, 79, 173, 176, 180, 181
UN and, 176, 177, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 194
U.S. apology to, 180
U.S. attempts at engagement with, 179–86
U.S. back channel negotiations with, 184–85
U.S. cash payments to, 185, 190, 243, 245
and U.S. defense spending, 211, 212
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
U.S. military as option in relations with, 189, 192, 193, 246
and U.S. as the problem, 179
and Yemen, 233
See also Iran—nuclear program in; nuclear agreement, U.S.-Iran (2015)
Iran—nuclear program in
disclosures about, 188–89, 244
expansion of, 204, 220
IAEA and, 172, 174, 175, 176, 187, 189, 253
inspections/verification in, 172, 174, 175, 188, 191, 243, 244
and Khan network, 171–72, 192
NPT and, 172, 174, 185–86
nuclear framework agreement (2013) between U.S. and, 185
and proliferation of nuclear weapons, 252–53
and reduction in U.S. arsenal, 125–26, 217
and restoring American power, 243–46, 252–53, 254
UN and, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 194, 244
uranium enrichment and, 172, 174, 175–76, 177, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 204, 243, 244, 252
and U.S. cash payments to Iran, 243
and U.S. invasion of Iraq, 254
and U.S. military as option, 246
See also nuclear agreement, U.S.-Iran (2015)
Iran/Iraq War
al Qaeda and, 98, 99, 111, 112, 115, 118, 139, 140, 141, 161
and al Shifa pharmaceutical plant, 98, 99
biological weapons and, 114, 219
Bush (George H. W.) and, 219
Bush (George W.) and, 102, 109–12, 113–14, 117, 145
chemical weapons and, 113, 219
collapse of government in, 233
debate about, 112–18
declaration of, 109–10
elections in, 111, 140
ending the war in, 131, 138–47, 153–54, 156, 162, 214
exaggerations and misinformation about, 113–16
and impact of Kuwait war on Iraq War, 93
increased violence in, 162–63
inspections in, 110–11, 113, 115, 116
intelligence assessments about, 113–16
invasion of Kuwait by, 70, 78–79, 91–93, 95
Iran and, 111, 115, 140, 142, 173, 174, 175, 186, 240, 245
and Iraqi security forces, 139, 143, 211–12
ISIS and, 107, 146, 153, 161, 166–68, 169, 186, 239, 240
Israel and, 219, 254
missiles and, 219
and nuclear weapons, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 254
Obama and, 3, 112, 118, 123, 131, 138–47, 154, 156, 161–62, 166–67, 214
regime change in, 116
and restoring American power, 239, 240, 245, 254
risk concerning, 139–40
sanctions against, 93, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116
Saudi Arabia and, 219
Shi’a and Sunni in, 111, 112, 161, 162
and SOFA, 140, 143–44, 145–46
Soviet relations with, 91–93
Syria and, 254
as terrorist base, 93, 109, 112–13, 115, 116
U.S. assistance to, 166–67, 169
and U.S. defense spending, 211–12, 233
U.S. elections of 2012 and, 154, 156
U.S. invasion of, 174–75, 254
U.S. partnership with, 144, 145
U.S. relations with, 162
and U.S. stay-behind forces, 144, 145
U.S. success in, 117, 118
and weapons of mass destruction, 110–11, 113–16, 219
withdrawal of U.S. forces from, 131, 138–47, 152, 161, 162, 214, 222, 240
See also Hussein, Saddam; Operation Desert Storm
Iraq Liberation Act (1998), 116
Iraq Survey Group, 111
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)
in Afghanistan, 152, 168, 241
American leadership and defeat of, 2
and closing of U.S. embassies, 168
and ending wars, 131, 146
expansion of, 152, 161, 167–68, 169
and increase in terrorism, 155
and Iraq, 107, 146, 153, 161, 166–68, 169, 186, 239, 240
and Libya, 168
nuclear weapons and, 168–69
Obama and, 161, 166–67, 168, 169, 208
and Pakistan, 152, 241
and Peshmerga forces, 239
recruitment for, 107, 153, 239, 24
1
and restoring American power, 238–39, 241
rise of, 161–70, 233
Saudi Arabia and, 168
Syria and, 153, 161, 162–65, 166–68, 186, 239
as threat to U.S., 167, 169–70, 220
and U.S. defense spending, 211, 233
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
U.S. strategy for defeating, 186
“Wilayat of Khorasan” of, 152
and Yemen, 168
Islam, militant
and American history, 5
American leadership and defeat of, 2
Benghazi attack and, 157, 158
Obama and, 4, 123–24
and restoring American power, 238–42
rise/resurgence of, 123–24, 154
and U.S. as “last best hope of earth,” 258
See also specific person or organization
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), 173, 177, 178, 179, 187, 191, 194, 241, 243, 244, 245–46
isolationism, 11, 12, 19–22, 59, 118–19, 232
Israel
attack on convoy in Golan Heights by, 191
establishment of state of, 53
Iran and, 191, 244, 245
Iraq and, 219, 254
Iron Dome of, 250
North Korea and, 254
Obama and, 54, 191
rebuilding U.S. alliance with, 239
and restoring American power, 239
UN condemnation of, 78
U.S. relations with, 53–54, 239
and West Bank settlements, 78
Iwo Jima, Battle of, 5
Jabhat al-Nusrah organization, 155
Jablonski, Henryk, 80
Japan
Obama’s visit to, 129
post–World War II, 51
in World War II, 5, 21, 22, 24, 26, 34–38, 100
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 82
Jay, John, 4
Jefferson, Thomas, 4
John Paul II (pope), 79–82, 88
Johnson, Lyndon, 53, 68
Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, 114
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 54, 76, 97, 138. See also specific person
Jones, Jim, 148
Jordan, 191, 239
Joscelyn, Thomas, 155
Joseph, Robert, 189, 216, 252
Judt, Tony, 87–88
Justice Department, U.S.: and enhanced interrogation methods, 107, 133
Kaiser, Henry, 28
Karzai, Hamid, 103, 150
Kay, David, 110–11
Keane, Jack, 169, 238
Kennan, George, 45, 48
Kennedy, John F., 62–65, 67–68, 207, 216, 227, 231–32, 252, 258–59
Kennedy, Robert, 68
Kerry, John, 115, 166, 174, 183, 188–89, 202
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 173, 180, 181, 186, 192
Khan, A. Q., 117, 172, 192, 254
Khattala, Ahmed Abu, 118
Khobar Towers (Saudi Arabia): bombing of, 96
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 78, 173
Khrushchev, Nikita, 59–61, 63–68, 232
Kim Il Sung, 54
Kissinger, Henry, 69–70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 212
Knudsen, Bill, 28