Anatomies: A Cultural History of the Human Body

by Hugh Aldersey-Williams

  Sharp, Lesley A., Bodies, Commodities, and Biotechnologies (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).

  Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994).

  Shorter, Edward, A History of Women’s Bodies (London: Allen Lane, 1983).

  Stafford, Barbara Maria, Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).

  Sterne, Laurence, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (London: Penguin, 1997).

  Sweet, Matthew, Inventing the Victorians (London: Faber and Faber, 2001).

  Turner, Bryan S., The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory, 2nd edn (London: Sage, 1996).

  Vesalius, Andreas, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (San Francisco: Norman Publishing, 1998).

  Walters, Margaret, The Male Nude: A New Perspective (New York: Paddington Press, 1978).

  Warner, Marina, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985).

  Welton, Donn, ed., Body and Flesh: A Philosophical Reader (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998).

  Chapter References

  Introduction

  McCandless, David, Information Is Beautiful (London: Collins, 2010).

  Prologue: The Anatomy Lesson

  Broos, B., N. E. Middelkoop, P. Noble and J. Wadum, Rembrandt under the Scalpel (The Hague: Mauritshuis, 1998).

  de Vries, A. B., M. Tóth-Ubbens and W. Froentjes, Rembrandt in the Mauritshuis: An Interdisciplinary Study (Alphen aan de Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1978).

  Heckscher, W. S., Rembrandt’s Anatomy of Dr. Nicolaas Tulp: An Iconological Study (New York: New York University Press, 1958).

  Volkenandt, Claus, Rembrandt: Anatomie eines Bildes (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 2004).

  Mapping the Territory

  Burke, Edmund, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (London: Routledge, 2008).

  Carroll, Lewis, Alice in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1996).

  Cartwright, Lisa, ‘A Cultural Anatomy of the Visible Human Project’, in Paula Treichler, Lisa Cartwright and Constance Penley, eds., The Visible Woman: Imaging Technologies, Gender, and Science (New York: New York University Press, 1998), pp. 21–43.

  Epictetus, The Discourses, ed. and trans. W. A. Oldfather (London: Heinemann, 1926–8).

  Galton, Francis, ‘Pocket Registrator for Anthropological Purposes’, Nature, vol. 22 (1880), 478.

  Galton, Francis, The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa (London: Ward, Lock, 1889).

  Haldane, J. B. S., ‘On Being the Right Size’, Harper’s Magazine (March 1926).

  Jencks, Charles, Le Corbusier and the Tragic View of Architecture (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987).

  Le Corbusier, The Modulor (Basel: Birkhaüser, 2004).

  Leonardo da Vinci, The Notebooks, ed. Irma A. Richter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980).

  Spenser, Edmund, The Faerie Queene (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978).

  Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels (London: Penguin, 2001).

  Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture, trans. Ingrid D. Rowland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

  Waldby, Catherine, The Visible Human Project (London: Routledge, 2000).

  Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953/2001).

  Flesh

  Hillman, David, Shakespeare’s Entrails: Belief, Scepticism and the Interior of the Body (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).

  Johnson, Paul, Elizabeth I: A Study in Power and Intellect (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974).

  Kail, Aubrey C., The Medical Mind of Shakespeare (Sydney: MacLennan and Petty, 1986).

  Levi-Navarro, Elena, The Culture of Obesity in Early and Late Modernity: Body Image in Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton, and Skelton (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).

  Morris, Richard, Heinrich Hupe and Max Kaluza, eds., Cursor Mundi: A Northumbrian Poem of the XIVth Century (London: Oxford University Press, 1962).

  Pliny the Elder, Natural History: A Selection, ed. and trans. John F. Healy (London: Penguin, 2004).

  Swami, Viren, Maggie Gray and Adrian Furnham, ‘The Female Nude in Rubens: Disconfirmatory Evidence of the Waist-to-Hip Ratio Hypothesis of Female Attractiveness’, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, vol. 26 (2006–7), 139–47.

