Russia
Page 56
Semen (great-grandson of Ivan ‘Money-Bag’), 63
Semino, Dr O., 6
Serbia, Serbs, 9, 157, 204, 220, 221, 222,
313
Sergius of Radonezh, St, 50, 58-61, 64,
319
settlements, societies: and beginnings of
serfdom, 106; Bronze Age, 12; burial
practices, 11-12; cluster developments,
18-19; defensive, 110-11; defensive
and governmental, 110 ; distribution of,
52; effect of climate on, 5-6, 15-17,
18; ethnographic studies on, 8-9; food
preparation, 11; hill (gorodishche), 24;
hunter-gatherers, 7-8, 1 0 - n ; Iron
Age, 12-13; and language, 14-15;
patriarchal tendencies, 12; religious
beliefs, 12; and river trade, 24-5; and
serfdom, 129-30; Stone Age, 5, 6, 8,
9—10; swidden agriculture, 13—14;
Tnpolye type, 10; (un)conscious
adaptations, 8; Viking, 23, 24; sec also
economy
Sevastopol, 179, 206, 209, 210, 257
Seven Years War (1756-63), 168, 178
Severiane (tribal association), 22
Seymour, H.D, 209
Shahin Girey, Crimean Khan, 178
Shamyl (imam; Murid leader of
insurrection), 203, 207
Shanghai Forum, 326
Shaposhnikov, Marshal (Chief of Staff),
255
Shatalin, Stanislav, 294
Shchelkalov, Andrei and Vasilii, 109, 111
Shcherbatov, Prince Mikhail, 79
Shchigolev, Artemii, 144—5
Shevkal (shamkal of Tarku), 112
Shostakovich, Dmitrii, 198; Cheriomushki, 272
Shuiskii, Prince Andrei, 90
Shuiskii, Vasilii, Boyar, then Tatar see
Vasilii IV
Siberia, Siberians, 5, 66, 69, 166, 197, 244, 251, 256, 316; administration of, l22 160-1, 176-7; communications in, 223; conquest of, 97, 129, 132—3; difficulties of adjustment/absorption, 280; effect of climate on, 6; illness in, 176; introduction of law in, 198-9; mapping of, 133; mineral wealth of, 279-80; native peoples of, 134; population movements into, 130; railways in, 223-5; a n d religious conversion, 135; settlement programmes for, 130-1; strategic importance of, 133; strategic
significance of, 96, 110
Siberia Office, 132
Sigismund, King of Poland, 122, 123
Silk Road, 158
Silvestr (monk), 91
Simeon the Proud, Grand Prince 51
Sinkiang, 263
Sinope, 210
Sisak, Prince, 92
Six-Day War (1967), 278
Skrynnikov, Ruslan, 111
Skuratov (post-communist prosecutorgeneral), 312
Skyger, Lieut.-Col., 137
Slansky, Rudolf, 267
slaves, 23, 30, 33, 42, 93, 173, 200, 202
Slavonic Benevolent Committee, 221
Slavs, 6, 10, 15, 41, 197, 220
Slovakia, Slovaks, 265, 284
Slovenia, Slovenes, 20, 220, 294
Smolensk, 24, 33 52, 55, 62, 84, 110 ,123, 124, 128, 129, 136, 141, 144, 194
Sobieski, Jan, King of Poland, 147
Social Democrats, 237
‘Socialism in One Country’, 239
Sofia (daughter of Tsar Alexis; regent during minority of Ivan V and Peter I), 147, 148, 151
Sofia (city), 222
Sokhma river, 48
Sokolovskii, Marshal V.D., 257
Solari, Pietro Antonio, 82
Solomonia, Grand Princess, 85
Soloviev, Vladimir, 112
Solvychegodsk, 96, 124
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 283
South Vietnam, 278
South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 269
Soviet Academy of Science, 8
Soviet Union, 2, 320—1; 500-day regeneration plan for, 294—5; acquisition of territories, 261; apparent stability of, 283-4; Autonomous Provinces, 245; Autonomous Republics, 244-5; censorship, propaganda and public relations in, 150, 252; collapse of, 281, 324; collectivization programmes, 252-3, 268-9, 274-5; constitution for, 244-6; continuities with old regime, 238, 239; and demobilization, 264-5; demographic/economic changes 271—4; deportations in, 256, 271; and detente, 278-9; deteriorating standard of living in, 292; disastrous aftermath of collapse, 301-2; dissidents in, 283; easing of foreign and domestic attitudes, 268; and East-West relations, 286—7; economic problems in, 240—2; enlightened attitudes of, 