Once in a Great City
Page 45
When Hayden retired: Correspondence with Pete Waldmeir, former Detroit News columnist.
Chapter 21: The Magic Skyway
At noon on March 7: Detroit News, March 8, 1964; Detroit Free Press, March 8–9, 1964.
Fred Olmsted, who covered the auto industry: Detroit Free Press, March 3, 1964. The story ran without Olmsted’s byline in the B section above Mark Beltaire’s “The Town Crier” column.
On the morning of March 9: Detroit News, March 10–April 20, 1964; Fria, Mustang Genesis.
As the manager of J. Walter Thompson’s: Interview, David Laurie; J. Walter Thompson Papers, Box 2 cl, Duke University, HC.
They were in their early twenties: Interviews, Ray Chatelin, Jim Hartnett, Vincent Currie.
The name paid homage to the Ford Rotunda: Official Guide, New York World’s Fair; Ford Motor Company Guide to the New York World’s Fair, BFRC.
April was a momentous month: Detroit News, April 1–20, 1964; Detroit Free Press, April 1–20, 1964; Time, April 17, 1964; Newsweek, April 20, 1964; Iacocca and Novak, Iacocca: An Autobiography; Fria, Mustang Genesis.
Going young was the key: Remarks by L. A. Iacocca, Mustang National News Conference, New York, April 13, 1964, Editorial Services Dept., Public Relations Staff, Central Office Building, Ford Motor Company.
A consumer contagion had taken hold: Colin Dawkins Papers, Box 9, J. Walter Thompson archive, Duke University, HC.
Two parallel tracks on the Magic Skyway: Extravaganza of Fun, Ford Motor Company brochure on Magic Skyway, Ford Motor Company; Samuel, The End of Innocence.
In the weeks before the official opening: Interviews, Ray Chatelin, Jim Hartnett, Vincent Currie.
It was cold and rainy: New York Times, April 23, 1964; Detroit Free Press, April 23, 1964; Samuel, The End of Innocence; Lyndon B. Johnson Remarks at the Opening of the New York World’s Fair, The American Presidency Project, UC–Santa Barbara.
The integration of the fair itself: Account of protests on first day of World’s Fair drawn from Detroit Free Press, April 23, 1964; Detroit News, April 23, 1964; New York Times, April 23, 1964; Samuel, The End of Innocence; The New Yorker, May 2, 1964; an excellent narrative by Tamar Jacoby; Someone Else’s House: America’s Unfinished Struggle for Integration, chapter 1; Brian J. Purnell, “Drive Awhile for Freedom: Brooklyn CORE and the 1964 World’s Fair Stall-In,” NYU; interviews, Vincent Currie, Jim Hartnett, Ray Chatelin.
The closing of the exhibit infuriated: Ford Motor Company, New York World’s Fair, Box 14, File 1m, BFRC.
Chapter 22: Upward to the Great Society
With about five weeks to prepare: Jerome P. Cavanagh oral history, LBJL, digital transcript.
The genesis of the visit: “The Anatomy of a Speech: Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society Address,” Michigan Historical Collections, Bulletin No. 28, Dec. 1978.
When Cavanagh got there: Jerome P. Cavanagh oral history, LBJL, digital transcript.
“Romney in GOP Race?”: Detroit News, editorial, Jan. 8, 1964.
“Mr. Ford, what is your opinion”: Detroit Free Press, May 23, 1964. The story was stripped across the top of the front page: “ ‘I’ll Vote for Johnson,’ Says Henry Ford.”
In Washington, Johnson was awakened: White House Daily Diary, May 22, 1964.
Behind the airport fence: Detroit Free Press, May 23, 1964; “The Anatomy of a Speech”; Remarks upon Arrival at Metropolitan Airport in Detroit, May 22, 1964, Public Papers of the Presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson.
At 9:55, at the end: White House Daily Diary; Detroit Free Press, May 23, 1964; “The Anatomy of a Speech.”
Nine paragraphs into his speech: Transcript from Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–1964, Book I, 704–707.
As the commencement ceremony drew to a close: Detroit Free Press, May 23, 1964; “The Anatomy of a Speech”; White House Daily Diary, May 22, 1964.
It all looked so promising: Jerome P. Cavanagh oral history, LBJL, digital transcript. That Sunday, May 24, the Free Press ran an editorial about the “Great Society” speech that mixed praise with concern: “Mr. Johnson has adopted whole heartedly the liberalism of his predecessor. The accent will continue to be on big government, with Washington taking the leadership in the attacks on poverty, pollution, and poor education, if not doing the whole job. . . . Some of the ideas for the Great Society frighten more than inspire . . . but it was a beautiful day, and a fine commencement address.”
