Fields of Blood

by Karen Armstrong

  Rogers, Paul. “The Global War on Terror and Its Impact on the Conduct of War.” In George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare. London, 2006.

  Romier, Lucien. “A Dissident Nobility Under the Cloak of Religion.” In J. H. H. Salmon, ed., The French Wars of Religion: How Important Were Religious Factors? Lexington, MA, 1967.

  Ropp, Theodore. War in the Modern World. Durham, NC, 1959.

  Rose, Jacqueline. “Deadly Embrace.” London Review of Books 26, no. 21 (November 4, 2004).

  Rosenak, Michael. “Jewish Fundamentalism in Israeli Education.” In Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family and Education. Chicago and London, 1993.

  Roth, Norman. Conversos, Inquisition and the Expulsion of Jews from Spain. Madison, WI, 1995.

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Political Writings. Ed. C. E. Vaughan. Cambridge, UK, 1915.

  ———. Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. D’Alembert on the Theatre. Trans. Alan Bloom. Ithaca, NY, 1960.

  ———. The Social Contract. Trans. Willmoore Kendall. South Bend, IN, 1954.

  ———. The Social Contract and Discourses. Trans. and ed. G. D. H. Cole. Rev. J. H. Brumfitt and John C. Hall. London, 1973.

  ———. The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings. Ed. Victor Gourevitch. Cambridge, UK, 1997.

  Routledge, Bruce. Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology. Philadelphia, 2004.

  ———. “The Politics of Mesha: Segmented Identities and State Formation in Iron Age Moab.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43 (2000).

  Rufinus. The Church History of Rufinus of Aquileia. Trans. Philip R. Amidon. Oxford, 1997.

  Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. London, 1965.

  Ruthven, Malise. A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America. London, 2003.

  Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein. “Activist Shi’ism in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon.” In Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Observed. Chicago and London, 1991.

  ———. “Ali Shariati: Ideologue of the Iranian Revolution.” In John L. Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam. New York and Oxford, 1980.

  Sadat, Anwar. Revolt on the Nile. New York, 1957.

  Sageman, Marc. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. Philadelphia, 2008.

  ———. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, 2004.

  Saggs, H. W. F. “Assyrian Warfare in the Sargonid Period.” Iraq 25 (1963).

  ———. The Might That Was Assyria. London, 1984.

  Sagi, Avi. “The Punishment of Amalek in Jewish Tradition: Coping with the Moral Problem.” Harvard Theological Review 87, no. 3 (1994).

  Salmon, J. H. M. Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century. New York, 1975.

  ———, ed. The French Wars of Religion: How Important Were Religious Factors? Lexington, MA, 1967.

  Sanders, N. K., trans. and ed. Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia. London, 1971.

  Savarkar, Vinayak Damdas. Hindutva. Bombay, 1969.

  Sawyer, R. D., ed. The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Boulder, CO, 1993.

  Sayers, Dorothy L., trans. The Song of Roland. Harmondsworth, UK, 1957.

  Sayyid, Bobby. A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism. London, 1997.

  Schafer, Boyd C. Nationalism: Myth and Reality. New York, 1952.

  Schauwecker, Franz. The Fiery Way. London and Toronto, 1921.

  Schein, Seth, L. The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s Iliad. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1984.

  Schilling, Heinz. “War and Peace at the Emergence of Modernity: Europe Between State Belligerence, Religious Wars and the Desire for Peace in 1648.” In Klaus Bussman and Heinz Schilling, eds., War and Peace in Europe. 3 vols. Münster, 1998.

  Schneider, Tammi J. An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion. Grand Rapids, MI, and Cambridge UK, 2011.

  Schniedewind, William M. How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel. Cambridge, UK, 2004.

  Schorske, Carl E. German Social Democracy, 1905 — 1917 : The Development of the Great Schism. Cambridge, MA, 1955.

  Schumpeter, Joseph A. Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays. New York, 1955.

  Schwartz, Benjamin I. The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge, MA, 1985.

  Schwartz, Regina. The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism. Chicago, 1997.