  Bones

  Bogin, Barry, The Growth of Humanity (New York: Wiley, 2001).

  Brecher, Ruth, and Edward M. Brecher, The Rays: A History of Radiology in the United States and Canada (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1969).

  Gordon, J. E., Structures, or Why Things Don’t Fall Down (London: Penguin, 1991).

  Mann, Thomas, The Magic Mountain, trans. H. T. Lowe-Porter (London: Secker and Warburg, 1946).

  McGrath, Roberta, Seeing Her Sex: Medical Archives and the Female Body (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).

  Paley, W., Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, 12th edn (London: J. Faulder, 1809).

  Shipman, Pat, Alan Walker and David Bichell, The Human Skeleton (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985).

  Stokes, Ian A. F., Mechanical Factors and the Skeleton (London: John Libbey, 1981).

  Carving Up the Territory

  Atlas, Michel C., ‘Ethics and Access to Teaching Materials in the Medical Library: The Case of the Pernkopf Atlas’, Bulletin of the Medical Libraries Association, vol. 89, no. 1 (2001), 51–8.

  Darwin, Charles, The Origin of Species (London: Penguin, 1985).

  Dodd, Philip, The Reverend Guppy’s Aquarium (London: Random House, 2007).

  Hayes, Bill, The Anatomist: A True Story of Gray’s Anatomy (New York: Ballantine, 2008).

  Hunter, John, The Natural History of the Human Teeth (London: J. Johnson, 1778).

  Hunter, William, The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus (Birmingham: John Baskerville, 1774).

  Knox, Robert, A Manual of Artistic Anatomy (London: H. Renshaw, 1852).

  Lawrence, Susan C., and Kate Bendixen, ‘His and Hers: Male and Female Anatomy in Anatomy Texts for US Medical Students’, Social Science and Medicine, vol. 35 (October 1992), 925–33.

  McCulloch, N. A., D. Russel and S. W. McDonald, ‘William Hunter’s Gravid Uterus: The Specimens and Plates’, Clinical Anatomy, vol. 15, no. 4 (2002), 253–62.

  O’Connell, Helen E., Kalavampara V. Sanjeevan and John M. Huston, ‘Anatomy of the Clitoris’, Journal of Urology, vol. 174 (2005), 1189–95.

  O’Malley, C. D., Andreas Vesalius of Brussels 1514–1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964).

  Pernkopf, Eduard, Atlas der topographischen und angewandten Anatomie des Menschen (Munich: Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1963); translated as Atlas of Topographical and Applied Human Anatomy, ed. Helmut Ferner, trans. Harry Monsen (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1963–4).

  Rae, Isobel, Knox the Anatomist (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1964).

  Richardson, Ruth, The Making of Mr Gray’s Anatomy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

  Shelton, Don, ‘The Emperor’s New Clothes’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 105 (2010), 46–50.

  Sque, Magi, and Sheila Payne, Organ and Tissue Donation: An Evidence Base for Practice (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2007).

  The Head

  Cooper, Wendy, Hair: Sex, Society, Symbolism (London: Aldus Books, 1971).

  Courtenay-Smith, Natasha, ‘Why I’ll Never Wear Hair Extensions Again, by Pop Star Jamelia’, Daily Mail (18 July 2008).

  de Beauvoir, Simone, Brigitte Bardot and the Lolita Syndrome (New York: Arno Press, 1972).

  Doddi, N. M., and R. Eccles, ‘The Role of Anthropometric Measurements in Nasal Surgery and Research: A Systematic Review’, Clinical Otolaryngology, vol. 35 (2010), 277–83.

  Gogol, Nikolai, Plays and Petersburg Tales, trans. Christopher English (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

  Kershaw, Alister, A History
of the Guillotine (London: J. Calder, 1958).

  Meijer, Miriam Claude, Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722–1789) (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999).

