22 Mainwaring, “Discourse on Pirates,” in Manwaring (ed.), The Life and Works, vol. 2, 10.
23 State Papers Colonial (America and West Indies), I, March 16, 1621.
24 Ibid.
25 Mainwaring, “Discourse on Pirates,” in Manwaring, The Life and Works, vol. 2, 22-23.
26 Ibid., 26.
27 John Maclean (ed.), Letters of George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe, 35.
28 Mainwaring, “Discourse on Pirates,” in Manwaring, The Life and Works, vol. 2, 6.
29 Ibid., 14.
30 Ibid., 15.
31 Ibid., 18.
32 Ibid., 19.
33 Ibid., 24.
34 Ibid., 39-40.
35 Ibid., 36, 37.
36 Ibid., 36.
37 Ibid., 26.
38 Ibid., 31.
39 Ibid., 32.
40 Ibid., 33.
41 Ibid., 25.
42 Ibid., 27.
43 Ibid., 25.
44 Ibid., 42-43.
45 John Smith, The True Travels . . . , 59, 60
46 Robert Daborn, A Christian Turn’d Turk, scene 16, 300-2.
47 M. Oppenheim (ed.), The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, vol. 3, 83.
48 This figure comes from J. F. Guilmartin, Jr., Gunpowder and Galleys, 198. My account of the advantages and disadvantages of the galley relies heavily on Professor Guilmartin’s study.
49 Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys, 63.
50 John Fox, “The Worthy Enterprise of John Fox, in Delivering 266 Christians out of the Captivity of the Turk,” in Daniel J. Vitkus (ed.), Piracy, Slavery, and Redemption, 58.
51 Oppenheim, The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, vol. 3, 267.
52 Ibid.
53 Maclean (ed.), Letters of George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe, 111.
54 Cabala: Sive Scrinia Sacra. Mysteries of State & Government ..., 206.
55 CSP Venice, June 16, 1616.
56 PRO, State Papers 84/77, 182.
57 Quoted in Michael Oppenheim, A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy from 1509 to 1660 (1896), 198-9.
58 CSP Venice, October 5, 1603.
59 PRO, State Papers 14/90, 136.
SIX. RICH CASKETS OF HOME-SPUN VALOUR
1 Anon., A Fight at Sea, Famously Fought by the Dolphin of London, 2.
2 Ibid., 3.
3 John Smith, An Accidence or The Path-way to Experience Necessary for All Young Sea-men . . . , 11-24.
4 Anon., A Fight at Sea, Famously Fought by the Dolphin of London, 2.
5 William Bourne, The Arte of Shooting in Great Ordnaunce, 54.
6 Ibid., 56.
7 Ibid., 55.
8 Anon., A Fight at Sea, Famously Fought by the Dolphin of London, 6.
9 Ibid., 7.
10 Ibid., 7.
11 J. Bullokar, English Expositor, “Petroll.”
12 Anon., A Fight at Sea, Famously Fought by the Dolphin of London, 9.
13 Ibid., 8.
14 Anon., A Relation, Strange and True, of a Ship of Bristol Named the Jacob, 3.
15 Ibid., 2.
16 Ibid., 4.
17 Ibid., 5.
18 Ibid., 7-8.
19 John Rawlins, The Famous and Wonderful Recovery of a Ship of Bristol, called the Exchange, 9-10.
20 Ibid., 13.
21 Ibid., 14.
22 Ibid., 19.
23 Ibid., 33.
24 Ibid., 31.
25 Ibid., 31-32.
26 Ibid., 32.
27 Ibid., 2.
28 Ibid., 9, 23, 8, 17.
SEVEN. TREACHEROUS INTENTS
1 Quoted in Michael Oppenheim (ed.), The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, vol. 3, 107.
2 Ibid., 80.
3 Ibid., 83.
4 George T. Clark, Glamorgan Worthies, 12.
5 Aston Papers, BL Add. MS 36445, 15-19.
6 John Taylor, Heavens Blessing, and Earths Joy . . . .
7 John Ogilby, Africa, Being an Accurate Description . . . , 221.
8 Aston Papers, BL Add. MS 36445, 22.
9 Ibid.
10 Public Record Office, State Papers 71/1/21v; quoted in David Delison Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 1616-1642, 88. I am indebted to Dr Hebb’s book, and to Michael Oppenheim’s account in The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, vol. 3, 98-116, for my understanding of Mansell’s operation in Algiers.
11 Quoted in Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 88.
12 Aston Papers, BL Add. MS 36445, 23.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 John Button, Algiers Voyage, n.p.