  Secher, Reynauld. La Génocide franco-français: La Vendée-vengee. Paris, 1986.

  Segev, Tom. The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust. Trans. Haim Watzman. New York, 1991.

  Segal, Alan F. Paul the Convert: The Apostolate and Apostasy of Saul the Pharisee. New Haven, CT, and London, 1990.

  Selengut, Charles. Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence. Walnut Creek, CA, 2003.

  Sells, Michael A. The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1996.

  Sen, Amartya. Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny. London, 2007.

  Shea, William M., and Peter A. Huff, eds. Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Traditions and Modern Religious Thought. New York, 1995.

  Shehad, Anthony. Legacy of the Prophet: Despots, Democrats and the New Politics of Islam. Boulder, CO, 2011.

  Shennon, J. H. The Origins of the Modern European State. London, 1974.

  Sherwin-White, A. N. Roman Law and Roman Society in the New Testament. Oxford, 1963.

  Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran. London, 1985.

  Sigal, P. A. “Et les marcheurs de Dieu prierent leurs armes.” L’Histoire 47 (1982).

  Sivan, Emmanuel. “The Crusades Described by Modern Arab Historiography.” Asian and African Studies 8 (1972).

  ———. “Genèse de contre-croisade: Un traité damasquin de début du XIIe siècle.” Journal Asiatique 254 (1966).

  ———. L’Islam et la Croisade. Paris, 1968.

  Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK, 1978.

  Slim, Hugo. “Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity and Enmity in War.” International Affairs 79, no. 3 (2003).

  Slingerland, Edward, trans. Confucius: Analects, with Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Indianapolis and Cambridge, UK, 2003.

  Smith, Brian K. Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual, and Religion. Oxford and New York, 1989.

  Smith, Howard D. Chinese Religions. London, 1968.

  Smith, Huston. The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions. San Francisco, 1991.

  Smith, John. John Smith: Works. Ed. Edwin Arber and A. C. Bradley. Edinburgh, 1910.

  Smith, John D., ed. and trans. The Mahabharata: An Abridged Translation. London, 2009.

  Smith, Jonathan Z. Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown. Chicago and London, 1982.

  ———. Map Is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions. Chicago and London, 1978.

  Smith, Mark S. The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel. New York and London, 1990.

  ———. The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. New York and London, 2001.

  Smith, William Cantwell. Belief in History. Charlottesville, VA, 1985.

  ———. Faith and Belief. Princeton, NJ, 1987.

  ———. Islam in Modern History. Princeton, NJ, and London, 1957.

  ———. The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind. New York, 1962.

  ———. What Is Scripture?: A Comparative Approach. London, 1993.

  Sontag, Susan. “What Have We Done?” Guardian, May 24, 2005.

  Southern, R. W. The Making of the Middle Ages. London, 1967.

  ———. Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages. Harmondsworth, UK, 1970.

  ———. Western Views
of Islam in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, MA, 1962.

  Sozomen. The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen. Trans. Chester D. Harnaft. Grand Rapids, MI, 1989.

  Spear, Percival. India. Ann Arbor, MI, 1961.

  Sperling, S. David. “Joshua 24 Re-examined.” Hebrew Union College Annual 58 (1987).

  ———. The Original Torah: The Political Intent of the Bible’s Writers. New York and London, 1998.

  Spierenberg, Peter. The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Pre-Industrial Metropolis to the European Experience. Cambridge, UK, 1984.

  Sprinzak, Ehud. The Ascendance of Israel’s Radical Right. New York, 1991.

  ———. “Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel.” In Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies and Militance. Chicago and London, 1993.

  Srivasta, Sushil. “The Ayodhya Controversy: A Third Dimension.” Probe India, January 1998.

  Stannard, David. American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. New York and Oxford, 1992.

  Ste. Croix, G. E. M. de. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?” In Michael Whitby and Joseph Street, eds., Martyrdom and Orthodoxy. New York, 1987.

  Steiner, George. In Bluebeard’s Castle: Some Notes Towards the Redefinition of Culture. New Haven, CT, 1971.

