Battle Royal
Page 33
Henry VI (© National Portrait Gallery, London, UK)
Henry VIII (© The Berger Collection at the Denver Art Museum, USA / Bridgeman Images)
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (Bibliothèque Municipale, Arras, France / Bridgeman Images)
Cardinal Henry Beaufort (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria / Bridgeman Images)
Isabelle, Duchess of Lorraine (Wikimedia Commons)
René, Duke of Anjou (The Art Archive / Musée du Louvre, Paris / Gianni Dagli Orti)
John Talbot’s wedding gift (Topfoto / British Library Board)
Medal of Marguerite of Anjou (© Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK)
Philippe of Burgundy (The Art Archive / Kharbine-Tapabor / Cheuva)
Charles VII of France (The Art Archive / Musée du Louvre, Paris, France / A. Dagli Orti)
Isabella of Portugal (Fine Art Images / HIP / Topfoto)
Illuminated image of court dress from the Très Riches Heures (World History Archive / Topfoto)
Images of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick’s tomb (courtesy of the Collegiate Church of St Mary’s, Warwick)
SECOND PLATE SECTION
Images from Les Vigiles du Roi Charles VII (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
Images from the St Ursula Shrine (Universal History Archive / Getty Images)
Tomb of Sir Ralph Fitzherbert and modern replica of armour (courtesy of William West of Englyshe Plate Armourie)
Modern replica of a poleaxe (iStockphoto.com)
Battle re-enactment (Wikimedia Commons)
Longbowmen (Perry Miniatures / www.perry-miniatures.com)
Illustration of Cock Beck (Wikimedia Commons)
Middleham Castle (Shutterstock)
Warwick Castle (Wikimedia Commons)
Kenilworth Castle (Wikimedia Commons)
Ludlow Castle (Wikimedia Commons)
Micklegate Bar, York (Shutterstock)
Index
* * *
Act of Accord (1460) 254–5, 282, 285
Acts of Attainder (1459) 210, 214–19, 250
Acts of Attainder (1461) 312
Alençon, Duke of 34, 71
Alnwick Castle 316, 317
Ampthill dispute 66–7, 119
Angus, George Douglas, Earl of 246
Anjou, Marguerite d’ 36, 56, 81, 85, 87–8, 102–10, 116, 126, 313–20
acting as regent for her son 159
appearance 42
and attainders of the Yorkists 219
building up Lancastrian faction 151–2
and Cade’s Rebellion 81, 83, 111
and constitutional matters 123
continuation of war after Battle of Towton 313–17
counter-coup against York (1456) 151–60, 178, 182
exile court at Saint-Mihiel 319
flight to Wales after Battle of Northampton 239–40
flight to Scotland after Battle of Towton 308, 315
formative years 36–7, 39
friendship with Alice de la Pole 41
influence on noble marriages and wardships 188–9
march south with army (1461) 273–4, 275
marriage to and relationship with Henry VI 36, 39, 40, 42–3, 44, 102, 185
mobilization of followers after Battle of Northampton 242–6
not marching into London after Second Battle of St Albans 283–4
policy of chipping away at York’s support 179, 180, 188–9, 220
popularity 44, 116
pregnancy and birth of son 116–17, 120
recovery of Henry VI 281–2, 283
relationship with York 129–30, 154, 156–7, 191–2
removal of court to the Midlands 157–8
Scottish alliance and friendship with Mary of Guelders 246–9, 315–16
secret negotiations with Charles VII 313–14
support of campaign by the North 243–4
and Warwick 170, 190
Anjou, Louis II, Duke of 36
Anjou, Marie d’ 37, 188
Anjou, René, Duke of 36, 39, 42, 319
Anne of Gloucester 135
Anthony, ‘the Grand Bastard of Burgundy’ 168
Arc, Jeanne d’ 4, 28, 37
armour 195–6
Arras, Treaty of (1435) 37
Arundel, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of 137, 180, 274
Arzhur III, Duke of Brittany 238
Athol, Earl of 246
