The Plum in the Golden Vase or, Chin P'ing Mei

by Roy, David Tod

  13. This four-character expression occurs in Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 3, ch. 64, p. 1091, l. 15; Hsi-yu chi, vol. 2, ch. 75, p. 855, l. 4; Ch’eng-yün chuan, chüan 3, p. 6b, l. 3; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 1, ch. 1, p. 9a, l. 9; and Sui-T’ang liang-ch’ao shih-chuan, chüan 1, ch. 6, p. 37a, l. 9.

  14. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., [Chi-p’ing chiao-chu] Hsi-hsiang chi, play no. 2, scene 1, p. 50, ll. 13–14; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:608, l. 8; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 1:52, l. 5; Han Yüan-shuai an-tu Ch’en-ts’ang, hsieh-tzu (wedge), p. 9a, l. 11; Yüeh Fei p’o-lu tung-ch’uang chi, chüan 2, scene 21, p. 17a, l. 10; an anonymous set of songs in Yung-hsi yüeh-fu, ts’e 19, p. 3b, l. 2; Ch’ang-an ch’eng ssu-ma t’ou-T’ang, scene 2, p. 10a, l. 12; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  15. This line occurs verbatim in Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 28, p. 318, l. 10; and Ch’eng-yün chuan, chüan 2, p. 15a, l. 7.

  16. This line occurs in a quatrain by Tu Mu (803–52), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 8, chüan 523, p. 5982, l. 1.

  17. This line, with one synonymous variant, occurs in a poem about the death of Chu-ko Liang (181–234) by Tu Fu (712–70), ibid., vol. 4, chüan 226, p. 2431, l. 5. It occurs in the same form as in the original in San-kuo chih p’ing-hua, p. 142, l. 7; San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 2, chüan 21, p. 1023, l. 9; and Ta-Sung chung-hsing yen-i, vol. 1, chüan, 2, p. 50a, l. 9. It also occurs in the same form as in the novel in Nan Sung chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 9, p. 29a, l. 8.

  18. The proximate source of this quatrain, with insignificant textual variation, is Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 4, ch. 112, p. 1684, l. 3.

  19. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 4:1559, l. 20; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:646, l. 17; Ch’ien-chin chi, scene 43, p. 137, l. 4; San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 2, p. 89, l. 10; Lien-huan chi, scene 18, p. 43, l. 6; a lyric by Liu Chieh (1476–1555), Ch’üan Ming tz’u pu-pien, 1:210, upper register, l. 2; Chin-tiao chi, chüan 2, scene 18, p. 28a, l. 4; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 4, ch. 26, p. 17b, l. 10; and a host of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  20. This four-character expression occurs in Ching-chung chi, scene 18, p. 46, l. 9.

  21. The proximate source of the first four lines of this lyric is Yü-huan chi, scene 3, p. 4, l. 12.

  22. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Ch’i-kuo ch’un-ch’iu p’ing-hua, p. 26, l. 13; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 52, p. 865, l. 13; Ta-Sung chung-hsing yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 8b, l. 11; T’ang-shu chih-chuan t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 4, chüan 1, p. 20b, l. 12; Pei Sung chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 2, p. 21a, l. 7; Lieh-kuo chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 51a, l. 7; San Sui p’ing-yao chuan, chüan 4, ch. 19, p. 30a. l. 1; Ts’an-T’ang Wu-tai shih yen-i chuan, ch. 6, p. 14, l. 5; Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 3, chüan 2, p. 19a, l. 12; Huang-Ming k’ai-yün ying-wu chuan, chüan 1, p. 17a, l. 11; Ch’eng-yün chuan, chüan 3, p. 7a, l. 2; Yang-chia fu shih-tai chung-yung yen-i chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 12a, ll. 5–6; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 2, ch. 11, p. 26a, l. 1; and Sui-T’ang liang-ch’ao shih-chuan, chüan 6, ch. 54, p. 20a, ll. 1–2.

  23. This four-character expression occurs in Chin-yin chi, chüan 3, scene 21, p. 6b, l. 1.

  24. This four-character expression occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 4:1456, l. 5; the middle-period vernacular story Mei Hsing cheng-ch’un (The plum and the apricot compete for precedence among spring flowers), in Ch’ing-p’ing shan-t’ang hua-pen, p. 191, l. 5; and Pei Sung chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 4, p. 26b, l. 8.

