Russia
Page 53
Abkhazia, Abkhazians, 286, 317, 325
Abramovich, Roman, 304
Academy of Sciences, 8, 246, 280, 315
Adams, John Quincy, 197
Adashev, D.F. (adviser to Ivan IV), 91
Adlerfelt, Gustavus, 155
Adriatic, 270
Adyge, 94; see alsoCircassia
Afanasii, Metropolitan of Moscow, 103
Afghanistan: British interests in, 263; invasion of, 283; and Northern Alliance, 314; railway line to, 222; Russian interest in, 278-9, 317, 325, 326; as Soviet client, 261; support for Chechen rebels, 307; troop withdrawal from, 286
Afghans, 159
Africa, 215, 231, 269, 278
Akademgorodok, 280
Akhalkaaki, 204
Akht-mechet (Simferopol), 179
Alaska, 225, 226
Albania, 270, 277
Albasin fort, 132
Aleksandr, Grand Prince of Suzdal, 54
Aleksei II, Patriarch of Moscow, 297
Aleksei, St, Metropolitan of Moscow, 56-7, 59
Aleutians, 162
Alexander the Great, 17
Alexander I, 254
Alexander II, 212, 218
Alexander III, Emperor, 190, 191, 192,
194, 196
Alexander, King of Kakheti, 113
Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania (later King of Poland), 80, 81
Alexander Nevskii, Grand Prince of Vladimir, 45, 46, 49
Alexandrova, suburb of Kolomenskoe, 100, 101, 103
Alexis, Tsar, 135, 137, 152; campaign gns of, 141—5; death of, 146; and review of laws, 139—40; and taxation riots, 139;
treaty with the Cossacks, 140-1
Allende, Salvador, 278
Alma river, 210
Almaz Ivanov, 147, 148
American Civil War, (1861-5), 223
Ames, Aldrich, 284
Amin, Hafizullah, 279
Amu-Darya river, 217
Amur river, 225, 244, 245
Anadyr river, 132
Anapa, 205
Andaman Islands, 278
Andijan, 222
Andrei (brother of Ivan the Great), 79
Andrei (uncle of Vasilii II), 63
Andreyev, Mikhail, 159
Andropov, Yuri, 284-5, 314
Andrusovo, Treaty of (1667), 146
Angara river, 280
Angelos, 75
Angola, 278
Anna, Empress, 169, 171, 239
Anna (sister of Byzantine Emperor
Basil 11), 38
apanage system, 33, 41-2, 61-2, 65., 66-7, 69, 70, 79-80
Arabs, 27
Aral Sea, 173
Ararat, Mount, 199
Aras river, 204
Archangel, 97, 166, 235
Ardebil Library, 204
Argunsk fort, 132
Armenia, 112, 191, 219, 244, 325
Armenians, 181, 199, 286
army, 70, 151; and arms manufacture, 138; arsenals of, 171; in Chechnya, 308; cost of, 78-9, 188—9, 207; desertions from, 236-7; development of, 78; disasters/victories, 171, 255-60, 262; and dogs of war, 81; equipment, 91; increased capability of, 208; and lack of up-to-date technology/expertise, 136; losses in, 171; military ability, 326; military build-up, 225-6; and the musketeers, 90, 152; and need for efficient transportation, 223; and practice of pomestie, 73; professionalization of, 230; purging in, 252; rebellion in, 146-7; rewards given to, 168, 171; size of, 170-1; specialist troops in, 171; structure/operations of staff, 229-30; and terror tactics, 80, 81; training/modernizing of 136-8, 146; use of new technology, 87; as visible army of Christ, 91; see also Red Army; White Army
Ashkhabad, 222
Asia, 1, 159, 213, 222-3, 225, 231; see also
Central Asia; China; Far East; India
Asia Minor, 17, 27; see also Turkey
Askold the Viking, 24, 28, 29
Assembly of the Land (Zemskii sofor), 139-40
Astrakhan, 66, 92, 95, 96, no, in, 136, 137, 158
Astrakhan Cossacks, 203
Augustus, Emperor, 4
Austria, 76, 166, 170, 189, 208, 210, 218;
Austrian Empire, 220, 221, 222, 231, 238