Attainder, definition 22 see also Acts of Attainder
Auchinleck Chronicle 249
Audley, James Tuchet, 5th Baron 201, 204, 205–7, 209
Audley, John Tuchet, 6th Baron 221, 224, 262
Ayscough, William (Bishop of Salisbury) 20, 81–2
Ball, John 18
Bamburgh Castle 316–17
battalions (‘battles’) 197
Baugé, Battle of (1421) 3, 5, 25
Baynard’s Castle 285
Beauchamp, Anne see Warwick, Countess of
Beauchamp, Eleanor 28
Beauchamp, Elizabeth see Bergavenny, Baroness
Beauchamp, Henry see Warwick, 1st Duke of
Beauchamp Inheritance 110, 128, 138, 181, 219 and Appendix D
Beauchamp of Bletsoe, Margaret 32
Beauchamp of Powick, John, 1st Baron 85, 250
Beauchamp, Margaret 32
Beauchamp, Richard see Warwick, 13th Earl of
Beauchamp, Richard (Bishop of Salisbury) 213, 236
Beaufort, Edmund see Somerset, 1st/2nd Duke of
Beaufort, Henry see Somerset, 2nd/3rd Duke of
Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal 5–6, 8, 9, 23, 24–5, 29, 30, 31, 32
Beaufort, House of 4, 24–35, 287
family tree 26–7
Beaufort, Joan see Westmorland, Countess of
Beaufort, Joan, Queen of Scotland 5
Beaufort, John see Somerset, 1st Duke of
Beaufort, Margaret 32, 35, 59, 176–7, 178, 188–9
Beaumont, John, 1st Viscount 137, 158, 213, 218, 219, 308, 312
Beaumont, William, 2nd Viscount 137, 151, 158, 213, 231
Bedford, John, Duke of 1, 5–6
Benet, John 129–30
Benet’s Chronicle 234, 235
Bergavenny, Elizabeth Beauchamp, Baroness 97
Bergavenny, Edward Neville 3rd Baron 97, 229
Berkhamsted Castle 81, 106, 186, 242
Berkeley Castle 105
Berkeley, Elizabeth 28
Berkeley–Lisle feud 105 and Appendix D
Bernard’s Heath see St Albans, Second Battle of
Berners, John Bourchier, 1st Baron 153, 281, 309
Berwick upon Tweed 157, 218, 249, 315
billmen 196
Bird, Thomas (Bishop of St Asaph) 243
bishops 113, 116, 152
Black Death 17–18
Black Douglas dynasty 246, 247
Blanche of Lancaster 4
Blore Heath, Battle of (1459) 199–209, 212
Blount, Walter 170, 310
Bohun, Humphrey 21
Bold, Robert 201
Bolingbroke, Henry 47
Bonville, William, 1st Baron 59–60, 62, 104–5, 128–9
Bonville, William see Harington, 6th Baron
Booth, Lawrence (Bishop of Durham) 126, 158, 159, 217, 218, 309
Booth, William (Archbishop of York) 152
Boteler, Ralph see Sudeley, Baron
Boulers, Reginald (Bishop of Hereford) 20, 82
Bourbon, Duke of 25, 72
Bourchier, Henry, 1st Viscount 126, 141, 153, 166, 250, 311
Bourchier, House of 134–5
Bourchier, John see Berners, Baron
Bourchier, Thomas (Archbishop of Canterbury) 125, 132, 227–8, 231, 232, 235–6, 250, 254
Brézé, Pierre de 37, 69, 168–9, 313, 314, 315, 318–19
Brittany 34, 37, 43, 44, 71, 246
Bromflete, Henry see Vescy, Baron
Brooke, Edward see Cobham, Baron
Buckingham, Anne née Neville, Duchess of 215, 284
&nb
sp; Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, Duke of 31–2, 80, 86, 90, 133, 142, 151, 159, 160, 191–2, 198, 215
and Battle of Northampton 231, 232, 237
and First Battle of St Albans 144, 148
death 238
Burgundy 43, 162, 168, 190, 222
Burgundy, Philippe, Duke of 1, 3, 29, 44, 162, 164, 168, 222, 223, 248, 278, 317
Butler, James see Wiltshire, Earl of
Cade’s Rebellion (1450) 65, 79–83, 91, 111, 136
Caen 73, 74, 163
Calais 29, 129, 161–70
Henry VI’s embargo on all trade with 222
importance of 161, 163
impregnability of 161, 163
map 162
military and diplomatic significance 160, 162
siege of (1436) 29, 162
and Somerset 162–5, 222
and Warwick 153, 161, 166–71
Cambridge, Maud, Countess of 181
Cambridge, Richard, 3rd Earl of 46, 47, 84
Canterbury Convocation 229, 242, 273
Carlisle 315
Carmarthen Castle 177
Castillon, Battle of 114
Castleford 294
castles, strategic value of 272–3
cavalry 196–7