  Stora, Elie, Un Médecin au XVIIe Siècle: François Bernier (1620–1688) (Paris: Librarie Medicale Marcel Vigne, 1937).

  The Face

  Bruce, Vicki, and Andy Young, In the Eye of the Beholder: The Science of Face-Perception (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

  Bull, Ray, and Nichola Rumsey, The Social Psychology of Facial Appearance (New York: Springer Verlag, 1988).

  Davis, Natalie Zemon, The Return of Martin Guerre (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).

  Galton, Francis, [composite photographs], Galton Papers 158/2 (UCL Special Collections).

  Galton, Francis, ‘Generic Images’, Proceedings of the Royal Institution, vol. 9 (1879), 161–70.

  Galton, Francis, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (London: Macmillan, 1883).

  Galton, Francis, Memories of My Life (London: Methuen, 1908).

  Grann, David, ‘The Chameleon’, New Yorker (11 August 2008).

  Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge and P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978).

  Langlois, Judith, and Lori Roggman, ‘Attractive Faces Are Only Average’, Psychological Science, vol. 1 (1990), 115–21.

  Lavater, Johann Caspar, Essays on Physiognomy: For the Promotion of the Knowledge and the Love of Mankind, trans. Thomas Holcroft (London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1789).

  Roe, John O., ‘A Classic Reprint: The Deformity Termed “Pug-Nose” and Its Correction by a Simple Operation’, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, vol. 10 (1986), 89–91.

  Royal College of Surgeons, Facial Transplantation Working Party Report, 2nd edn (London: Royal College of Surgeons, 2006).

  The Brain

  Aldersey-Williams, Hugh, ‘Sharpest Look Yet inside the Body’, Popular Science (June 1988).

  Anderson, Britt, and Thomas Harvey, ‘Alterations in Cortical Thickness and Neuronal Density in the Frontal Cortex of Albert Einstein’, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 210 (1996), 161–4.

  Combe, George, ‘On the Cerebral Development and Moral and Intellectual Character of Raphael Sanzio d’Urbino’, Phrenological Journal and Magazine of Moral Science, vol. 19 (1846), 42–55.

  Diamond, Marian C., Arnold B. Scheibel, Greer M. Murphy Jr and Thomas Harvey, ‘On the Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein’, Experimental Neurology, vol. 88 (1985) 198–204.

  Gall, Franz Joseph, On the Functions of the Brain and of Each of Its Parts (Boston: Marsh, Capen and Lyon, 1835).

  Greene, Joshua D., Leigh E. Nystrom, Andrew D. Engell, John M. Darley and Jonathan D. Cohen, ‘The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment’, Neuron, vol. 44 (2004), 389–400.

  Hare, Todd A., Colin F. Camerer and Antonio Rangel, ‘Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System’, Science, vol. 324 (2009), 646–8.

  Highfield, Roger, and Paul Carter, The Private Lives of Albert Einstein (London: Faber and Faber, 1993).

  Kevles, Bettyann Holtzmann, Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997).

  Limb, C. J., and A. R. Braun, ‘Neural Substrates of Spontaneous Musical Performance: An fMRI Study of Jazz Improvisation’, PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 2 (2008), e1679.

  ‘London Lyrics’, New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, vol. 5 (1823), 428.

  Mitchell, Jason P., C. Neil Macrae and Mahzarin R. Banaji, ‘Dissociable Medial Prefrontal Contributions to Judgments of Similar and Dissimilar Others’, Neuron, vol. 50 (2006), 655–63.

  ‘On the Heads and Intellectual Qualities of Sir Isaac Newton and Lord Bacon’, Phrenological Journal and Magazine of Moral Science, vol. 18 (1845), 153–6.

  Penfield, Wilder, and Theodore Rasmussen, The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function (New York: Macmillan, 1950).

  Reeve, Henry, journal of travels, 1805–6 (unpublished: Wellcome Library MS.5430).