Auteroche, Chappe d’, 177—8
Avars, 113
Aven, Petr (post-Soviet entrepreneur), 304
Azerbaydzhan, Azerbaydzhanis, 191, 244, 248, 263, 286, 310
Azeris, 286
Azov, 136, 145, 151-2, 157, 166, 170
Baddeley, J., 200
Baedeker, Karl, 16
Baghdad, 22, 30, 204
Baghdad Pact, 270
Bakh, Aleksei, 279
Bakhchiserai, 171
Bakshei (Tatar translator), 75
Baku, 188, 222, 223
Balkans, 277; effect of Great Depression on, 265; Habsburg war in, 166; mission to, 192-3; possible problems in, 189; Russian presence in, 1, 213, 221—3, 263, 320, 321, 324; Stone Age inhabitants of, 6; sympathetic to Russia, 157-8
Balkars, 256
Baltic, 1, 4, 15, 153, 274; acquisition of ports in, 157; administration of, 185-6; and the Crimean War, 210; German withdrawal from, 243; imperial rule in, 197; problems with, 154; Russian presence in, 80, 87, 152, 166, 168, 169, 198, 261; and the Second World War, 235; as testing ground for innovative policies, 271; Vikings in, 23
Baltic fleet, 209, 231
Baltic Germans, 164
Baits, 9, 25, 183
Bank for Economic Co-operation, 277
Bartholomew see Sergius the hermit
Basaev, Shamil (Chechen leader), 308,
313 Bashkiria, 96, no, 175-6
Bashkirs, 96, 159, 164, 174, 175-6, 216
Bashmakov, Dementy (head of Tsar’s private office), 148
Basil II, Emperor, 38
Basmanov, General Peter, 118, 119
Bathory, Stefan (King of Poland), 104
Batum, 222, 223
Baty Khan, 46, 97
Bay of Bengal, 278
Bay of Chesme, 172
Bay of Korea, 226
Beijing, 133, 270
Bekovich-Cherkasskii, Aleksandr, 158, 173
Belarus, 20, 154, 243, 297, 324, 325
Belgium, 224
Belgorod, no
Belgrade, 170, 204
Bell, James Stanislaus, 206
Belorussians, 10, 52, 164, 178
Belski, Boyar Prince Ivan, 89
Benes, President Eduard, 265
Berezina, 69
Berezovskii, Boris, 304, 309, 310, 314, 315, 3i6
Bering Strait, 131
Bering, Vitus, 162
Berlin: erection of Wall, 271; removal of Wall, 291
Beslan atrocity (2004), 317
Bessarabia, 190, 192, 196, 198, 219, 254
Bessarion, Cardinal, 71
Bezobrazov, Captain A.M., 233
Bielopolski, Marquis, 218
Birobijan, 245, 273
Biron (Bühren), G., 169
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 222
Black Earth, 15, 18, 130
Black Sea, 6, 22, 29, 44, 136, 151, 166, 168, 178, 179, 187, 188, 205, 210, 307, 310
Black Sea Fleet, 209, 210, 231
Blind Vasilii see Vasilii II
Bogoliubskii, Grand Prince Andrei, 44—5
Bogun, Colonel, 140-1
Bohemia, 72
Bolotnikov, Ivan (rebel), 121, 122
Bolsheviks (‘Reds’), 237, 238-9, 243
Bombay, 278
Bomel, Dr Elisei (physician to Ivan IV), 105
Boretski faction in Novgorod, 72
Boris (brother of Ivan the Great), 79
Boris (son of Vladimir), 39, 43, 112
Boris Godunov, Tsar, 320
Borodino, battle of (1812), 193
Bosnia, 221
Bosphorus, 263
Bourbons, 166
Brandt, Willy, 278
Brezhnev Doctrine, 278, 288-9
Brezhnev, Leonid, 275
Briansk, 70, 171
Britain: Admiralty, 172, 174; ala
rmed at Russian sea power, 188, 189; and the Baltic states, 264; British Empire, 263; financial loans, 224; as friend of Soviet Union, 265; naval expertise, 172; navy of, 171; and Persia, 223, 231; and Poland, 218; richness of, 157; and Second World War, 253; secret war against Russia, 205-8; and threat of Russian expansion into Asia, 203; and troops in Vladivostock, 244; Vikings in, 28
Briukhovetsky (hetman), 144
Brusilov, General, 240
