“I Have a Dream” speech of, 180–86, 231, 238–40, 276, 279, 310, 364, 365
“I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech of, 184
JFK and, 149, 162, 180, 292
and JFK assassination, 334
and JFK’s meeting with civil rights leaders, 148, 149, 162, 180
Johnson (Ziggy) paraphrasing of, 284
Malcolm X views about, 276, 277
and March on Washington, 149, 182–85, 237, 238–40
Michigan Chronicle views about, 310
Montgomery bus boycott and, 133
NAACP and, 130, 186, 231
Reuther and, 133, 139, 146, 150, 180
Romney and, 179
security for, 161, 165, 180
song at funeral of, 297
and “stall-in” at New York World’s Fair, 352
Stride Toward Freedom by, 13, 15–16
UAW and, 139
Uzzle’s photos of funeral of, 94
and Walk to Freedom, 128–31, 147, 150, 161–62, 164, 165, 168, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180–86, 187, 202–3, 209, 229–35, 238–39, 333
King, Maurice, 54, 283
King Solomon Baptist Church, 275, 277, 310, 334–35
Klett, Arnold, 93
Kline, Ron, 73–74
Knudsen, Bunkie, 35
Korean War: military vehicles for, 30
Krause, Paul E., 158
Ku Klux Klan, 209, 310
La Guardia, Fiorello, 93
Labor Department, U.S., 217
labor-management advisory committee, JFK’s, 22, 213–15, 216–17
labor movement
Dukes criticisms of, 280
See also unions, labor; specific union
Lalibert, Joseph, 174
Lands, Liz, 178, 297
Lane, Richard “Dick”/“Night Train,” 74, 178, 297–300, 301
Lanier, Patrick, 196
Lansing (apartment building), 228
LaRussa, Tony, 174
Lateef, Yusef, 52
Laurie, David, 113, 286–87, 342
Laurie, Thayer Hutchinson, 112, 115, 116, 287, 342
Laurie, William D. “Bill”
car of, 308, 342, 343
and Ford Motor’s T-5 project, 110, 117, 118, 119
and Ford-sponsored merchandising fair, 339
home of, 223
and JFK assassination, 287
Mustang and, 221
personal and professional background of, 112–13, 115–17
and T-5 Project, 218, 221
Lawford, Peter, 322
Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, 292, 332
League of Women Voters, 148
Leary, John, 360
Lederer, William, 93
Lescoulie, Jack, 25
Lesod Club, 75, 156–57
Lessenberry, Jack, 293
Levine, Philip, 215–16, 326
Levison, Stanley David, 149
Lewis, David, 210
Lewis, John, 148, 237, 279
Lewis, Ramsey, 177
liberalism, American, 238
Liberator magazine, 231
Lichtenstein, Nelson, 139, 146, 238
Lieberman, Joe, 297
Liebold, Ernest G., 210, 211
Life magazine
Detroit story in, 93–95
Mustang story in, 347
Liggett & Myers, 342
Liles, Raymona “Ray.” See Gordy, Raymona Liles “Ray”
Limbaugh, Rush H., 292
Limbaugh, Rush H. Sr., 292
Lincoln, Abraham, 128, 208, 209, 286, 290, 291, 350
Lincoln Memorial: and March on Washington, 236, 279
Lindell Cocktail Bar, 73–74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 96, 157
Lindsay, John T., 144
Lions, Detroit, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79–81, 155, 157, 178, 252, 271, 297, 298, 300
Lippmann, Walter, 362
Liston, Sonny, 334
Little Club of Grosse Pointe, 113
Liuzzo, Viola, 140
Lolich, Mickey, 174
Lombardi, Vince, 195, 196
London Chop House, 85, 116, 252
Look magazine, 25, 347
Los Angeles, California
as bidder for 1968 Summer Olympics, 88–89, 104, 105, 248, 254–55
and Detroit’s bid for 1968 Summer Olympics, 257
Gordy Jr. business in, 316–17, 373, 374
Motown Records relocation to, 373, 374
and staged torch relay event, 254–55
Los Angeles Times, 105, 106, 249
Louis, Joe, 11, 15, 50, 172, 220, 281
Lowenstein, Roger, 356
Lutz, Mr., 244
Lynn, Loretta, 98