Channel Islands 169, 221, 251, 314
Charles I, King of England 154
Charles VI, King of France 2, 3, 43
Charles VII, King of France 4, 30, 37, 40, 41, 68, 71, 105, 157, 158, 164, 223, 239, 245, 247, 298, 313–15, 317
Charolais, Charles, Count of 222, 319
Chastellain, Georges 319
Chaucer, Alice see Suffolk, Countess of
Chaucer, Geoffrey 41
chevauchée 198
Church 18, 112–15
archdioceses and dioceses 113
Clarence, George, Duke of 55, 310–11
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of 3, 25
Clay, John 218
clergy 112–13
Clifford, John, 9th Baron 119, 127, 148, 181
Clifford, Thomas, 8th Baron 137, 150, 218, 258, 292, 294–5, 296, 306
Clinton, John, 5th Baron 141, 152, 212
Cobham, Edward Brooke, 6th Baron 105, 228–9
Cobham, Eleanor 8, 13, 59
Coeur, Jacques 44
Coleshill 210
Collinson, Robert 66–7
Colt, Thomas 218
Company of the Staple 165–6, 167, 171, 222, 251
Conisbrough Castle 50, 181, 219, 256
Constance of York 47
Constantinople, fall of (1453) 116
Coppini, Bishop Francesco 227–8, 229–30, 231, 232, 236, 250, 254, 298, 314
Corfe Castle 32
Courtenay, Margaret 60
Courtenay, Thomas see Devon, 13th Earl of
Courtenay, Thomas see Devon, 14th Earl of
Courtenay–Bonville feud 105–6, 154–5, 156
Coventry Council (1456) 156, 182
Coventry Council (‘Parliament of Devils’) (1459) 191, 203, 213, 215, 220, 221, 282
Cromer, William 65, 79, 81, 83
Cromwell, Ralph, 1st Baron 61, 66–7, 74, 77, 118–19, 119, 137
crown rents 51–2
Dacre of the North, Randolph, 1st Baron 3–6, 213, 287, 308, 312
Dacre, Ralph 98
Dacre (of the South), Richard Fiennes, 7th Baron 274
dawn/nightfall timings 296–7
Denbigh Castle 219, 242
Despenser, Isabel 28
Devereux, Walter (elder) 179–80, 212, 217
Devereux, Walter (younger), 7th Baron Ferrers of Chartley 262, 311
Devon, Thomas Courtenay, 13th Earl of 59–61, 62, 104–5, 124, 128, 154–5, 156, 188, 282
Devon, Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of 243, 290, 308
Dintingdale, Battle of 295–6
Douglas, Archibald, 5th Earl of 246
Douglas, James, 9th Earl of 246
Doulcereau, Morice 313–14
Drayton, Michael
The Miseries of Queen Margaret 266–8
Dudley, John Sutton, 1st Baron 20, 82, 149, 201, 207
Dunstanburgh Castle 316, 316–17
Dynham, John, 1st Baron 221, 224, 228
Edmund of Langley 47
Edward I, King 194
Edward II, King 21
Edward III, King 46, 47
Edward IV, King see March, Edward
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 36, 124, 158, 244, 260, 308, 316
Egremont, Thomas Percy, 1st Baron 99, 118–19, 181, 182, 186–7, 219, 232
Elizabeth of York (Duchess of Suffolk) 189, 274
Ely 113
English Chronicle, An 234, 235–6
English language 17
English way of war 194–197
Exeter, Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of 57, 66–7, 76–7, 126–7, 132, 136, 151, 160, 168, 181, 182, 219, 243, 290, 312
Eyton family 178, 206
Falkland Palace (Fife) 315
Fauconberg, William Neville, 6th Baron 53, 153, 228, 231, 232, 237, 289, 290, 291, 296, 300, 302, 303, 306, 311
Ferrybridge, Battle of (1461) 291–3, 307
feudalism 16, 19, 173
Fiennes, James see Saye and Sele, Baron
Fiennes, Richard see Dacre (of the South), Baron
Fiennes, William see Saye and Sele, Baron
Findern, Thomas 221–2
Fitton, Thomas 202
FitzAlan, William see Arundel, Earl of
Fitzgerald, Thomas see Kildare, Earl of
FitzHugh, Henry, 5th Baron 213, 218, 243–4, 306, 309
FitzWilliam, Edmund 219
Formigny, Battle of (1450) 72
Fortescue, John 319
Fotheringhay Castle 51, 54, 55, 107, 219, 270
Frañsez II, Duke of Brittany 238
French wars
Beaufort’s Normandy campaign (1443) 32–4
fall of Normandy (1449-50) 70–2
Gloucester campaign (1436) 29, 32, 34
peerage participation in selected campaigns 33