16 PRO, State Papers (Barbary), vol. 1, 29.
17 Button, Algiers Voyage.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 BL Harl. MS 1581, 76.
22 PRO, State Papers 94/24/124.
23 Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 125, quoting Kent Archive Office U 269 ON 6874, January 22, 1621.
24 Girolamo Lando, Venetian Ambassador in England, to the Doge; in CSP Venice, May 7, 1621.
25 Quoted in Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 100.
26 Girolamo Lando, Venetian Ambassador in England, to the Doge; in CSP Venice, June 11, 1621.
27 The patent was declared void in 1623, but Mansell persuaded the Privy Council to grant him another immediately, on almost identical terms. He was still defending it twenty years later.
28 Ogilby, Africa, Being an Accurate Description . . . , 222.
29 Button, Algiers Voyage.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 J. Morgan, A Complete History of Algiers, 649.
33 Ibid., 650.
34 Ibid., 651.
35 Button, Algiers Voyage.
36 Girolamo Lando to the Doge and Senate, in CSP Venice, July 30, 1621.
37 Calvert to Cranfield; quoted in Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 104.
38 “Sir Robert and his crew are ill paid, and Sir Richard Hawkins, the Vice-Admiral, is dead of vexation” (April 27, 1622); quoted without attribution in Clark, Glamorgan Worthies, 39.
39 Quoted in Oppenheim (ed.), The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, vol. 3, 94-95.
40 Morgan, A Complete History of Algiers, 648.
41 Journal of the House of Commons 1, December 5, 1621
42 CSP Venice, October 8, 1622.
EIGHT. FISHERS OF MEN
1 CSP Ireland 1606-8, 100.
2 Charles Smith, The Antient and Present State of the County and City of Cork, vol. 2, 310-11.
3 CSP Ireland, July 17, 1630.
4 CSP Ireland, July 19, 1630.
5 CSP Ireland, November 13, 1630, enclosed with letter of November 20 from the Earl of Cork to Lord Dorchester.
6 Earl of Cork’s Letter-Book, Devonshire Collection; quoted in J. Coombs, “The Sack of Baltimore: a Forewarning,” 60.
7 This part of the promontory is still known today as “the platform,” according to James N. Healy, The Castles of County Cork, 182.
8 Olafur Egilsson, quoted in Bernard Lewis, “Corsairs in Iceland,” 242.
9 Quoted in ibid., 244.
10 Quoted in ibid., 240.
11 Quoted in Henry Barnby, “The Sack of Baltimore,” 102.
12 Lord Wilmot to Lord Dorcester, CSP Ireland, January 6, 1630.
13 Barnby, “The Sack of Baltimore,” 102.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Richard Caulfield (ed.), The Council Book of the Corporation of Kinsale, June 20, 1631.
17 CSP Ireland, June 10, 1631.
18 Button to Nicholas, CSPD, July 5, 1631.
19 Chatsworth MSS, Earl of Cork’s Letter-Book, 396.
20 Ibid.
21 CSPD, July 23, 1631.
22 Ibid., August 23, 1631.
23 Quoted in Des Ekin, The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates, 240.
24 Chatsworth MSS, Earl of Cork’s Letter-Book, 395.
25
CSPD, March 9, 1632.
26 CSP Ireland, April 6, 1632.
27 Smith, The Antient and Present State of the County and City of Cork, vol. 1, 254.
NINE. WOEFUL SLAVERY
1 Francis Knight, A Relation of Seaven Yeares Slaverie under the Turkes of Argeire, 1.
2 J. Morgan, A Complete History of Algiers, 676.
3 Knight, A Relation of Seaven Yeares Slaverie under the Turkes of Argeire, 18.
4 Morgan, A Complete History of Algiers, 666.
5 Knight, A Relation of Seaven Yeares Slaverie under the Turkes of Argeire, 19.
6 Ibid., 24.
7 Ibid., 27.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., i.
10 CSPD, September 26, 1636.
11 Ibid, November 1, 1636.
12 Ibid, January 1, 1636.
13 “For the relief of captives,” April 25, 1643; quoted in C. H. Firth and R. S. Rait (eds.), Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum 1642-1660, vol. 3, 134.
14 Knight, A Relation of Seaven Yeares Slaverie under the Turkes of Argeire, i.
15 CSPD, September 26, 1635.
16 Ibid., 1635 [undated].
17 Ibid., 1636 [undated].
18 Ibid., September 2, 1636.
19 Charles Fitzgeffry, Compassion Towards Captives . . . , 17, 46.
20 Ibid., 47.
21 “Trinity House of Deptford Transactions,” 1609-35, in G. G. Harris (ed.), London Record Society 19 (1983), 72-78.