  Schott, G. D., ‘Penfield’s Homunculus: A Note on Cerebral Cartography’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, vol. 56 (1993), 329–33.

  Simpson, James, ‘Observations on Some Recent Objections to Phrenology, Founded on a Part of the Cerebral Development of Voltaire’, Phrenological Journal and Miscellany, vol. 3 (1825), 564–78.

  Tomlinson, Stephen, Head Masters: Phrenology, Secular Education, and Nineteenth-Century Social Thought (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2005).

  Walton, Mark E., Joseph T. Devlin and Matthew F. S. Rushworth, ‘Interactions between Decision Making and Performance Monitoring within Prefrontal Cortex’, Nature Neuroscience, vol. 7 (2004), 1259–65.

  Wells, Samuel R., The Illustrated Annual of Phrenology and Physiognomy (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1869).

  Witelson, Sandra F., Debra L. Kigar and Thomas Harvey, ‘The Exceptional Brain of Albert Einstein’, Lancet, vol. 353 (1999), 2149–53.

  The Heart

  Alberti, Fay Bound, Matters of the Heart: History, Medicine and Emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

  Armour, J. Andrew, ‘The Little Brain on the Heart’, Cleveland Clinical Journal of Medicine, vol. 74 (2007), S48–S51.

  Caplan, Arthur L., If I Were a Rich Man Could I Buy a Pancreas? (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).

  Erickson, Robert A., The Language of the Heart, 1600–1750 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997).

  Fox, Renée C., and Judith P. Swazey, Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

  Kresh, J. Yasha, and J. Andrew Armour, ‘The Heart as a Self-Regulating System: Integration of Homeodynamic Mechanisms’, Technology and Health Care, vol. 5 (1997), 159–69.

  Nabokov, Vladimir, Bend Sinister (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960).

  Peto, James, ed., The Heart (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).

  Siegel, Jason T., and Eusebio M. Alvaro, eds., Understanding Organ Donation (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).

  Thompson, D’Arcy, On Growth and Form (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

  Titmuss, Richard M., The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970).

  Vinken, Pierre, The Shape of the Heart (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000).

  Young, Louisa, The Book of the Heart (London: HarperCollins, 2002).

  Blood

  Arikha, Noga, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours (New York: Ecco, 2007).

  Behrmann, Jason, and Vardit Ravitsky, ‘Do Canadian Researchers Have “Blood on their Hands”?’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 183 (2011), 1112.

  Harvey, William, Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Frankfurt: Sumptibus Guilielmi Fitzeri, 1628).

  NHS Blood and Transplant, Strategic Plan 2011–14 (Watford: NHSBT, 2011).

  Piliavin, Jane Allyn, and Peter L. Callero, Giving Blood: The Development of an Altruistic Identity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).

  The Ear

  Bronkhurst, Hans, Vincent van Gogh (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1990).

  Carlyle, Thomas, History of Friedrich II of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great (London: Chapman and Hall, 1858–65).

  Cohen, Ben, ‘A Tale of Two Ears’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 96, no. 6 (June 2003), 305–6.

  Hughes, Robert, Nothing If Not Critical (London: Collins Harvill, 1990).

  Kaufmann, Hans, and Rita Wildegans, Van Goghs Ohr: Paul Gauguin und der Pakt des Schweigens (Berlin: Osborg, 2008).

  Pirsig, Wolfgang, ‘The Auricle in Visual Art’, Facial Plastic Surgery, vol. 20, no. 4 (2004), 251–66.

  Pirsig, Wolfgang, and Jacques Willemots, eds., Ear, Nose and Throat in Culture (Oostende: G. Schmidt, 2001).

  Walpole, Horace, Anecdotes of Painting in England (London: J. D
odsley, 1782).

  Weber, Bruce, ‘J. Paul Getty III Dies; Had Ear Cut Off by Captors’, New York Times (7 February 2011).

  The Eye