  25. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese literature. See, e.g., a poem variously attributed to Liu Ch’ang-ch’ing (cs 733), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 3, chüan 151, p. 1571, l. 13; and Huang-fu Jan (cs 756), ibid., vol. 4, chüan 250, p. 2834, l. 15; a poem by Meng Chiao (751–814), ibid., vol. 6, chüan 374, p. 4199, l. 5; a poem by Li Kang (1083–1140), Ch’üan Sung shih, 27:17562, l. 12; a poem by Wu Fu (1104–83), ibid., 35:21942, l. 11; Kuan-shih-yin p’u-sa pen-hsing ching, p. 83b, l. 10; a lyric by Yüan Ch’ü-hua (cs 1145), Ch’üan Sung tz’u, 3:1498, lower register, l. 8; a lyric by Lu Ping (fl. early 13th century), ibid., 3:2167, upper register, l. 3; a lyric by Ko Ch’ang-keng (1134–1229), ibid., 4:2584, lower register, l. 6; a lyric by Liu Ch’en-weng (1232–97), ibid., 5:3242, upper register, l. 5; Chang Hsieh chuang-yüan, scene 1, p. 1, l. 11; a lyric by Lu Wen-kuei (1256–1340), Ch’üan Chin Yüan tz’u, 2:822, lower register, l. 15; a song suite by Ch’en To (fl. early 16th century), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 1:644, l. 12; a set of songs by P’eng Tse (cs 1490), ibid., 1:836, l. 12; a song suite by K’ang Hai (1475–1541), ibid., 1:1183, l. 4; a set of lyrics by Hsia Yen (1482–1548), Ch’üan Ming tz’u, 2:722, upper register, l. 12; a lyric by Lin Chang (1551–99), ibid., 3:1161, lower register, l. 4; a song suite by Ch’en So-wen (d. c. 1604), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 2:2546, l. 10; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 1, ch. 2, p. 17a, l. 9; and a host of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  26. This four-character expression occurs in Shuang-chu chi, scene 12, p. 33, l. 6; and Tu Li-niang mu-se huan-hun, p. 533, l. 28.

  27. This four-character expression occurs in Ching-ch’ai chi, scene 48, p. 139, l. 9.

  28. This four-character expression occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 1:362, l. 2; 4:1573, l. 13; and verse 7 of a suite of one hundred songs to the tune “Hsiao-t’ao hung” that retells the story of the Ying-ying chuan by a Ming dynasty figure named Wang Yen-chen, Yung-hsi yüeh-fu, ts’e 19, p. 33a, l. 8.

  29. This four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese literature. See, e.g., a lyric by Su Shih (1037–1101), Ch’üan Sung tz’u, 1:328, upper register, l. 11; a poem by Ko Sheng-chung (1072–1144), Ch’üan Sung shih, 24:15681, l. 1; the prose introduction to a lyric by Tuan K’o-chi (1196–1254), Ch’üan Chin Yüan tz’u, 1:147, lower register, l. 16; a lyric by Chang Po-ch’un (1242–1302), ibid., 2:750, upper register, l. 2; a song suite by Ch’iao Chi (d. 1345), Ch’üan Yüan san-ch’ü, 1:646, l. 5; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:673, l. 10; a set of songs by Chu Yu-tun (1379–1439), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 1:270, l. 3; a lyric by Chou Ying (1430–1518), Ch’üan Ming tz’u, 1:333, upper register, l. 3; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  30. This four-character expression occurs in a quatrain by Lo Yin (833–909), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 10, chüan 665, p. 7622, l. 12; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:444, l. 16; an anonymous song suite published in 1471, Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 4:4534, l. 4; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  31. The proximate source of this quatrain, with several textual variations, is the middle-period vernacular story Feng-yüeh hsiang-ssu (A tale of romantic longing), in Ch’ing-p’ing shan-t’ang hua-pen, p. 81, ll. 1 and 4.

  32. This four-character expression occurs in T’ien-pao i-shih chu-kung-tiao, p. 174, l. 4; and Hsi-yu chi, vol. 2, ch. 54, p. 626, ll. 10–11.

  33. This quatrain, with minor textual variations, is attributed to Wei P’eng (12th century), in Ch’üan Sung shih, 23:15437, l. 16. It also occurs, in a version identical to that in the novel, in Chien-teng yü-hua, chüan 5, p. 294, l. 2, which is probably its proximate source.

  34. This quatrain, with insignificant textual variation, also occurs in Chien-teng yü-hua, chüan 5, p. 294, l. 6, which is probably its proximate source.

