Heroes_Saviors, Traitors, and Supermen_A History of Hero Worship
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“his usual sickness”: Christian Meier, Caesar, translated by David McLintock (London, 1996).
“Madam …the wings”: Geoffrey Madan, Notebooks (Oxford, 1984).
“You chose life”: quoted in Bernard Knox, The Heroic Temper (Cambridge, 1964).
“Many men”: Sallust, The War with Catiline, translated by J. C. Rolfe (London, 1965), ch. 2.
“They shall not”: Laurence Binyon, For the Fallen (1914–1918).
“Being dead …”: quoted in Peter Parker, The Old Lie (London, 1987).
ACHILLES
Yes, says the beast: Homer, The Iliad, translated by Robert Fagles, introduction by Bernard Knox (London, 1990), 19.483–498.
“dank moldering horrors”: Ibid., 20.78–79.
“Like the generations”: Ibid., 6.171.
“Let that man”: Ibid., 1.164.
“so you can learn”: Ibid., 1.219.
“because he rules”: Ibid., 1.329.
“hands like Ares’”: Katherine Callen King, Achilles: Paradigms of the War Hero from Homer to the Middle Ages (Berkeley and London, 1987).
“You are nothing”: Iliad, 1.213.
“the same honour”: Ibid., 9.386.
“I say my honour”: Ibid., 9.741.
“the famous deeds”: Ibid., 9.228.
“hungry as wolves”: Ibid., 16.187.
“sudden, plunging death”: Ibid., 16.333.
“Twelve of their finest”: Ibid., 18.265.
“The man who is incapable”: Aristotle, I, ii, 1253.
figure from a nightmare: Iliad, 20.554–569.
“form a wall”: Ibid., 21.674.
“the bloody grind”: Ibid., 1.210.
“whose purpose is”: Sigmund Freud, “Civilisation and Its Discontents,” in Civilisation, Society, and Religion, translated by James Strachey (Harmondsworth, 1987).
“Come friend”: Iliad, 21.119–126.
“The salt grey sunless ocean”: Ibid., 16.39.
“Don’t talk to me”: Ibid., 22.309–310.
“that hindrance”: Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, translated by Michael Grant (Harmondsworth, 1996).
“Die, die!”: Iliad, 22.429.
“You are the best”: Ibid., 23.988.
“cut the knot”: Ibid., 18.585.
“disease of mean-spirited”: Plato, The Republic, translated by Robin Waterfield (Oxford, 1993).
“To be seen of all”: Sallust, ch. 7.
“Any man will accept”: Iliad, 9.772.
Curtius: St. Augustine, The City of God, V.xviii.
“You’d think me”: Ibid., 21.527.
“winging down”: Ibid., 16.1003 and 22.427.
“a man’s life’s breath”: Ibid., 9.495–497.
“Oh my captains”: Ibid., 11.975.
“The dogs before my doors”: Ibid., 22.77–89.
“There is nothing”: Iliad, 17.515.
“You can all turn”: Ibid., 7.113.
“Ah my friend”: Ibid., 12.374–381.
“like some boy”: Ibid., 21.319–369.
“windy praise”: Augustine, 5.8.
“Even in death”: Homer, The Odyssey, translated by Robert Fagles, introduction by Bernard Knox (London, 1996), 24.101.
“journey-book”: Robin Lane-Fox, Alexander the Great (Harmondsworth, 1986).
“For that lyre”: Ibid.
“You are mistaken”: Plato, The Last Days of Socrates, translated by Hugh Tredinnick and Harold Tarrant (Harmondsworth, 1993).
“I am not going”: Ibid.
“‘Let me die’ ”: Ibid.
“Nothing can harm”: Ibid.
“Become who you are!”: Hollingdale.
ALCIBIADES
“That night”: Xenophon, A History of My Times, translated by Rex Warner (Harmondsworth, 1979), 2.2.3.
“began to show”: Ibid., 2.3.15.
“in the midst”: Plutarch, The Rise and Fall of Athens, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (Harmondsworth, 1960), “Alcibiades,” ch. 38.
“The people thought”: Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 7.
“noble lie”: Plato, Republic, 414b.
“No one ever”: Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 1.
the fertile soil: Plutarch, The Rise and Fall of Athens, “Nicias,” ch. 9.
“The splendour”: Quoted in Donald Kagan, The Fall of the Athenian Empire (Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1987).
“we need say”: Plutarch, “Alcibiades,” ch. 1.
“surrounded and pursued”: Ibid., ch. 4.
“heroic choice”: Plato, Symposium.
two great loves… : Plato, Gorgias.