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INDEX
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
ABC-TV, 347
Abernathy, Ralph, 171
Abernathy, Roy, 35
Abraham Missionary Baptist Church, 132
Abrams, Al, 61, 318, 326
Adams, Charles F., 263–64, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270
Adams, Thomas B., 106, 250, 252, 260
Adcraft Club, 113
Adenauer, Konrad, 287
Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy, U.S., 22, 213–15, 216–17
Advisory Council of Judges, New York, 157
Afflis, William Fritz “Dick the Bruiser,” 74
AFL-CIO, 135, 214–15, 236, 288, 356, 361 See also Meany, George; Scholle, August
African Americans
as car owners, 33
car preferences of, 34–35
Chrysler Corporation and, 35, 332
and crime, 170–71
at Detroit Auto Show (1962), 33
in Detroit Police Department, 163, 173, 242, 311–12, 372
Detroit social life and, 113
Ford Motor Company and, 34–35, 209, 351, 352
and Franklin’s critique of black establishment, 129
Gotham Hotel as social and cultural center for, 10–12
Jews and, 53–54
JFK appointments of, 292
JFK support among, 292
as owners of car dealerships, 33–34
population in Detroit of, 312
in professional sports, 298
social class differences among, 280
unions and, 35
See also black churches/ministers; black community, Detroit’s; civil rights; Motown (section of Detroit); race issues; specific person or organization
Afro-American, 43
Agyeman, Jaramogi Abebe. See Cleage, Albert
Aldridge, Dan, 50
Ales, Barney, 285
Alexander, Paul Julius, 363
Ali, Muhammad, 334
Allen, “Pistol,” 196
Amalgamated Engineering Union, 213
American Association of Advertising Agencies, 218
American Bar Association, 292
American Medical Association, 138
American Metal Products Company, 87, 260
American Motors Corporation
car sales at, 30
compact cars at, 31
Cross as CEO of, 247, 260
and Detroit Auto Show (1962), 28, 35
founding of, 247
production at, 25
Romney as president of, 19, 225, 247
Uzzle’s photos of, 94
See also specific person
Americans for Democratic Action, 138
Andantes, 103
Anderson, Edwin J., 79, 80, 81
Ankony, Robert C. “Bob,” 2–5, 7, 16, 216, 284–85, 373
Ankony, Ruth, 3
Ann-Margret, 93
Anna Records, 58
Apollo Theater (New York City): Motortown Revues at, 63, 67, 68–69, 70, 327
Armstrong, Louis, 12
Arnoldi, Harold, 101
Aronowitz, Al, 318
Ash, Dave, 118
Ashford, Jack, 196
Ashford, Rosalind, 197
assembly line
at Ford Motor Company, 50–52, 207, 208, 215, 276
influence on Gordy Jr. of working on, 50–52, 61, 193, 195, 196, 276, 331
Motown Records as an, 61, 323
Atkins & Coles, 69
Atkins, “Cholly,” 69–70
Atkinson, Charles Sylvan. See Atkins, “Cholly”
Atlantic City: UAW convention in, 321–22
Auchincloss, Hugh Dudley Jr., 287
Austin, Maria Cristina Vettore, 27, 206, 220, 338, 371–72
auto industry
decline of, 372
executive bonuses in, 320–21
importance of, 303
LBJ and, 303, 307, 320, 322
1963 production of Detroit, 95
prices in, 320–21
prosperity in, 320–22
and Reuther’s “small car” plan, 306–8, 320
as symbolic of Detroit, 92
tariffs and, 307
and Treaty of Detroit, 212
world, 305–7
See also Big Three automakers; cars; specific person, topic, corporation, or organization
Auto Parts Harmonic Orchestra, 345
auto shows
women employed at, 33
See also Detroit Auto Show (1962)
Automobile Manufacturers Association (AMA), 28, 31, 37–38, 212, 225
Avalon, Frankie, 316
Avanti (car), 305
Bachelor, Thomas M., 98
Bailey, John M., 297
Baker, Josephine, 12
Baldwin, James, 278, 279
Ballard, Florence, 62, 318, 319, 320
Banks, A. A., 35,
129, 130, 131, 225
Bannon, Ken, 143
Baptist Ministerial Alliance, 126, 129, 131, 132, 199
Barnett, Ross, 291
Baruch, Bernard, 210–11
Basie, Count, 12, 190
Bateman, Robert, 56
Bates, “Peg Leg,” 68
Battle, Buddy, 126, 127–28, 133, 147
Bay of Pigs, 138
Bayh, Birch, 313
Beard, Annette, 197
Beatles, 194, 316, 325–26, 346, 348
Beatty, Jim, 254
Beauregard, Cal, 28
Beckman, Frank, 313, 314, 358–59, 360, 373
Begian, Harry, 101
Beiderbecke, Bix, 52
Belafonte, Harry, 234
Belgrave, Marcus, 196
Bell, Haley, 100
Beltaire, Mark, 7
Benjamin, Benny, 196, 323
Bennett, Harry, 211
Bennett, Tony, 235
Benson, Clay, 250, 359
Benson, Obie, 328–29, 359, 374
Ber-Berry Co-op, 55
Berg, James, 200
Berg, Louis, 200
Berlin crisis, 138
Bernstein, Leonard, 327
Big Six (civil rights leaders), 278, 279
Big Three automakers
car sales by, 320
joint venture of, 306–8
LBJ and, 307
responsibility to Detroit of, 241, 242
and Reuther’s “small car” plan, 306–8
and world auto industry, 305
Big Tiny Little (pimp), 198
Bikila, Abebe, 261
Billboard magazine, 61
Billings, Lem, 22
Birmingham, Alabama
civil rights movement and, 65–66, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 148, 149, 161, 181, 238, 277, 280
Detroit compared with, 245
Motown Revue (1962) in, 65–66
See also Sixteenth Street Baptist Church
Birmingham section (Detroit), 27
Bisson, W. A., 297
Bit and Spur Riding Club, 50
Black Bottom section (Detroit), 170, 172
black churches/ministers, 125, 167, 242, 274, 291
See also specific church or minister
black community, Detroit’s, divisions within, 279–80, 312–13
Black Diamond (pimp), 198
black liberation, 275
Black Muslim movement, 279, 291, 334
black nationalism, 231, 234, 277
Black Panthers, 170
black power movement, 279
blacks. See African Americans; black churches/ministers; black community