Lyon, France: and 1968 Summer Olympics, 256–57, 258, 261, 263, 265, 267–68
Macedonia Church, 291
Madison, Arthur, 12, 15, 298
Mafia, 293
Magic Skyway (New York World’s Fair, 1964), Ford Motor’s, 345, 349–50, 352, 353–54
Malcolm X (aka Malcolm Little), 199, 230–31, 274, 275–79, 291, 310, 334–35
Mann, Bob, 298
Mann, Lovi, 301
Mansfield, Mike, 304
Mantle, Mickey, 74
map
of Detroit region, 90
of downtown Detroit, 114
of midtown Detroit, 48
of Motown, 192
of southwestern Detroit, 6
of Walk to Freedom route, 169
Marable, Manning, 279
Maraniss, David, Detroit visit of, 367–69
March on Washington
and civil rights bill, 236
concerns about, 149–50
Detroit sponsors for, 235
funding for, 236, 279
JFK and, 148, 149–50, 238
and King’s “I Have a Dream” speech, 182–85, 234, 237, 238–40, 364
Lewis (John) speech at, 237
and Lincoln Memorial, 236, 279
Malcolm X views about, 277, 278–79
Michigan Chronicle views about, 310
music for, 234
planning for, 148
unions and, 236, 278, 279
See also specific person or organization
Markley, Rod, 22
Marks, Richard, 311
Marsh, Dave, 197
Marshall, Bob, 197–98
Marshall, Don, 34
Martha and the Vandellas. See Reeves, Martha; Vandellas
Martin, Billy, 74
Marvelettes, 42, 43, 60, 66, 70, 71, 193, 281, 317, 320, 327
Masset, Joe, 80
Matthaei, Fred Jr., 88, 250, 256, 258, 260, 272
Matthaei, Fred Sr., 87–88, 105, 106, 247, 249, 250, 259, 260, 262, 265, 266, 268, 272
Maxon, Inc., 112, 113, 115
“May What He Lived For Live” (Gordy song), 297
Mayer, Albert J., 89, 91
Mayer, Jacquelyn Jeanne, 32
McCann, Les, 43
McCann, Ray, 173
McCartney, Paul, 374
McCauley, Daisy, 140
McCauley, Sylvester, 140
McClellan, John L., 82
McCree, Wade, 11, 261, 262, 263, 264, 267, 270, 292
McDonnell, Anne. See Ford, Anne McDonnell
McDonnell, Charlotte, 22
McFall, Benjamin, 127, 164
McFarland, Eddie, 66–67, 104
McFarland, Juanita, 67
McGhee, Howard, 52
McGuffey, Williams Holmes, 208
McNair, Denise, 253
McNamara, Robert, 28, 31, 108, 286, 303–4, 305, 307–8, 320
McRae, Carmen, 12, 235
Meany, George, 135, 214–15, 236
Mecke, Theodore H. Jr., 353, 354
Medicare, 215
Memphis Commercial Appeal, 295
Memphis, Tennessee: King’s “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech in, 184
Mercer, Johnny, 327
Mercury cars, 32, 308, 339, 349
Meredith, James, 63, 171<
br />
Merritt, A. L., 132
“Message to the Grassroots”, Malcolm X’s, 276–78, 310, 334
Messina, Joe, 196, 323
Metropolitan Conference on Open Housing, 226
Mexico City: and 1968 Summer Olympics, 257, 261, 263, 264–65, 268, 269–70, 271
Michigan
constitution for, 225, 227, 248
divisiveness over civil rights in, 226–28
Michigan Bell Telephone: Patrick at, 312, 313
Michigan Chronicle
African American car ownership story in, 33
assessment of 1963 and 1964 by, 310–11
and civil rights movement, 126, 129
and Conyers sale to White at Gotham Hotel, 11
divisions in black community story in, 279–80
Dukes poverty story for, 309–10
El Taco ads in, 298
Evers interviews in, 142
and Flame Show Bar demolition, 283
Franklin (C. L.) letters to, 129, 132
and Gotham Hotel raid, 10, 15
hiring of blacks at, 172
House of Diggs story in, 97
and housing protests, 256
and JFK and civil rights, 292
JFK assassination story in, 290
Johnson (Ziggy) column in, 55
Malcolm X stories in, 279, 291
and Motortown Revue (1962), 70
NAACP story in, 230
prostitution story in, 229
and race relations in Detroit, 64
and Scott (Cynthia) shooting, 199