“was such that”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 24.
“some of the athletes”: Isocrates, De Bigis, 32.
“You appear to me”: Plato, “Alcibiades,” I, 4.
“Love of distinction”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 6.
“but yet, so soon”: Nepos, Alcibiades, 1.
“I am really quite scared”: Plato, Symposium.
“and not a soul”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 8.
“You are doing well”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 16.
“No sooner”: Plutarch, “Nicias,” ch. 9.
“His enthusiasm”: Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 15.
“beware of [Alcibiades]”: Ibid., 6.12.
who urged Pericles: Diodorus Siculus, 12.38.
“in time of war”: Ibid., 12.39.
“The fact was”: Plutarch, “Alcibiades,” ch. 16.
“with the highest hopes”: Nepos, op. cit., 3.
“Victory shines”: Euripides, Odes.
“The people of”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 12.
“as if they were”: Andocides, Against Alcibiades, 29.
“There was a time”: Thucydides, 6.16.
“This much is clear”: Aristotle.
“thought it a sight”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 16.
“Men of sense”: Andocides, op. cit.
“dazzled the imagination”: Plutarch, “Nicias,” ch. 12.
“My view is”: Thucydides, 6.18.
“by a long way”: Ibid., 6.31.
“its astonishing daring”: Ibid.
“Neither then”: Ibid., 6.60.
staged a mock murder: Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1981).
“All the soldiers”: Plutarch, “Alcibiades,” ch. 19.
“people whose brilliance”: Thucydides, 6.16.
as ill proportioned: Aristotle.
“They employ this measure”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 13.
“The people were ready”: Plutarch, “Nicias,” ch. 6.
“Let me seize”: Homer, Iliad, 18.144.
“to fill the mouths”: Plato, “Alcibiades,” I, 4.
“might very easily”: Plutarch, “Alcibiades,” ch. 21.
“I will show them”: Ibid., ch. 22.
“It was this”: Ibid., ch. 23.
It has been argued I. F. Stone, The Trial of Socrates (London, 1988), passim.
“They would be armed”: Plutarch, “Lycurgus,” ch. 28.
“The Spartans are”: Pausanias, quoted in Robert Calasso, The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony (London, 1993).
“They did not understand”: Aristotle.
“neither the time”: Plutarch, op. cit.
“When the Spartans”: quoted in Calasso.
“a system which is”: Thucydides, 6.89.
“In time of war”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 22.
“who says one thing”: Homer, Iliad, 9.378, and Odyssey, 14.182.
“thievery”: Homer, Odyssey, 19.449.
“one special gift”: Plutarch, “Alcibiades,” ch. 23.
“possessed in a higher degree”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 10.
“The generals who”: Thucydides, 6.91.
“One can only”: Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition.
“that he had not done”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 23.
“He said he would easily”: Thucydides, 8.12.
“The most powerful”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 24.
“who was naturally”: Ibid.
“became his adviser”: Thucydides, 8.45.
“Let the Hellenes”: Ibid., 8.46.
“gave this advice”: Ibid., 8.47.
“thought that this”: Ibid., 8.1.
“we must bring”: Ibid., 8.53.
“and put everything”: Ibid., 8.82.
“a very exaggerated idea”: Ibid., 8.81.
“there was not a man”: Ibid., 8.82.
“There was not another”: Ibid., 8.86.
“the soldiers who”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 29.
“Thrasybulus accomplished”: Nepos, Thrasybulus, 1.
“the Spartans turned”: Xenophon, op. cit., 1.1.6.
“with a great deal”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 31.
“He had thought”: Ibid., ch. 27.
“as though he were”: Ibid., ch. 32.
“all men thronged”: Diodorus Siculus, 13.68.
“for they reflected”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 32.
“practically all men”: Diodorus Siculus, 12.68.
“it had been another”: Nepos, Alcibiades, 7.
“in solemn order”: Plutarch, op. cit.
“rid them of those”: Ibid.
“We do not know”: Ibid., ch. 35.
“If ever a man”: Ibid.
“He had entrusted”: Ibid., ch. 36.
“in drunkenness and lust”: Nepos, op. cit., 11.
“that if they were defeated”: Diodorus Siculus, 13.105.4.
“We are in command”: Xenophon, op. cit., 2.126.
“he so captivated”: Nepos, op. cit., 9.
“none of the arrangements”: Ibid., 10.
“Although in a public”: Thucydides, 6.15.
“the entrails of lions”: Quoted in King.
“were convinced”: Nepos, op. cit., 6.
“Most people became frightened”: Thucydides, 6.15.