245—6; events leading to collapse of, 282-6; as a Federation of National Republics, 242—6; final disintegration of, 298—300; and freedom for satellite countries, 290—6; Gorbachev reforms in, 284—8; increasing influence of, 270-1; introduction of democratic practices, 287; judicious use of repression/concession, 269; labour camps in, 253; management of, 271—2; military disasters/victories, 255-60; mineral wealth of, 285; nationalist sentiments in, 273-4; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 254, 261, 292; New Economic Policy, 242, 246; new security agency in, 239—40; nuclear weapons in, 269, 277-8; political coup in, 296-8; and political/constitutional reform, 289; and post-war territorial divisions, 262-3; presence/influence in Eastern Europe, 265—7, 274-7; prestige/world influence, 261—2, 280—1; reasons for collapse, 298-300; and removal of conservative elements, 290; science/technology in, 279—80; social/economic crisis in, 246-8; space missions, 269, 270; succession of disasters in, 286—8; trade agreements, 269; trials, executions and purges in, 252, 267; urban/industrial building projects, 250—2; uskorenie, glasnost and perestroika in, 285, 287, 288; war casualties, 264; Western attempts to curtail, 269; withdrawal of troops and non-interference policies, 288—9
Spafarius (Romanian in Tsar’s service), 148
Spain, 6, 171
Speranskii, Mikhail, 198
Spiridonov, Admiral, 172
Sprengtporten, Colonel G.M., 192
Stakhanov (a miner), 250
Stalin, Joseph, 246, 261, 271, 273, 321; adherence to post-war agreements, 264; character of, 252—3; Communist ideology, 264; death of, 267; and Georgian independence, 244; and issue of Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of Russia, 242; and management of war, 255, 257, 258; patriotic speech by, 247—8; and the ‘percentage agreement’, 263; popularity of, 268; and Nazi-Soviet pact, 254; and war against Japan, 264
Stalingrad, 110; battle of, 257—60; see also
Tsaritsyn
Star Wars, 286, 298
Stefan, abbot, 59
Stephen of Novgorod, 50, 57—8
Stiglitz, J., 311
Stolypin, Petr, Premier, 231-2, 272
Strabo, 17
Strategic Arms Limitation, 277
Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’), 282
Strobel, Lieut.-Col. van, 137
Stroganov, Grigorii, 96—7, 110 , 173
Stroganov venture, 130
Sungir archaeological site, 5
Sunzha, 180
Suvurov, Generalissimo Aleksandr, 179
Suzdal, 44, 46, 52
Sviatopolk (son of Iziaslav), 42
Sviatoslav the resentful, 27
Sviatoslav (son of laroslav), 41, 42
Sviatoslav (son of Olga/Helen), 37-8
Svoboda, Colonel (later President of Czechoslovakia), 262
Sweden, 1, 4, 49, 55, 79, 98, 108, 122, 142, 143, 146, 188; war with, 152—6, 168
Syr-Darya river, 160, 173, 209
Tabriz, 204
Taiwan, 326
Tajikistan, 278, 325
Tajiks, 217
Taliban, 308
Tallin, 104
Talyanky, 10, 18
Taman (Tmutorakhan), 41
Tamara, Queen of Georgia, 44
Tamerlane the Great, 63
Tannenberg, 234
Tara, 110
Tashkent, 160, 173, 209, 216, 222
Tatars, 46-7, 48, 52, 70, 78, 96, 140, 146, 158, 164, 176, 187, 199, 216, 245, 248, 319; alliance with Ivan the
Great, 79; arrival of, 46—7; attacks on Moscow, 62-3, 66; baskak (officials), 49; defeats of, 57, 92; exploitation of Russian assets by, 49—50; imposition of power by, 49; relationship with princes, 49—50, 53—5; religious toleration of, 51; uprising against, 54; see also Mongols
Tatary, 273
Tavasarans, 94
Tbilisi, 191, 205, 223, 292, 325
Tehran (1943), 262
Temriuk (Kabardinian prince), 93
Terek Cossacks, 203, 243
Terek river, 93, 94, 191, 203, 257
Terka, 93, 112
Teutonic Knights, 49
Theodora, Empress, 34
‘Third Rome’, myth of the, 1, 85
Third World, 261, 280
Thirteen Years War, 138
Tibet, 145, 188, 326
Tien Shan mountains, 222
Tiflis see Tbilisi