  35. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese literature. See, e.g., the prose preface to a poem by Li Ho (791–817), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 6, chüan 391, p. 4403, l. 4; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:819, l. 15; Chien-teng yü-hua, chüan 2, p. 200, l. 3; Yü-huan chi, scene 25, p. 90, l. 10; San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol.1, chüan 7, p. 336, l. 11; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol.
1, ch. 20, p. 290, l. 13; the long sixteenth-century literary tale Shuang-ch’ing pi-chi (A record of the two Ch’ing [Chang Cheng-ch’ing and Chang Shun-ch’ing]), in Kuo-se t’ien-hsiang, vol. 2, chüan 5, lower register, p. 27b, l. 1; the long sixteenth-century literary tale Hsün-fang ya-chi (Elegant vignettes of fragrant pursuits), in Kuo-se t’ien-hsiang, vol. 2, chüan 4, lower register, p. 54a, l. 13; Liu sheng mi Lien chi, chüan 3, p. 33b, l. 11; Hai-fu shan-t’ang tz’u-kao, chüan 1, p. 12, l. 12; Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 5, p. 21b, ll. 10–11; Yang-chia fu shih-tai chung-yung yen-i chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 25a, l. 3; Sui-T’ang liang-ch’ao shih-chuan, chüan 6, ch. 55, p. 29a, l. 2; Hai-ling i-shih, p. 62, ll. 6–7; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  36. This four-character expression occurs in K’ung Shu-fang shuang-yü shan-chui chuan, p. 66, l. 3.

  37. This four-character expression occurs in Tung Chieh-yüan Hsi-hsiang chi, chüan 6, p. 120, l. 8; Wu-wang fa Chou p’ing-hua, p. 6, l. 3; the early vernacular story Wu-chieh Ch’an-shih ssu Hung-lien chi (The Ch’an Master Wu-chieh defiles Hung-lien), in Ch’ing-p’ing shan-t’ang hua-pen, p. 139, l. 12; and San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, ch. 32, p. 417, l. 1.

  38. This four-character expression occurs in a poem by Tu Fu (712–70), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 4, chüan 218, p. 2298, l. 3; [Hsin-pien] Wu-tai shih p’ing-hua, p. 127, l. 5; a lyric by Li Fan (cs 1506), Ch’üan Ming tz’u, 2:578, upper register, l. 8; and Nan Sung chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 26b, l. 6.

  39. This four-character expression occurs in Shuang-chu chi, scene 17, p. 52, l. 5; Yü-chüeh chi, scene 14, p. 43, l. 3; and Ming-feng chi, scene 18, p. 78, l. 7. It also recurs in the Chin P’ing Mei tz’u-hua, vol. 5, ch. 100, p. 9a, l. 11.

  40. This four-character expression occurs in Hsüan-ho i-shih, p. 6, l. 2; and the anonymous Ming tsa-chü drama Yüeh I t’u Ch’i (Yüeh I attacks Ch’i), in Ku-pen Yüan Ming tsa-chü, vol. 2, scene 1, p. 3a, l. 10.

  41. This entire seven-syllable line occurs verbatim in Lien-huan chi, scene 18, p. 43, l. 9. The last four characters occur in Hsüan-ho i-shih, p. 6, l. 2; Ch’ang-an ch’eng ssu-ma t’ou-T’ang, scene 3, p. 14b, l. 5; Yüeh I t’u Ch’i, scene 1, p. 3a, l. 11; and Pao-chien chi, scene 47, p. 84, l. 23.

  42. This four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., a poem attributed to Lü Tung-pin (9th century), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 12, chüan 856, p. 9676, l. 6; Ta-T’ang San-tsang ch’ü-ching shih-hua, episode 16, p. 34, l. 4; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:656, l. 18; Yü-huan chi, scene 20, p. 77, l. 7; Ming-chu chi, scene 14, p. 39, l. 8; Lien-huan chi, scene 16, p. 39, l. 5; a song suite by K’ang Hai (1475–1541), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 1:1192, l. 11; the anonymous Ming tsa-chü drama Sung ta-chiang Yüeh Fei ching-chung (The perfect loyalty of the Sung general-in-chief Yüeh Fei), in Ku-pen Yüan-Ming tsa-chü, vol. 3, scene 1, p. 4b, l. 4; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 4, ch. 89, p. 1454, l. 4; Lieh-kuo chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 4, p. 65a, l. 3; Tung-t’ien hsüan-chi, scene 1, p. 5b, l. 11; Pai-chia kung-an, chüan 10, ch. 100, p. 21b, l. 13; San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, ch. 12, p. 146, l. 13; Yang-chia fu shih-tai chung-yung yen-i chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 4, p. 34b, l. 3; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 2, ch. 11, p. 25a, l. 7; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  43. This four-character expression occurs in San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 2, chüan 24, p. 1135, ll. 7–8; and Chu-fa chi, chüan 2, scene 27, p. 27a, l. 5.