Bucharest, 288, 292
Buddhism, 51, 145, 216
Bug river, 178, 181, 254, 262
Bukhara, 158, 173, 217, 222
Bulgaria, Bulgarians: and acceptance of reformed socialism, 293; as agricultural area, 276-7; and alignment with USA, 310; humanitarian aid for, 221; new state created, 222; as part of the Russian sphere, 263
Bunak, Dr V., 8
Buriats, 134, 209, 216, 272; Buriat-Mongols, 245
Burma, 269
Byzantine Empire, 1, 28, 179; and imperial court/idea, 40; influence on Russia, 34-40, 44; and introduction of laws, literacy and political philosophy, 39-40; markets, 23; missionizing legacy of, 80; and pronoia/pomestie system, 73; and Russian conversion/Christianization process, 27, 31, 35, 36-7, 38-40; trade with, 27, 30, 33, 36; see also Constantinople
Byzantium, 22, 319; see also Greece, Greeks
Cambodia, 269
Cantemir, Dmitrie, 157
Carpathian mountains, 9, 17
Casimir, King of Poland-Lithuania, 68, 72, 73, 77, 81
Caspian Sea, 1, 22, 23, 30, 44, 93, 112, 150, 160, 173, 200, 222, 307, 310, 314, 325
Castro, Fidel, 270
Catherine I, 162, 169
Catherine II (Catherine the Great), 150, 169, 177; and annexation of Crimea, 179-82; central administration of, 184; condition of Russia under, 178; enlightened principles of, 184-7; extension of Russian power under, 187-9; Greek Project, 179; and partition of Poland, 178-9, 182-4; regional policies, 184-7
Catholic Church/Papacy, 36, 59, 100, 127; and election of a Polish Pope, 284; extreme clericalism of, 266; frontierlands of, 183; Great Schism, 62, 86; missionizing campaign of, 308; relationship with Orthodox Church,
62, 64, 85, 86, 88
Catholics, 141; Polish, 66, 103, 183, 196, 218, 283-4; and Uniate Church of Ukraine, 113, 183
Caucasus, 151, 307, 325; conquest of, 190—1; continued presence in, 325; expansion into, I, 87, 92, 113, 320; federalist solution for, 198; importance of, 95; and the Kalmyks, 145; Khazars in, 27-8; Muslim tribesmen in, 94; people from, 15, 17, 25; Russian advance into, 187, 203; and Second World War, 257, 271; settlement of, 180; strongholds in, 112; terror tactics in, 199-200; trade with, 18, 44; uprisings in, 222; and the Vikings, 23; wild tribes of, 168, 197
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 277, 292
CENTO, 269
Central Asia, 176, 278, 307, 308, 314, 320, 325, 326; administration of, [97, 216, 217, 244; and Christianity, 216; close ties with Russia, 308, 317; economic backwardness of, 271—2; imperialist power in, 162, 172; and the Kalmyks, 145; people of, 25; railways in, 222-3; Russian expansion into, 1, 151, 158-60, 168; and Second World War, 238, 256; and the Tatars, 51; trade routes in, 22
Cetinje, 221
Chancellor, Richard, 91, 97
Charlemagne, 27
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 153, 154-5, 156
‘Charter 77’, 283
Charter of Nobility (1785), 186
Chechen Island, 200
Chechens, 94, 180, 191, 200-5, 207, 243, 245, 256, 259, 271, 304, 325, 326
Chechnya, 191, 273, 307-9, 310, 313
Cheka, 239-40; see also Federal Security Bureau; KGB; NKVD
Cheliabinsk, 251
Cheliadnia, Boyar F.M., 66
Cheremis (Maris), 25, 48, 69, 187, 216, 245
Chernenko, Konstantin, 284
Chernigov, 33, 42, 43, 46, 52, 70, 118, 144, 178
Chernobyl, 286, 287
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 304, 306, 308
Chiang Kai-shek, 267