Tilsit, 190, 254
Time of Troubles (era of confusion concluding Muscovite period), 108-27, 129, 144, 323
Tiumen, no
Tiutchev EL, 215
Tobolsk, no
Tokhtamysh (Tatar leader), 60
Tomsk, 280
Toropets, 69
Torzhok, 72
Totleben, General Ye. I., 210 towns/cities: additions, 44; changing relative importance of, 51—3; development of, 20-1, 23-4; expansion of, 44, 110 ; movement away from, 58; as tribal headquarters and agricultural centres, 24
Trabzon, 263 trade/commerce, 11, 12—13, 93, 178; with Baghdad, 30; with Byzantine Empire, 30 33. 36; Caspian monopoly, 204; Cold War agreements, 269; early, 18; effect of rail network on, 224—5; with the English at Kholmogorii, 97-8; England-Russia route, 173-4; expansion into eastern Caucasus, in—12; in Great Perm region, 96-7; helpful policies for, 109, 110; improvements in, 315; Jewish, 181; limited, 130; oil, 297, 307, 324, 325; Orenburg project, 173, 174-6; and removal of Khazar control, 37; resumption of, 108; with Siberia, 110 133; Viking-Russian collaboration, 22, 23, 24-5, 27-8; with the Vikings, 24-5; worldwide, 128; see also economy
Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 209
Trakhaniot brothers (migrants from
Byzantium; advisers to government), 75, 82-3
Trakhaniot, lurii, 70, 75, 77
Trans-Siberian Railway, 222, 223-5
Transbaikalia, 225, 226
Transcaucasia, 219, 244, 273, 314
transportation, 210—11, 212; see also railways
Transylvania, 276
Trauernich, Lieut.-Col., 137
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917), 238
Treaty of Edirne, 204
Treaty of Horodlo (1413), 66
Treaty of Jassy (1792), 180
Treaty of Rapallo (1922), 241
Trepov, A.F (premier), 236
tribes, 20—1, 24, 94, 245; see also named tribes
Trinity Monastery (Volga), 109
Trubetskoi, Prince Dmitrii, 124, 125, 126
Truman, President Harry, 266
Tsaritsyn, 22, 110; see also Stalingrad
Tsiolkovskii, Konstantin, 245-6
Tsitsianov, General Pavel, 191-2
Tsivilsk, 110
Tukhachevskii, Marshal Mikhail, 240, 253, 255, 259
Tula, 122, 138, 152, 194
Tungus, 134, 176, 209
Tupolev, Andrei, 279
Turkestan, 217
Turkey, 166, 204, 221, 238, 263, 310
Turkics, 46, 319
Turkish War, First (1768-74), 179
Turkmenistan, Turkmens, 174, 216, 310, 325
Turks, 46, 95, 112, 146, 157, 160, 170,
178, 193, 204, 235, 319
Tushino, 122
Tver, 49, 53, 54-5, 56, 65, 69, 72, 73-4
Tzimisces, Emperor John, 37, 38
Udmurts, 245
Ufa, 96, 110, 145
Uglich, 111
Ugra river, 69
Ukraine, 1, 80, 129, 142, 297, 324; chaos in, 243; Council of Officers, 184; nationalism in, 244; Diet of Nobility, 184; discontent in, 138-9; Peter I’s distrust of, 162-3; early settlements in, 10, 11, 14, 17; ethnic minorities in, 245; independence of, 298; integrationist policies in, 219; nationalism in, 292; problems in, 143-4; railway connections, 213-14; Russification policy in, 184—5; as Soviet Republic, 243-4; tribes in, 20
Ukraine Office, 148
Ukrainians, 6, 10, 52, 164, 178, 183, 248, 259
Ukraintsev, Emelian, 148
Ulbncht, Walter, 268
Ulug-Mehmet, 64
UNESCO, 265
Uniate Church, 113, 274
Union of Lublin (1569), 103
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics see Soviet Union
United Arab Republic (UAR), 270
United States of America, 265, 280; and 9/11, 317; and the Cold War, 266; competition with Soviet Union, 278; and containment of Russia, 321; and expansion of NATO, 307; expansion of power, 215, 225, 226; on good terms with Soviet Union, 270—1; as imperial power, 320; and nuclear power, 269, 277; as superpower, 326; support for Putin, 317; and troops in Vladivostock, 244
Ural river, 159, 173
Urals, 1, 15, 18, 44, 96, 110 , 138, 145, 176, 187, 216, 256
Urquhart, David, 205-6
Ustiug, 148
Uzbek Khan, 54
Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, 217, 294, 325
