24 Anon., An Exact Journal of the Siege of Tangier, 1.
25 Samuel Pepys in Edwin Chappell (ed.), The Tangier Papers of Samuel Pepys, 78.
26 Anon., A Faithful Relation of the Most Remarkable Transactions Which Have Happened at Tangier, 3.
27 Anon., An Exact Journal of the Siege of Tangier, 3.
28 Ibid., 4.
THIRTEEN. BREACHES OF FAITH
1 Samuel Boothouse, A Brief Remonstrance of Several National Injuries . . . , 2.
2 Ibid., 22.
3 Ibid., 25.
4 Robert Blake to Secretary Thurloe; 14/24 March 1651/5; in J. R. Powell (ed.), The Letters of Robert Blake, 291.
5 Ibid.
6 J. R. Powell (ed.), “The Journal of John Weale 1654-1656,” 106.
7 Blake to Secretary Thurloe; 14/24 March 1651/5; in Powell, The Letters of Robert Blake, 292.
8 Blake to Secretary Thurloe; 18/28 April 1655; in Powell, The Letters of Robert Blake, 294.
9 Powell, The Letters of Robert Blake, 274.
10 Powell, “The Journal of John Weale 1654-1656,” 109.
11 “A Letter from the George”; in Powell, The Letters of Robert Blake, 320.
12 G. T., An Encomiastick . . . ,” 21. “Gehenna” appears in early Jewish, Christian, and Muslim texts as hell, a place of torment for sinners.
13 Charles Longland, agent at Livorno, to Secretary Thurloe, July 30, 1655; in Thomas Birch (ed.), A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, vol. 3, 663.
14 CSPD, February 27, 1658. Stoakes went on to conclude a similar treaty with Tripoli.
15 Sir Thomas Bendysh to the Lord Protector, October 22, 1657; in Birch (ed.), State Papers of John Thurloe, vol. 6, 570.
16 Levant Company to Sir Thomas Bendysh, CSPD, September 10, 1657.
17 Anon., A Brief Relation or Remonstrance of the Injurious Proceedings . . . , 3.
18 Ibid., 4.
19 R. C. Anderson (ed.), The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich, 98.
20 Charles II, Proclamation Touching the Articles of Peace with Argiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, January 29, 1663.
21 Charles II, Articles of Peace Concluded between his Sacred Majesty and the Kingdoms and Governments of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli in the Year 1662 (1662), 14.
22 Ibid., 11.
23 CSPD, April 13, 1657.
24 Charles II, Articles of Peace Concluded . . . in the Year 1662, 4.
25 Ibid., 7.
26 Ibid., 20.
27 Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, to the Doge and Senate; CSP Venice, December 15, 1662.
28 Mercurius Publicus, no. 40, October 2-9, 1662, 663.
29 Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, January 5, 1663.
30 Charles II, Articles of Peace & Commerce Between the Most Serene and Mighty Prince Charles II . . . [and] Tripoli, title page.
31 Charles II, Articles of Peace Concluded . . . in the Year 1662, 7.
32 Quoted in R. L. Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom, 90.
33 Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, to the Doge and Senate; CSP Venice, July 14, 1662.
34 Quoted in Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom, 86.
35 Charles II, His Majesties Gracious Speech to Both Houses of Parliament, Together with the Lord Chancellors, Delivered . . . the 10th of October, 1665, 6-8.
36 A Letter Written by the Governour of Algiers, to the States-General of the United Provinces, 1-2.
37 BL Sloane MS 2755, 24. His Royal Highness was James, Duke of York, in whose name as Lord High Admiral passes were issued.
38 Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom, 145.
39 Instructions from the Duke of York to Sir Thomas Allin, June 29, 1669; in R. C. Anderson (ed.), The Journals of Sir Thomas Allin, vol. 2, 231.
40 Ibid., 232.
41 BL MS Tanner 296, 131; reprinted in Anderson, The Journals of Sir Thomas Allin, vol. 2, 242.
42 Charles II, Articles of Peace Between His Sacred Majesty Charles the Second . . . and the City and Kingdom of Algiers, 8.
43 Wenceslaus Hollar, A True Relation of Capt. Kempthorn’s Engagement . . . with Seven Algier Men of War.
44 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Dartmouth MSS, III, 6.