  Stevans, G. W. With Kitchener to Khartoum. London, 1898.

  Stout, Henry S. “Rhetoric and Reality in the Early Republic; the Case of the Federalist Clergy.” In Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980 s. Oxford and New York, 1980.

  Strayer, Joseph R. “Feudalism in Western Europe.” In Rushton Coulborn ed., Feudalism in History. Hamden, CT, 1965.

  ———. Medieval Statecraft and the Perspectives of History. Princeton, NJ, 1971.

  ———. On the Medieval Origin of the Modern State. Princeton, NJ, 1970.

  Strozier, Charles B., David M. Terman, and James W. Jones, eds. The Fundamentalist Mindset. Oxford, 2010.

  Stuart, Henry S., and Charles Reagan Wolfson, eds. Religion and the American Civil War. New York, 1998.

  Sullivan, Andrew. “This Is a Religious War.” New York Times Magazine, October 7, 2001.

  Sun Tzu. The Art of War: Complete Texts and Commentaries. Trans. Thomas Cleary. Boston and London, 1988.

  Szasz, Ferenc. The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880 — 1930. University, AL, 1982.

  Tabari, Azar. “The Role of the Shii Clergy in Modern Iranian Politics.” In Nikki R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution. New Haven, CT, and London, 1983.

  Tacitus, Cornelius. Agricola, Gemania, Dialogus. Trans. M. Hutton and W. Peterson. Cambridge, MA, 1989.

  Taheri, Amir. The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution. London, 1985.

  Thapar, Romila. Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Oxford, 1961.

  ———. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002.

  Theissen, Gerd. The First Followers of Jesus: A Sociological Analysis of the Earliest Christianity. Trans. John Bowden. London, 1978.

  ———. The Miracle Stories: Early Christian Tradition. Philadelphia, 1982.

  ———. The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth. Ed. and trans. John H. Schutz. Eugene, OR, 2004.

  Thompson, James Westfall. Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages. New York, 1928.

  ———. The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: Huguenots, Catherine de Medici, Philip II. 2nd ed. New York, 1957.

  Tibi, Bassam. The Crisis of Political Islam: A Pre-Industrial Culture in the Scientific-Technological Age. Salt Lake City, 1988.

  Tierny, Brian. The Crisis of Church and State, 1050 — 1300. Toronto, 1988.

  Tilly, Charles, ed. The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, NJ, 1975.

  Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Ed. and trans. Harvey Claflin Mansfield and Delba Winthrop. Chicago, 2000.

  ———. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. 2 vols. Ed. and trans. François Furet and Françoise Melonio. Chicago, 1988.

  Tracy, James D. Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance and Domestic Politics. Cambridge, UK, 2002.

  ———, ed. Luther and the Modern State in Germany. Kirbville, MO, 1986.

  Tu Wei-ming. Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation. Albany, NY, 1985.

  Tuck, Richard. The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant. Oxford, 1999.

  Tyerman, Christopher J. England and the Crusades, 1095 — 1588. Chicago, 1988.

  ———. “Sed nihil fecit? The Last Captians and the Recovery of the Holy Land.” In J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt, eds., War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. D. Prestwich. Woodbridge, UK, and Totowa, NJ, 1980.

  Ur Rehman, Rafiq. “Please Tell Me, Mr President, Why a US Drone Assassinated My Mother.” Guardian, October 25, 2013.

  Ussishkin, David. “King Solomon’s Palaces.” Biblical Archaeologist 36 (1973).

  Van Buitenen, J. A. B, ed. and trans. The Mahabharata. 3 vols. Chicago and London, 1973, 1975, 1978.

  Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. Boston, 1973.

  Vernant, Jean-Pierre. Myth and Society in Ancient Greece. Trans. Janet Lloyd. 3rd ed. New York, 1996.

  Vogts, Alfred. A History of Militarism, Civilian and Military. Rev. ed. New York, 1959.

  Voll, John O. “Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan.” In Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds. Fundamentalisms Observed. Chicago and London, 1991.

  Vries, Hent de, ed. Religion Beyond a Concept. New York, 2008.