  44. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Fu-mu en chung ching chiang-ching wen (Sutra lecture on the Sutra on the importance of parental kindness), dated 927, in Tun-huang pien-wen chi, 2:677, l. 13; a lyric by Ma Yü (1123–83), Ch’üan Chin Yüan tz’u, 1:289, upper register, l. 14; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 1:383, l. 6; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 1:48, l. 14; a song suite by Cheng Kuang-tsu (fl. early 14th century), Ch’üan Yüan san-ch’ü, 1:465, l. 4; a song suite by Kao Shih (14th century), ibid., 2:1024, l. 7; P’i-p’a chi, scene 24, p. 140, l. 4; Chao-shih ku-erh chi, chüan 1, scene 22, p. 43a, l. 5; Chin-yin chi, chüan 2, scene 12, p. 4b, l. 4; Pai-t’u chi, scene 22, p. 63, l. 1; Huang-chi chin-tan chiu-lien cheng-hsin kuei-chen huan-hsiang pao-chüan, 8:230, l. 3; Chiang Shih yüeh-li chi, chüan 2, scene 25, p. 23a, l. 3; a set of songs written by Li K’ai-hsien (1502–68) in 1531, Li K’ai-hsien chi, 3:912, l. 16; an anonymous set of songs in Feng-yüeh chin-nang [chien-chiao], p. 156, l. 3; Pao-chien chi, scene 48, p. 85, ll. 24–25; a song suite by Ts’ao Ta-chang (1521–75), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 2:2297, l. 9; Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 41, p. 477, l. 10; Han Hsiang-tzu chiu-tu Wen-kung sheng-hsien chi, chüan 2, scene 22, p. 13b, l. 7; Mu-lien chiu-mu ch’üan-shan hsi-wen, chüan 1, p. 44b, l. 4; Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 2, p. 31b, l. 12; Pa-i chi, scene 28, p. 59, l. 7; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  45. This four-character expression occurs in Wu-wang fa Chou p’ing-hua, p. 7, l. 6.

  46. This four-character expression occurs in an anonymous set of songs published in 1471, Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 4:4532, l. 2.

  47. The proximate source of this passage of parallel prose, with some textual variation, is Hsiao fu-jen chin-ch’ien tseng nien-shao, p. 228, l. 11.

  48. This four-character expression occurs in Hou-Han shu, vol. 6, chüan 47, p. 1587, l. 9; and Hsiao-p’in chi, p. 3, ll. 12–13.

  49. The locus classicus for this four-character expression is a passage in the Tso-chuan under 506 B.C. See Legge, The Chun Ts’ew with the Tso Chuen, p. 752, l. 12. It also occurs in a statement said to have been made in 142 by Chang Kang (109–144), Hou-Han shu, vol. 7, chüan 56, p. 1817, l. 12; a quatrain by Li Kou (1009–59), Ch’üan Sung shih, 7:4339, l. 13; a poem by Chou Tzu-chih (12th century), ibid., 26:17087, l. 9; Chien-teng hsin-hua, chüan 3, p. 81, l. 13; and Lieh-kuo chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 6, p. 21b, l. 13.

  50. This four-character expression occurs together with the one before it in Chien-teng hsin-hua, chüan 3, p. 81, ll. 13–14. It occurs independently in Lieh-kuo chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 5, p. 43b, l. 11; and Ts’ao-lu chi, chüan 2, scene 26, p. 25a, l. 5.