45 Anon., The Present State of Algeir [sic], 2.
46 C. R. Pennell (ed.), Piracy and Diplomacy in Seventeenth-Century North Africa, 171.
47 Cole, quoted in Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom, 158.
FOURTEEN. NO PART OF ENGLAND
1 Anon., An Exact Journal of the Siege of Tangier, 13.
2 Ibid.
3 CSPD, August 10, 1680.
4 The King’s Own, which was first raised for service in Tangier, was originally called the 2nd Tangier, or the Earl of Plymouth’s Regiment of Foot.
5 John Ross, Tanger’s [sic] Rescue; or a Relation of the Late Memorable Passages at Tanger, 11.
6 Ibid., 23.
7 Anchitell Grey, Debates of the House of Commons, VIII, 11.
8 Ibid., 5, 7, 19.
9 Edwin Chappell (ed.), The Tangier Papers of Samuel Pepys, 58.
10 Ibid., 65.
11 Ibid., 71.
12 Ibid., 83.
13 Ibid., 16.
14 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Dartmouth MSS III, 92.
15 Chappell, The Tangier Papers, 89.
16 Ibid., 101.
17 Ibid., 95.
18 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Dartmouth MSS III, 96.
19 Ibid., 96-97.
20 Chappell, Tangier Papers, 50.
21 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Dartmouth MSS III, 34.
22 Ibid., 44.
23 Ibid., 53.
24 Ibid., I, 105.
FIFTEEN. THE KING’S AGENT
1 Thomas Baker, “A Journall or Memoriall of Whasoever Occurrences Shall Happen or Bee Noteworthy Begunn at London . . . 1677,” Bodleian MS Eng. Hist. C.236, May 2, 1677. My understanding of Baker’s journal and his time in Tripoli owes a great deal to C. R. Pennell’s excellent Piracy and Diplomacy in Seventeenth-Century North Africa: The Journal of Thomas Baker, English Consul in Tripoli, 1677-1685, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (1989).
2 Quoted in R. L. Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom, 50.
3 Baker, “Journall,” 7b (August 9, 1677).
4 Ibid., 8a (October 8, 1677).
5 John Seller, Atlas Maritimus, “Tripoli.”
6 Baker, “Journall,” 3a (May 2, 1677).
7 Charles II, Articles of Peace and Commerce Between . . . Charles II . . . [and] the Noble City and Kingdom of Tripoli in Barbary, 5.
8 Baker, “Journall,” 31b (May 5, 1680).
9 Samuel Purchas, Purchas his Pilgrimage, 606.
10 Baker, “Journall,” 22a (June11, 1679).
11 Baker, “Journall,” 21a (April 20, 1679).
12 John Ogilby, Africa, Being an Accurate Description . . . , 276.
13 Baker, “Journall,” 21b (June 9, 1679).
14 Ibid., 24a (September 26, 1679).
15 Ibid., February 17, 1680. The original text is in Italian: this translation and the following are from Pennell, Piracy and Diplomacy, 200.
16 Charles II, Articles of Peace and Commerce Between . . . Charles II . . . [and] the Noble City and Kingdom of Tripoli in Barbary, 12.
17 Baker, “Journall,” 39a (May 13, 1681).
18 A. Holstein, “Journal of a Voyage to the Kingdom of Tripoli in Barbary, 1675-6,” BL Sloane 2755.
19 Baker, “Journall,” 71a (July 16, 1684); 71b (August 24, 1684).
20 Ibid., 38a (April 10, 1681).
21 Ibid., 59a (March 11, 1683).
22 Ibid., 84a (April 11, 1685).
23 Ibid., 57b-58a (December 29, 1682).
24 Ibid., 58a (December 29, 1682).
25 “Dr. Covel’s Diary (1670-1679),” in J. Theodore Bent (ed.), Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant (1893), 120.
26 Baker, “Journall,” 54a (November 7, 1682).
27 Ibid., 56b (November 18, 1682).
28 Ibid., 38b (April 14, 1681).
29 Ibid., 71a (July 24, 1684).
30 Ibid., 63a (June 30, 1683).
31 Ibid., 41b (October 15, 1681).
32 Ibid., 40a (June 30, 1681).
33 Ibid., 47b (May 23, 1682).
34 Ibid., 32a (June 1, 1680).
35 Ibid., 49a (August 4, 1682).
36 Ibid., 69b (June 13, 1684).
37 Ibid., 72b (September 23, 1684). Baker needed deep pockets: when he returned to England he put in a claim for £651 11s. 6d. in expenses (CSPD, James II, June 4, 1687).