22 CSPD, September 2, 1636.
23 Quoted in David Delison Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 236.
24 CSPD, August 4, 1636.
25 Ibid., December 1636.
26 Ibid.
27 John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, vol. 2, 257.
28 John Dunton, A True Journal of the Salley Fleet, 25.
29 PRO, State Papers 16/270/65; PRO, State Papers 105/148/59.
30 Michael Strachan, “Sampson’s Fight with Maltese Galleys, 1628,” 287.
31 Dunton, A True Journal of the Salley Fleet, 5.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid., 5-6.
34 Ibid., 7
35 Ibid., 8.
36 CSPD, March 31, 1635. Simpson spent time in Plymouth gaol in 1635, accused of saying “that some of the chief commanders in the late action to the Isle of Rhé were either fools, cowards, or traitors.” His defense, unusally robust for the time, was that they were indeed fools, cowards, or traitors.
37 Dunton, A True Journal of the Salley Fleet, 9.
38 Ibid., 13.
39 Ibid., 15.
40 Ibid., 19-20.
41 CSPD, July 29, 1637.
42 Dunton, A True Journal of the Salley Fleet, 20.
43 Ibid., 21.
44 Mohammed IV to Charles I, Marrakesh, September 1637; in J.F.P. Hopkins (trans.) Letters from Barbary 1576-1774, 15.
45 Albert J. Loomie (ed.), Ceremonies of Charles I: The Note Books of John Finet, 230.
46 Ibid., 233.
47 Ibid., 234.
48 William Knowler (ed.), The Earl of Strafford’s Letters and Despatches, vol. 2, 138.
49 CSPD, December 30, 1637.
50 Dunton, A True Journal of the Salley Fleet, “Epistle Dedicatorie,” ii .
51 William Davenant and Inigo Jones, Britannia Triumphans, 2.
52 Knowler (ed.), The Earl of Strafford’s Letters and Despatches, vol. 2, 124. They were placed in a box at the king’s left hand, and just behind his seat. The next day Charles told Finet off for not giving them even better places.
TEN. THE YOKE OF BONDAGE
1 William Okeley, Eben-ezer: or, a Small Monument of Great Mercy, 3.
2 Ibid., “Upon this book” (prefatory poem).
3 Ibid., 3.
4 Ibid., 5.
5 Ibid., 6.
6 Ibid., 8.
7 John Rawlins, The Famous and Wonderfull Recoverie of a Ship of Bristoll, 8.
8 Okeley, Eben-ezer: or, a Small Monument of Great Mercy, 9.
9 Ibid., 11.
10 Ibid., 12.
11 The story first surfaces in a medieval Christian text, the Apology of al-Kindy.
12 Okeley, Eben-ezer: or, a Small Monument of Great Mercy, 14.
13 Ibid., 16.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., 19.
16 Ibid., 22.
17 Devereux Spratt, “Journal,” in T.A.B. Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete, vol. 1, 385.
18 Okeley, Eben-ezer: or, a Small Monument of Great Mercy, 23.
19 Spratt, “Journal,” vol. 1, 386. Spratt left Algiers in 1645 or 1646 and returned to Ireland, where he became a minister at Mitchelstown, County Cork.
20 Okeley, Eben-ezer: or, a Small Monument of Great Mercy, 41.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid., 31.
23 Ibid., 26-27.
24 Ibid., 28.
25 Ibid., xx.
26 Ibid., 41.
27 Quoted in J.F.P. Hopkins (trans.), Letters from Barbary 1576-1774, 90.
28 Journal of the House of Commons 3: 1643-1644, 155 (July 5, 1643).
29 Okeley, Eben-ezer: or, a Small Monument of Great Mercy, 42.
30 Ibid., 47.
31 Ibid., 50.
32 Ibid., 52.
33 Ibid., 57.
34 Ibid., 63-64.
35 Ibid., 73-74.
36 Ibid., 74.
37 Ibid., 76.
38 Ibid., 80.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., 84.
41 Ibid., xv.
ELEVEN. DELIVERANCE
1 Albert J. Loomie (ed.), Ceremonies of Charles I: The Note Books of John Finet, 250.
2 Francis Knight, A Relation of Seaven Yeares Slaverie under the Turkes of Argeire, 16.
3 Emanuel D’Aranda, The History of Algiers and Its Slavery, 161. Ali Bitshnin makes an appearance in the eighteenth-century picaresque novel The Adventures of Gil Blas, as “Hali Pegelin, a Greek renegado,” who steals the heart of the passionate Donna Lucinda.