“unfinished business” column/theme of, 310–11, 314
and Walk to Freedom, 171, 173
Michigan Committee for the Protection of Property Rights, 244
Michigan Consolidated Gas Company Building, 96
Michigan State Police: and Gotham Hotel raid, 10
Michigan State University
Edwards speech at, 159, 202
Ripley speech at, 294
Michigan Theater, 47
Miller, Glen, 190
Miller High School, 172
Mills Brothers, 47
ministers
and civil rights movement, 127–28, 149
and March on Washington, 237
and Walk to Freedom, 171
white, 149, 237
See also black churches/ministers; specific person
Miracles
Atkins (Cholly) and, 69
at Fox Theater show, 281, 282
Gaye complaints about, 285
and Graystone dance concert, 229
and Motortown Revue (1962), 42, 43, 62, 65, 66, 67–68, 69, 70
and Motortown Revue at Michigan State Fairgrounds, 71
naming of, 67
and race relations in the South, 65, 66
and success of Motown Records, 317
and talent at Motown Records, 196, 331
Tamla label recordings of, 56
Miriani, Louis, 167, 314
Mister Maestro, 239
Mitchell, Bill, 32
Model Cities program, 371
Montgomery, Alabama: bus boycott in, 123, 133, 139
Montgomery Ward department store (Detroit), 5
Moore, Maybelle, 15
Mormons, 223, 227–28
Morneweck, W. G., 245
Morris, Stevland. See Wonder, Little Stevie
Moses, Robert, 345, 346
Moten, Booker, 168, 170, 175, 186
Motortown Revue, first (1962)
at Apollo Theater, 63, 67, 68–69, 70, 327
in Birmingham, Alabama, 65–66
civil rights movement and, 63
Gordy Jr. role in, 44
Howard Theater opening of, 43, 61, 62, 281, 375
logistics of, 43–44
and McFarlane accident, 66–67, 104
members of, 42–43, 60–61
and New Year’s Eve, 70–71
planning for, 59–60
race relations and, 64–65
on the road for, 39, 41, 42–44, 59–71, 97, 104, 191, 193, 281, 375
as success, 70
Motortown Revue, second, 317, 327
Motor Trend magazine, 347
Motown Museum, 374–75
Motown Records
as an “assembly line,” 61, 323
awards and honors for, 97
and Cavanagh letter to Gordy about Motown performances, 281–82
Christmas 1963 party for, 315–16
and civil rights movement, 234–35
culture at, 322–23
early years of, 55–71
expansion of, 98, 189, 315–16
First Five of, 56
Fox Theater show by, 281–82, 283
Freedom series recordings of, 234
funding for, 55, 331
Funk Brothers as houseband for, 283
Gordy Jr. as founder of, 41, 331
and Gordy Jr. expectations, 325
Gordy Jr. promotion of, 316
Gordy Jr. role in, 323
Gordy sisters and, 55–56, 58, 195
Graystone headquarters of, 189–90, 191, 228–29, 315–16, 328, 331, 365, 373
in-house newsletter of, 104
as international enterprise, 317
Johnson (Ziggy) predictions about, 70
and King’s “I Have a Dream” recording, 232–34, 238–40
label for, 57
management of, 41–42, 195, 196
and naming of Motown, 41
publicity for, 326
relocation of, 373
reputation of, 97
salaries at, 324
sexual partnerships at, 319
socializing at, 330
“sound” of, 98, 104, 197
and Southern Plastics, 194–95
structure/system at, 195–96
successes of, 191
talent at, 196–97, 316–20, 322–31
See also Motortown Revue; specific person or singing group
Motown (section of Detroit)
Gordy family and, 44
location of, 41
map of, 192
meaning of, 41
Motown the Musical (Broadway musical), 375
Mount Calvary Church, 291
Moyers, Bill, 359
Mr. Kelley’s Lounge and Recreation Center, 275
Muhammad, Elijah, 276, 279, 291, 334
Mullaly, John G., 8–9, 344
Mullen, J. Arthur, 360
Murphy, Walter, 221
Murray, Raymond, 17, 19, 285
Murry, Billy, 70, 193, 194, 281