CATO
“Cato was not so much”: Peter Smithers, The Life of Joseph Addison (Oxford, 1954).
“Solus, sitting in a”: Joseph Addison, The Works, vol. 4 (London, 1804).
“fierce heart”: Horace, Odes 3.3.
“the prince of”: Quoted in Robert J. Goar, The Legend of Cato Uticensis from the First Century BC to the Fifth Century AD (Brussels, 1987).
“which could neither”: Ibid.
“And what man”: Ibid.
as immovable as a rock: Knox.
“those marvellously incomprehensible”: Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, translated by R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth, 1990), ch. 200.
“alone outweighs”: Cicero, Ad Atticus 2.5.
“I crawl”: Michel de Montaigne, The Essays of Michel de Montaigne, translated by M. A. Screech (London, 1991).
“in whose sight”: Ibid.
“the more clearly”: Plutarch, “Cato,” ch. 8.
“were hostile to Cato”: Ibid., ch. 45.
“Pompey admired him”: Ibid., ch. 14.
“unbending, dogmatical fool”: Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, translated by William Purdie Dickson (London, 1901), bk. 5, ch. 5.
“I do not know”: Seneca, Letters from a Stoic, translated by Robin Campbell (Harmondsworth, 1977), “De Providentia,” 2.9–12.
nine thousand Orosius, quoted in H. H. Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC-68 AD (London, 1959).
“effeminacy and luxury”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 9.
“never embraced”: Ibid., ch. 139.
“and devoted himself”: Ibid., ch. 4.
“as though to honour”: Ibid., ch. 14.
“one of the strangest”: Meier, and L. R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (Berkeley, Calif., 1949).
“read the law”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 16.
“instead of modesty”: Sallust, ch. 3.
“they levelled mountains”: Ibid., ch. 13.
“you should be seeking”: Diodorus Siculus, 12.38.
“All men hated them”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 17.
“‘This is not’”: Ibid., ch. 19.
“stimulating his associates”: Cicero quoted in Anthony Everitt, Cicero: A Turbulent Life (London, 2001).
“any politician who seeks”: Plato, Republic, 8–9.
“as if he were living”: Cicero, Pro Murena, 29.61.
“troops of criminals”: Sallust, ch. 14.
“You, who have always”: Ibid., ch. 52.
“hideous and fearsome”: Ibid., ch. 55.
“For a long time”: Ibid., ch. 53.
“that while he lived”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 26.
“great dejection”: Ibid., ch. 25.
“What a bold man …”: Ibid., ch. 27.
“They urged one another”: Ibid., ch. 27.
“that his followers”: Ibid., ch. 29.
“Tell Pompey that Cato”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 30.
“always ready”: Mommsen, op. cit., bk. 5.
“with downcast looks”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 33.
“I prefer to be”: Dio Cassius, 28.3.
“Let him deny”: Quoted in King.
“that they themselves”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 33.
“the blood that streamed”: Quoted in Everitt.
“a colossal bore”: Ibid.
“For this reason”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 36.
“District by district”: Quoted in Fergus Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1998).
“The Tiber was full”: Quoted in Everitt, op. cit.
“and that when he began”: Ibid., ch. 43.
“What pleasure is there”: Quoted in Everitt.
“indeed a most horrifying”: Plutarch, “Pompey,” ch. 52.
“pedantically stiff”: Mommsen, op. cit., bk. 5.
“stood alone”: Seneca, “De Constantia,” 2.
“He fared as fruits”: Plutarch,“Comparison of Cato and Phocion,” ch. 3.
“all Rome clamoured”: Lucan, Pharsalia, translated by Robert Graves (London, 1961).
“Every day the Forum”: Plutarch, “Cato,” ch. 47.
“The city was left with”: Plutarch, “Caesar,” ch. 28.
“any government”: Plutarch, “Cato,” ch. 47.
“I would rather have noise”: Nietzsche, Zarathustra.
“it is a much more splendid”: Quoted in Taylor.
“was weeping”: Plutarch, Cato, ch. 54.
“the unflinching steadiness”: Seneca, Epistles, 95.
“The majority”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 60.
“and could not carry”: Ibid., ch. 64.
“broke in with vehemence”: Ibid., ch. 67.
“the happiest men”: Lucan.
“cast away”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 69.
“He drew forth”: Seneca, “De Providentia,” 2.
“No man of that day”: Dio Cassius, 37.57.
“even if Cato”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 32.
“torn out his tongue”: Millar.
“O Cato, I begrudge”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 72.
“All the world”: Seneca, “De Providentia.”
“Why didst thou not”: Plutarch, op. cit., ch. 3.