  Wait, Gaston, ed. and trans. Nicholas Turc: Chronique d’Egypte, 1798 — 1804. Cairo, 1950.

  Waley, Arthur, trans. and ed. The Analects of Confucius. New York, 1992.

  Wallace, Anthony F. C. Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans. Cambridge, MA, 1999.

  Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Barbarian West: The Early Middle Ages, AD 400 — 1000. New York, 1962.

  ———. Early Medieval History. Oxford, 1975.

  ———. The Frankish Church. Oxford, 1983.

  Watson, B., ed. and trans. Han Fei Tzu: Basic Writings. New York, 1964.

  ———. Mo-Tzu: Basic Writings. New York, 1963.

  ———. Records of the Grand Historian of China. New York, 1961

  ———. Xunzi: Basic Writings. New York, 2003.

  Watt, W. Montgomery. The Influence of Islam in Medieval Europe. Edinburgh, 1972.

  ———. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford, 1953.

  ———. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford, 1956.

  ———. Muhammad’s Mecca: History in the Qur’an. Edinburgh, 1988.

  Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Trans. Talcott Parsons. New York, 1958.

  ———. The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. Trans. Hans H. Gerth. Glencoe, IL, 1949.

  ———. The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism. Trans. Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale. Glencoe, IL, 1958.

  ———. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Trans. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. New York, 1947.

  Wedgwood, C. W. The Thirty Years War. New Haven, CT, 1939.

  Weigley, Russell F. The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo. Bloomington, IN, 1991.

  Weinfeld, Moshe. Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School. Oxford, 1972.

  Welch, Claude E., Jr. Political Modernization. Belmont, CA, 1967.

  Welch, Holmes. The Parting of the Way: Lao Tzu and the Taoist Movement. London, 1958.

  Wellman, James K., Jr., ed. Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence Across Time and Tradition. Lanham, MD, 2007.

  Wenke, K. J
. The Origins of Civilizations. Oxford, 1979.

  ———. Patterns of Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years. New York, 1961.

  Wensinck, Jan. Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane. 5 vols. Leiden, 1992.

  Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate. New York, 2000.

  ———, ed. Millennialism, Persecution and Violence: Historical Circumstances. Syracuse, NY, 1986.

  Whitaker, Jarrod L. Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence and the Body in Ancient India. Oxford, 2011.

  Whittaker, D. H., ed. The Terrorist Reader. London, 2001.

  Whitby, Michael, and Joseph Street, eds. Martyrdom and Orthodoxy. New York, 1987.

  Wickham, Lionel R. Hilary of Poitiers: Conflicts of Conscience and Law in the Fourth Century. Liverpool, 1997.

  Wilkinson, P. Terrorism Versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London, 2001.

  Williamson, H. G. M. “The Concept of Israel in Transition.” In E. E. Clements, ed., The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives. Cambridge, UK, 1989.

  Wilson, E. O. On Human Nature. Cambridge, MA, 1978.

  Wilson, John F. “Religion, Government and Power in the New American Nation.” In Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics, from the Colonial Period to the 1980 s. Oxford and New York, 1990.

  Wirt, Sherwood Eliot, ed. Spiritual Awakening: Classic Writings of the Eighteenth-Century Devotions to Inspire and Help the Twentieth-Century Reader. Tring, UK, 1988.

  Wittfogel, Karl A. Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven, CT, 1957.

  Witzel, Michael. “Vedas and Upanisads.” In Gavin Flood, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford, 2003.

  World Council of Churches. Violence, Nonviolence and the Struggle for Social Justice. Geneva, 1972.

  Wright, Lawrence. The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda’s Road to 9/11. New York, 2006.

  Wright, Louis B. Religion and Empire: The Alliance Between Piety and Commerce in the English Expansion, 1558 —1625. Chapel Hill, NC, 1943.

  Wright, Quincy. A Study of War. 2nd ed. Chicago, 1965.

  Wyatt, Don J. “Confucian Ethical Action and the Boundaries of Peace and War.” In Andre R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. Chichester, UK, 2011.