38 Ibid., 73b (October 7, 1684).
39 Ibid., 79a (December 15, 1684).
40 Ibid., 73b (October 7, 1684).
41 Ibid., 80b (December 15, 1684).
42 CSPD, James II, November 8, 1686.
43 Baker, “Journall,” 36b (January 5, 1681); 75a (November 3, 1684).
44 Ibid., 36b (January 5, 1681); 75a (November 3, 1684).
45 Ibid., 64b (September 5, 1683).
46 Quoted in Godfrey Fisher, Barbary Legend, 281.
47 When he was retired and living in London, Thomas Baker was involved in distributing government grants to poor Turks in England, just as he had helped Christians when he lived in Tripoli and Algiers. The Treasury Books of the later 1690s contain several references to him signing money orders to provide food, clothing, and relief for distressed Algerians stranded in England—a pleasing counterpoint to his role as consul.
SIXTEEN. THE LAST CORSAIR
1 Quoted in Frederick C. Leiner, The End of the Barbary Terror, 95.
2 Mordecai M. Noah, U.S. consul at Tunis; quoted in J. de Courcy Ireland, “Raïs Hamidou,” 196.
3 Alexander Jardine, Letters from Barbary, France, Spain, Portugal, &c, vol. 1, 68-69.
4 J. M. Forbes, U.S. minister to Denmark, September 6, 1815, William Shaler Papers, Collection 1172, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; quoted in Leiner, The End of the Barbary Terror, 152.
5 Adams to Jefferson, February 17, 1786, Jefferson Papers, vol. 19; quoted in Irwin, The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with the Barbary Powers, 40.
6 James Leander Cathcart, The Captives: Eleven Years a Prisoner in Algiers, 170.
7 Ibid., 184.
8 Jefferson to Adams, July 11, 1786, Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America (1837), vol. 1, 792.
9 William Eaton to Secretary of State, February 3, 1802; quoted in Irwin, The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with the Barbary Powers, 117.
10 Captain William Bainbridge to the U.S. Navy Department, November 1, 1803; in Thomas Harris, The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge, 81.
11 Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (1806); quoted in Paul Baepler (ed.), White Slaves, African Masters, 168.
12 Samuel Putnam Waldo, The Life and Character of Stephen Decatur, 19; R. Thomas, The Glory of America: Comprising Memoirs of the Lives and Glorious Exploits of Some of the Most Distinguished Officers, 196.
13 Paschal Paoli Peck, July 4, 1805; in U.S. Gazette, October 11, 1805.
14 Tobias Lear to the U.S. Secretary of State, July 5, 1805, American State Papers, Foreign Relations, vol. 2, 717; quoted in Irwin, The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with the Barbary Powers, 153.
15 National Intelligencer, November 6, 1805.
16 Albert Devoulx, Le Raïs Hamidou, 72. My account of Hamidou’s life relies heavily on Devoulx’s biography, as well as on J. de Courcy Ireland, “Raïs Hamidou.”
17 Elizabeth Broughton, Six Years’ Residence in Algiers, 200.
18 Ibid.
19 Filippo Pananti, Narrative of a Residence in Algiers (1818), 34.
20 Ibid., 45.
21 Ibid., 46.
22 Quoted in Leiner, The End of the Barbary Terror, 109.
23 Devoulx, Le Raïs Hamidou, 144.
24 Ibid., 133-34.
25 Quoted in Leiner, The End of the Barbary Terror, 152.
26 Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, The Life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, vol. 2, 115. Perry believed that Omar was being egged on by the consuls of Europe, who were jealous of the United States’s achievement. He was probably right.
27 Charles Francis Adams (ed.), Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, vol. 3, 354.
28 Ibid., 356.
29 William Shaler, Sketches of Algiers, Political, Historical, and Civil, 279.
30 Edward Osler, The Life of Admiral Viscount Exmouth, 219.
31 Shaler, Sketches of Algiers, 281.
32 Despatch to James Monroe, dated September 13, 1816; quoted in R. L. Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom, 271.
33 Viscount Exmouth to Omar, August 28, 1816; in Shaler, Sketches of Algiers, 290-91.
34 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Protocol No. 39, November 20, 1818; translated and reprinted in Shaler, Sketches of Algiers, 302-3.
35 The Times (of London), November 5, 1830.
36 Ibid., December 17, 1830.
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