Talbot’s campaign (1441) 54
Talbot’s campaign (1452-3) 109
Tours Treaty (1444) 40, 56, 68
Fresnay-sur-Sarthe 71–2
Gaillard, Château 72, 73
gallowglass (gallóglaigh) 268
Gascony 91, 109, 128
Gilles of Brittany 71
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of 5, 6, 8, 13, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 152
Gloucester, Richard, Duke of (later Richard III) 55, 270, 311
Gloucester (town) 264, 269
Glyn dŵr, Owain 6, 47, 175
Great Councils 121, 122–4, 127, 132, 158, 186
Great North Road 140, 256, 276, 290, 294, 295, 300, 302, 307, 308, 316
Greenwich Palace 19, 81
Gregory, William 91, 239
Gregory’s Chronicle 208, 215, 278–9
Grey, William (Bishop of Ely) 228, 236
Grey of Groby, John 283
Grey of Powys, John, 1st Baron 212, 217, 220, 242
Grey of Ruthyn, Edmund, 4th Baron 178, 217, 220, 232, 237
Grey of Wilton, Reginald, 7th Baron 262
Greystoke, Ralph, 5th Baron 213, 243, 309
Gruffudd ap Nicholas of Crug family 175–6, 177, 178, 264, 269
Guelders, Mary of 245, 248–9, 315, 319
Guyenne 32, 44, 52, 91, 109
Talbot’s reconquest of (1452) 109
Hall, Edward 204
Hall’s Chronicle 204, 292, 300
Harcourt, Robert 64–5
Harcourt–Stafford feud 64–5
Harfleur 30, 72, 73
Harington, William Bonville, 6th Baron 256, 274, 281, 282
Harlech Castle 273
Harrington, Thomas 208
Hastings, William, 1st Baron 262, 311
Henry IV, King 4–5, 18, 19, 24, 86–7, 96
Henry V, King 2, 3, 7, 13, 15–16, 21, 23, 46, 47, 50
Henry VI, King 1, 2, 4, 7, 12–20, 51, 102–3, 131–3, 313
>
attempt to release from captivity by Lancastrians 260
and banishment of Suffolk 75–6
Battle of Northampton and capture 234, 236, 238, 240, 242
and First Battle of St Albans 142, 148, 149–50
catatonia (1453–4) 114–15, 117, 124, 129, 131
and Cade’s Rebellion 80–1
challenges faced 17–18
circle of close associates and friends 20
collapse of the rule of law under 59, 61, 65, 67
delegation of power to Somerset 108
distaste for war 31
fiscal irresponsibility 184
formative years 15–16, 22
imprisonment in Tower (1465) 319
and loss of French empire 15, 43–4
and ‘Loveday’ (1458) 186–8
Ludford Bridge campaign 214–15, 299
marriage to Marguerite d’Anjou 36, 39, 40, 42–3, 44, 102, 185
mental illness/schizophrenia 7, 12, 15, 116
miscalculations 139
neglect of duty as first magistrate 65
patronage 16–17
progresses 19–20, 65, 108
recovery of by Lancastrians after Second Battle of St Albans 281
royal finances 84, 85
and Somerset 108, 132, 138, 142
and York 106, 132–3, 157, 184–5
Henry VIII, King 7
heralds 142
Herbert of Raglan, William, 1st Baron 176, 179–80, 262, 311
Hobbes, Thomas 270–1
Hody, Alexander 243
Holland, Henry see Exeter, Duke of
Holland, Margaret 25
Holyrood House 248
hook guns 278–9
Honfleur 73
Howard, John 302, 310
Hungerford, Robert, 3rd Baron (also Baron Moleyns) 62–4, 105, 239, 318
Icknield Way 139, 276–7
indentures 197
Ingoldisthorpe, Isabel 189
Ireland 58, 184–5, 225–6, 242–3
Isabelle, Duchess of Lorraine 37, 39, 313
James I, King of Scotland 2
James II, King of Scotland 157, 246, 247
James III, King of Scotland 245, 248
Jean II, Duke of Burgundy 2
Jean IV, Count of Armagnac 40
Jean V, Count of Armagnac 223
Jenny, Richard 291
Joan of Navarre 13
John of Gaunt 4, 18, 20, 21, 24, 46
Kemp, John (Archbishop of Canterbury) 83, 111–12, 114, 116, 117, 122, 123–4
Kenilworth Castle 81, 85, 157
Kennedy, James (Bishop of St Andrews) 248
Kildare, Thomas Fitzgerald Earl of 225, 242
‘Kingmaker’ see Warwick, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of
Kingston Lacy 32
Kynaston family 178, 206
Kyriell, Thomas 34, 72, 274, 281, 282
Lancaster, House of 12–23
family tree 14
land ownership 20