  51. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., a song suite by Pu-hu-mu (d. 1300), Ch’üan Yüan san-ch’ü, 1:76, l. 7; a poem by Tai Piao-yüan (1244–1310), Yüan shih hsüan, ch’u-chi (An anthology of Yüan poetry, first collection), comp. Ku Ssu-li (1665–1722), 3 vols. (Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1987), 1:237, l. 7; [Chiao-ting] Yüan-k’an tsa-chü san-shih chung, p. 381, l. 11; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 1:7, l. 11; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 1:142, l. 8; Yu-kuei chi, scene 36, p. 105, l. 1; Yü-ch’iao hsien-hua, scene 4, p. 13a, l. 9; the Yüan-Ming hsi-wen drama Su Wu mu-yang chi (Su Wu herds sheep), in Ku-pen hsi-ch’ü ts’ung-k’an, ch’u-chi, item 20, chüan 1, scene 8, p. 17b, l. 6; Chin-yin chi, chüan 4, scene 34, p. 5a, l. 6; P’o-yao chi, chüan 2, scene 18, p. 5b, l. 5; Huang hsiao-tzu, chüan 2, scene 14, p. 3a, l. 10; a lyric by P’eng Hua (1432–96), Ch’üan Ming tz’u, 1:334, lower register, l. 11; Huang-chi chin-tan chiu-lien cheng-hsin kuei-chen huan-hsiang pao-chüan, 8:65, l. 4; Chiang Shih yüeh-li chi, chüan 1, scene 11, p. 19a, l. 1; San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, chüan 2, p. 94, l. 13; Yü-chüeh chi, scene 27, p. 83, l. 1; Ming-chu chi, scene 9, p. 26, l. 3; a set of songs by K’ang Hai (1475–1541), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 1:1172, l. 9; Yü-huan chi, scene 21, p. 80, l. 11; Ta-Sung chung-hsing yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 37a, l. 11; a lyric by Yang Shen (1488–1559), Ch’üan Ming tz’u, 2:823, upper register, l. 13; Hung-fu chi, scene 13, p. 24, l. 1; Hai-fu shan-t’ang tz’u-kao, chüan 1, p. 12, l. 8; Han Hsiang-tzu chiu-tu Wen-kung sheng-hsien chi, chüan 1, scene 3, p. 5a, l. 4; Huang-Ming k’ai-yün ying-wu chuan, chüan 1, p. 12a, l. 2; a set of songs by Hsüeh Lun-tao (c. 1531–c. 1600), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 3:2716, ll. 6–7; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 1, ch. 3, p. 34b,
ll. 4–5; Sui-T’ang liang-ch’ao shih-chuan, chüan 1, ch. 3, p. 17a, l. 1; and a host of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  52. This four-character expression occurs in a poem by Tu Fu (712–70), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 4, chüan 234, p. 2583, l. 7.

  53. This four-character expression occurs in a lyric by Chao Yen-tuan (1121–75), Ch’üan Sung tz’u, 3:1460, upper register, l. 3; Lien-huan chi, scene 16, p. 38, ll. 14–15; Chiang Shih yüeh-li chi, chüan 1, scene 11, p. 19a, l. 1; a set of songs written by Li K’ai-hsien (1502–68) in 1531, Li K’ai-hsien chi, 3:916, l. 10; Huang-Ming k’ai-yün ying-wu chuan, chüan 1, p. 12a, l. 2; Yang-chia fu shih-tai chung-yung yen-i chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 2, p. 7b, l. 8; and Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 2, chüan 6, ch. 47, p. 57a, ll. 8–9.

  54. This four-character expression occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:558, l. 15; Chin-yin chi, chüan 2, scene 18, p. 24a, l. 1; and a song suite by Wang P’an (d. 1530), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 1:1053, ll. 13–14.

  55. The proximate source of these fourteen lines of descriptive parallel prose, with some textual variation, is a passage in Yü-huan chi, scene 21, p. 81, ll. 1–3.

  56. This four-character expression occurs in Ta-Sung chung-hsing yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 19b, l. 1; T’ang-shu chih-chuan t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 4, p. 35b, ll. 6–7; and Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 3, chüan 5, p. 5a, l. 5.

  57. This four-character expression occurs in Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 3, ch. 62, p. 1057, l. 6.

  58. This four-character expression occurs in Pao-p’u tzu (The master who embraces simplicity), by Ko Hung (283–343), in Chu-tzu chi-ch’eng, vol. 8, wai-p’ien (outer chapters), ch. 14, p. 125, l. 21; a memorial submitted by Han Yü (768–824) in 820, Han Ch’ang-li wen-chi chiao-chu, chüan 8, p. 370, l. 5; the biography of Hsiao Kou (d. 887), Chiu T’ang shu, vol. 14, chüan 179, p. 4647, l. 7; and Han Hsiang-tzu chiu-tu Wen-kung sheng-hsien chi, chüan 2, scene 33, p. 32b, ll. 4–5.