Chile, 278
Chimkent, 216
China, 1, 51, 96, 132-3, 159, 209, 223, 225-6, 230, 261, 267, 270, 277-8, 278, 313, 314, 316, 317, 321, 326
Chinese Communist Party; 267
Chingiz Khan, 46
Christianity, 27; Byzantine Commonwealth of, 39; and eradication of pre-Christian beliefs, 21; introduction of, 34-7, 38-40
Chubais, Anatolii, 302, 309
Chuds, 25
Chuikov, General, 257
Chukchis, 134, 280
Chukhotka, 131, 176, 244
Churchill, Sir Winston, 253, 263; Iron Curtain speech (1946), 266
Chusovaia river, 96
Chuvash, 164, 187, 216
Cimmerians, 17, 18
Circassians, 93, 201, 205-7, 248
cities see towns/cities
Civic Forum, 292
Clausewitz, Karl Maria von, 194
climate: effect on social life, 116—17; and the environment, 6-7, 115-17; and global warming, 6, 19, 319; Ice Age, 5, 6, 16; influence on settlements, societies 15-17, 18; Little Ice Age, 115-17; and Russian temperament, 16-17
Clinton, Bill, 312
code of law (Russkaia pravda), 40
coinage, 22, 40, 73, 79, 106, 143-4
Cold War, 261, 266, 286
Collective Rapid Deployment Force, 326
College of Justice see Government Departments
colonizers, colonization, 2, 48, 214; of Crimea, 180-2; forest, 19-20; in great Perm region, 96-7; in Siberia, 176-7; see also explorers, exploration
COMECON, 276-7, 280, 294
Communism, Communists, 244, 261, 264, 273, 281, 288, 292, 309-10, 313
Communist Party, 243, 244, 267, 268, 270, 276, 279, 283, 286, 299
Congress of Berlin (1878), 222
Conrad of Mazovia, 77
Constantine, Grand Duke, 196, 218
Constantine I, Emperor, 34
Constantine (son of Catherine the Great), 179
Constantine (son of Vsevolod III), 45
Constantine VII, Emperor, 28, 33, 36
Constantinople, 25, 50, 73, 80, 222, 262;
Cathedral of St Sophia, 35, 51, 57;
changing fortunes of, 51; fall of, 68;
Constantinople (continued)
Mamas quarter, 30; Monastery of St George, 57-8; pilgrimages to 57-8; rise of, 27; sack of, 64; trade with, 30; Viking raid on, 28-9; see also Byzantine Empire; Byzantium; Istanbul
constitution: changes in, 305-6; as federal multinational socialist, 244-6; and idea of federalism, 198; and promise of democracy, 231—2; reform of, 197-9, 289
Convention of Berlin (1833), 208
Cossacks, 94-5, 97, 113, 118, 155, 170, 180, 209, 227, 259; discontentment amongst, 138-9; divisions and differences, 143-4; increased population of, 227; as intrepid explorers, 131-2; invasion of Poland, 140; loss of support for Tsar, 236; massacre by Kamchadales, 161; origins of, 78; and pride in loyal service, 185; protest against Polish influence/rule, 114; relationship with Russia, 93; and storming of Azov, 136; swear allegiance to the Tsar, 140-1; and war against Poland, 141
Council of Ferrara/Florence, 64, 66, 68, 71,85
Courland, Duke of, 156
Crimea, 18, 75, 79, 219, 244, 296;
annexation of, 178; campaigns in, 38, 147, 148, 151, 168, 171, 172; colonization programme for, 180-2; lines of communication to, 172; as Tatar khanate, 66; transfer to Russia, 180
Crimean Tatars, 99, 104, 143, 145, 187, 256, 271, 273
Crimean War (1853-6), 1, 207, 209-10, 222
Croatia, Croats, 9, 255, 294
Cuba, 261, 270, 271, 321
Cuban missile crisis (1961), 271
Cumans, 42
Cyprus, 315
Czartoryski family, 183
Czech Republic, 15
Czechoslovakia, 266, 267, 269, 275—6, 277, 283, 290, 292, 294
Czechs, 9, 220, 265