Muscle Beach Party (Gordy movie), 316–17
music
in school programs, 100–101
as soul of Detroit, 49, 100–101
teachers of, 100–101
during Walk to Freedom, 175, 177–78, 180
See also specific musician(s) or type of music
Music Bar, 53
Mustang, Ford
advertising campaign/publicity for, 340–41, 343, 346–49, 354
assembly/production of, 341–42
decline in sales of, 372
first public photos of, 340
Ford (Buhlie) and, 340–41
Ford (Henry II) and, 340
Martha and Vandellas promotion of, 354
naming of, 221
at New York World’s Fair (1964), 339, 344–45, 349, 353
popularity of, 348–49, 358
price of, 343, 347, 349
as success, 343
youth market for, 347–48, 349
“My Girl” (Robinson-Temptations song), 326
“My Guy” (Robinson-Wells song), 324–25, 326
Nash-Kelvinator, 247
Nashville, Tennessee
and civil rights movement, 194
as music center, 194–95
segregation in, 195
Nation of Islam, 181, 199, 276, 279, 291, 334
Nation of Sheep (Lederer), 93
National Anthem: booi
ng at playing of, 255, 256, 310
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Cleage comments about, 131
Detroit branch of, 11, 97–98, 126, 129–30, 230, 235, 244, 255, 263, 280
and Detroit’s bid for 1968 Summer Olympics, 262, 263
and divisions within civil rights movement, 230, 231
Edwards defense of, 159
Franklin (Clarence) and, 129, 165, 166
Gordy award from, 97–98
and housing, 244, 255
King and, 130, 186, 231
and March on Washington, 236
Reuther joins, 146
and Reuther’s Statler Hotel meeting, 148
SCLC and, 130, 186
and Walk to Freedom, 128–29, 163, 165, 166, 167, 174
See also specific person
National Civic Association, 244
National Football League (NFL), 74, 79, 297, 298
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 144
National Lawyers Guild, 332–33
National League of Cities, 370
National Newspaper Publishers Association: Cavanagh’s speech to, 187
National Press Club, 357
National Review, 115
Nazis, 209, 210, 363
NBC, 25, 35–36, 116, 347
Negro Summit Leadership Conference, Franklin/DCHR, 274, 279–80
New Bethel Baptist Church, 12, 121–22, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 132, 161, 163, 177, 229, 291, 300, 301, 369. See also Franklin, Clarence La Vaughn
New Calvary Baptist Church, 132
New Deal, 137, 210, 238, 306
New Frontier, JFK’s, 18, 31, 85, 117, 355, 363
New Harmony Church, 291
New Moonglows, 58
New York Times
Hitler story in, 209
and JFK visits to Detroit, 20
New York World’s Fair (1964) story in, 351
New York World’s Fair (1964)
civil rights and, 351–53
Ford Motor at, 339, 344–45, 349–50, 352–54
and Ford Motor T-5 project, 110
LBJ and, 350–51, 352
opening day at, 346, 350–51
protests at, 351–53
race issues and, 351–53
“stall-in” at, 351–52
theme for, 350
Newman, Paul, 235
Newsweek magazine, 340, 346
Newton, Julie, 113
Nissan, 30
Nixon, Richard, 371
Nordhoff, Heinz Heinrich, 30
Northeast Council of Homeowners, 244
Northeastern High School, 101, 102
Northern High School, 328
Northern Negro Grass Roots Leadership Conference, 274–75, 276
Northern Negro Leadership Conference, 231
Northland (Detroit suburb), 92
Northwest Church of God in Christ, 291
Northwestern High School, 170
Norton, Margaret, 296
O’Boyle, Patrick Cardinal, 237
O’Donnell, Ken, 288
Oldsmobile cars, 32
Oliver, William “Bill,” 139, 148, 280
Olmsted, Fred, 339–40
Olympic Stadium (Michigan State Fairgrounds), 105, 106, 248, 250, 261, 266, 271
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