4 Ibid., 12.
5 Ibid., 14.
6 Okeley, Eben-ezer: or, a Small Monument of Great Mercy, 28-29; D’Aranda, The History of Algiers, 198. D’Aranda later heard that the friar was persuaded to convert back to Christianity, at which he was burned to death by his captors.
7 D’Aranda, History of Algiers, 164.
8 Ibid., 256-57.
9 Knight, A Relation of Seaven Yeares Slaverie under the Turkes of Argeire, 9.
10 J. Morgan, A Complete History of Algiers, 669-70.
11 Lewis Roberts, The Merchants Map of Commerce, 70.
12 Both quotes John Ogilby, Africa, Being an Accurate Description . . . , 223, 224.
13 David Delison Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 263.
14 CSPD, January 26, 1638.
15 Ibid., September 23, 1639.
16 28 Henry VIII, c. 15, subsequently named the Offences at Sea Act 1536.
17 CSPD, October 3, 1640.
18 John Raithby (ed.), Statutes of the Realm V, 1628-80, 134-35.
19 CSP Venice, February 7, 1642.
20 Journal of the House of Commons 1547-1699, February 21, 1642.
21 Henry Robinson, Libertas, or Relief to the English Captives in Algier, 3.
22 Ibid.
23 Quoted in Marc David Baer, Honoured by the Glory of Islam, 57.
24 Thomas Edgar, The Lawes Resolutions of Womens Rights, 66. I owe this reference to Nabil Matar (Britain and Barbary 1589-1689, 83).
25 Journal of the House of Commons 1547-1699, June 1, 1642.
26 C. H. Firth and R. S. Rait (eds.), Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, April 25, 1643.
27 Journal of the House of Lords, 6, July 5, 1643.
28 Hebb, Piracy and the English Government, 1616-1642, 272.
29 Journal of the House of Commons 1547-1699, August 15, 1645.
30 A Venetian diplomat, in a commendable but uncharacteristic burst of pedantry, said that “I fancy they call them Turks when they are really corsairs of Algiers” (CSP Venic
e, September 8, 1645).
31 Edmond Cason, A Relation . . . Concerning the Redemption of the Captives in Argier and Tunis, 7.
32 Ibid., 16.
33 Ibid., 11.
34 Ibid.
35 Thomas Sweet, Dear Friends [“The Long and Lamentable Bondage of Thomas Sweet, and Richard Robinson”], 1.
36 Cason, A Relation . . . Concerning the Redemption of the Captives in Argier and Tunis, 12.
37 Ibid., 13
38 Sweet, Dear Friends, 1.
39 Cason, A Relation . . . Concerning the Redemption of the Captives in Argier and Tunis, 14.
40 Journal of the House of Commons, November 28, 1651.
41 CSPD, July 26, 1653.
42 Charles Longland to Robert Blackborne, CSPD, April 13, 1657.
43 Cason to the Navy Committee, CSPD, April 2, 1653.
44 Journal of the House of Commons, January 14, 1652.
TWELVE. THE GREATEST SCOURGE TO THE ALGERINES
1 Richard Chandler, The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons, vol. 1, 1660-1680, 31.
2 Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, vol. 1, 494. The admiral was Sir John Lawson, who had visited the place.
3 Sir Henry Sheres, A Discourse Touching Tanger, 16.
4 Ibid., 18.
5 Ibid., 16.
6 Clarendon, The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, vol. 1, 334.
7 Carte MSS, vol. 74, f.389; reprinted in R. C. Anderson (ed.), The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich, 289.
8 Basil Lubbock (ed.), Barlow’s Journal of His Life at Sea . . . from 1659 to 1703, vol. 2, 70.
9 Anderson, The Journal of Edward Mountagu, 116.
10 George Philips, The Present State of Tangier, 41.
11 Anon., A Brief Relation of the Present State of Tangier, 3.
12 Lancelot Addison, A Discourse of Tangier under the Government of the Earl of Teviot, 7.
13 Ibid., 6.
14 Anon., Brief Relation, 8.
15 Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Robert Latham and William Matthews (eds.), 11 vols., June 2, 1664.
16 Ibid., June 15, 1664.
17 Anderson, The Journal of Edward Mountagu, 118.
18 Pepys, Diary, September 28, 1663.
19 Philips, The Present State of Tangier, 32-33.
20 Ibid., 31.
21 John Luke’s Journal, quoted in E.M.G. Routh, “The English at Tangier,” 477.
22 Pepys, Diary, September 22, 1667.
23 Sir Hugh Cholmley, A Short Account of the Progress of the Mole at Tangier, 4.
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