Czestochowa monastery, 142
Dacia, 179 Dadi-Yurt, 202
Dagestan, Dagestanis, 93, 136, 203, 207, 313
> Daniels, Alexander, 137
Danilovich, Grand Prince Iurii, 65 Danube river, 37, 168, 204, 210, 221, 262
Dardanelles, 263
Darghins, 94
Darius, King, 17
Dauria, 226
Davoust, Louis Nicholas, 193
Decembrist rising (1825), 196
Declaration of the Rights of Oppressed Nationalities (1918), 242
Defoe, Daniel, 150
Delhi, 269
democracy: clash with market economy, 305-6
demography see population
Denmark, 70, 98, 146, 148, 152-3, 169 Department of Foreign Affairs, 141, 179 Derbent, 93, 112, 160, 188
Derevlians (old settlers; tribal
confederation), 20, 31, 38 Desna river, 69 Dezhnev, Semeon (Cossack venturer), 131-2
Diamond Johnson (Almaz Ivanov), 147, 148
Diet at Helsingfors (Helsinki) (1863), 219
Dir the Viking, 24, 28, 29
Dmitrii of the Don, Grand Prince, 50, 54, 56-7, 60, 62, 69
Dmitrii (grandson of Ivan the Great), 83
Dmitrii the Pretender (no. 1), 117—21 Dmitrii the Pretender (no. 2), 121—3
Dmitrii Shemiaka, 64-5
Dmitrii (son of Ivan the Terrible), 109, 111-12, 114, 115, 121
Dmitrov, 44
Dnieper river, 15, 19, 28, 31, 43, 44, 171, 178, 184, 258, 262
Dnieprostroi, 251
Doctors’ Plot (1952), 268
Dolgorukii, Prince Iurii, 44, 45
Dolmatov, Vasilii, 84
domestic policy, administration, m; attitude towards immigrants, 180—2; and building of forts, 130-1, 132; central administration, 184; concern for welfare of subdued nations, 176-7; establishment of internal calm, 108-9; regional administration, 184-7; retrenchment of, 128; and state security, 109; and tax collection/exemption, 109, 130— 1; treatment of subjected peoples, 182-7
Don river, 19, 22, 95, 151, 258, 259
Donets river, no, 181
Doroshenko, Hetman, 144 du Croy, 153
Dubrovnik, 221
Duchy of Courland, 98
Dudaev, Djokar, 307, 309
duma (cabinet), 147, 148
Duma, 231, 232, 236
Dunning, Chester, 118, 120-1
Durnovo, Petr, 233—5
Dushanbe, 279
Dzerzhinskii, Felix, 239
Dzungara, 176
Dzurov, Dobri, 292
East Berlin, 291
East China Railway, 231
East Germany (German Democratic Republic), 268, 269, 288, 289, 290-1, 292, 311
East India Company, 174, 209
East Indies, 215
Eastern Europe, 265—7, 274-7
Eastern Question, 94, 157, 180
economy: aggressive taxation policy, 308; agrarian, 10—n, 13-14, 16-17; agricultural production, 272; black economy, 274; and capitalism, 228—9; and civil wars, 123; and clash with democracy, 305—6; collapse of, 297; collectivization programme, 248-50; consumer promises, 285—6; crisis in, 246-8; drainage systems, 229; Eastern European, 274-7; effect of climate on, 15-17, 123; expansion of, 225-6; financial mismanagement and crisis, 302-4, 310-12; Five Year Plan (1928), 251-2, 272; food shortages, 240-1; Gorbachev reforms, 285-6, 288; improvements in, 315, 322-3; industrial decline, 301-2, 308; industrial expansion, 250-1; and industrial revolution, 227—8; inefficiencies of, 299; inflationary, 289; market reforms, 303-4, 305, 306; New Economic Policy, 247-8; and the peasant problem, 231-2; and railways, 213-14; rebuilding of, 241-2; recovery of, 108, 129-30; reduction in inflation, 308; and rise of the oligarchs, 303—4, 306, 315-16; Seven Year Plan (1959), 270; shortages, 275; training and technology, 229; see also trade/commerce