Vaga river, 48
Valona, 270
Vasilevskii, Marshal A.M., 257
Vasilievskaia, 84
Vasilii I, 62-3
Vasilii II (Vasilii the Blind), 62, 63-7, 69
Vasilii III, 83-6, 89
Vasilii IV (Vasilii Shuiskii), 89, 114, 119, 121-3, 124
Vasilii Kosoi, 63, 64
Vatican, 315; see also Catholic Church/Papacy/Popes
Vatutin, General, N.F., 257, 262
Venice, 70, 71
Verkhoturia, 110
Vernadsky, George, 219
Viacheslav (son of laroslav), 41
Viatichi, 20
Viatka, 69
Viazma, 80
Viborg, 156
Vienna, 76
Vikings, 2, 4, 22, 48; and building of first Russian state, 27-8; co-operation with Russians, 22, 23, 24-5, 27-8; contact with Constantinople, 26; early settlements, 23, 24; intelligence system, 24; intermarriages, 31—2; as traders and plunderers, 23, 24
Vilna, 142
Vinius, Andrew, 138
Vishnevetsky, Dmitry, 95
Viskovatii, Ivan Mikhailovich, 104
Vistula river, 178, 262
Vitebsk, 144
Vitovt of Lithuania, Grand Duke, 63
Vitte, Sergei, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231
Vladimir, Grand Prince (grandson of Olga/Helen), 37, 38-9, 40
Vladimir Monomakh, 42-3, 87
Vladimir (city), 5, 44, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53,
Vladimir the sainted slave trader, 27
Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of, 52, 53, 61, 319-20; see also Muscovy, Grand Principality of
Vladivostock, 225, 244
Vlasov, Major-General A., 259
Voguls (Mansi), 69, 96, 273
Volga Bulgars, 37
Volga Germans, 245, 256, 271
Volga region, 12, 44, 121, 172, 216;
Russification policy in, 186—7
Volga river, 27, 37, 45, 48, 95, 109, 110, 125, 151, 158, 182
Volga-Oka region, 130
Volhynia, 44
Volkhov river, 24
Vologda, 124
Volpe, Gianbattista della, 75
Voltaire, 150
Volynskii, Artamon, 159
Voronezh, 110 , 152, 257
Vorontsov, M.S., 207, 289
Voroshilov, Marshal K., 257
Votiaks, 69, 187, 216
Vsevold III (‘Big Nest’), 45
Vsevold Rostislavich, Prince, 45
Vsevolod (son of laroslav), 40, 41, 42, 43
Vsevolodovich, Prince Mikhail of Kiev, 46
Vyluzgin, Eleazar, 111
Vyshnevetski, Adam, 118
Wallachia, 192, 276
Wal
lhausen, Johann von: The Art of Infantry Warfare, 136—7
Warsaw, 196, 213-14, 284
Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), 276, 288
Washington, 278, 286-7, 303, 305, 311, 313
Waterloo, battle of (1815), 195
weather see climate
Wenden, 104
Wesenberg, 98
West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), 278, 290
Western Dvina river, 142
Western Powers, 264, 279
White army (anti-Bolsheviks), 238, 240, 242, 243, 244; see also army; Red Army
White Cowl, Legend of, 68, 85
White Horde, 97
White Sea, 69, 97, 251
Wilmanstrand, 171
Wladyslaw, Prince, 122, 123, 126
World Bank, 312
Yaik Cossacks, 158
Yakutia, 244, 273
Yakuts, 134, 199, 216, 272
Yakutsk, 131, 251
Year of Revolutions (1848), 208
Yedigei, Tatar Khan, 62, 63
Yelets, 110
Yeltsin, Boris, 289-90, 294-8, 302, 322, 323; constitutional changes, 305-6; economic mismanagement of, 302-4, 310—12; health of, 309; re-election of, 309—10; resignation of, 313; support for, 306, 312-13
Yenisei river, 131, 280
Yerevan, 191, 199, 204
Yermak (Cossack leader in service of the Stroganovs), 97, 110
Yermolov, General A.P., 199-200
Yngvar the Viking, 32-3
Yugits, 134
Yugoslav Communist Party, 267
Yugoslavia, Yugoslavs, 263, 265, 294, 298, 313
Yukagirs, 132, 176
Yukos (oil company), 316
Zagorsk, 60, 64; Trinity St Sergius
Monastery, 124
Zakaev, Akmed, 316
Zaporozhian Cossacks, 95, 122
Zaporozhian Sech, 143, 144, 155, 163, 181, 184
Zarutskii, Hetman Ivan, 124, 126
Zhukov, Marshal Georgi, 253, 255, 257, 258, 269
Ziuganov, Gennadi, 309-10
Zoe/Sofia Paleologue (wife of Ivan IV), 70-1, 82-3
Zolkiewski (Polish commander), 123
Zosimus, Metropolitan, 82
Zubov, Platon, 188
Zvenigorod, 63