Heroes_Saviors, Traitors, and Supermen_A History of Hero Worship

by Lucy Hughes-Hallett

  “It was more”: Hibbert.

  “What a noble”: Ridley.

  “un-charlatan-like”: Hibbert.

  “The people of England”: Ridley.

  “He came”: Hibbert.

  “Honest, disinterested”: Ridley.

  “half-ashamed”: Ibid.

  “My friend”: Ibid.

  “because I am not”: Ibid.

  “It is not with flowers”: Dumas, Autobiography.

  “simple nobility”: Hibbert.

  “Garibaldi has all”: Ridley.

  “Your visit was”: Hibbert.

  “mercilessly to sweep”: Ridley.

  “days of shame”: Garibaldi, Autobiography, vol. 2.

  “All whose brilliance”: Thucydides, 6.16.

  “Of course it would be”: Ridley.

  “It was a different”: Zamoyski.

  ODYSSEUS

  “a landmark”: Homer, Odyssey, 24.90.

  “burnt-out wraiths” … “breathless dead”: Ibid., 11.540–558.

  “Garibaldi, last”: Adam Zamoyski, Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries, 1776–1871 (London, 1999).

  “the most violent”: Homer, Iliad, 1.172.

  Euripedes … Catallus: King.

  “so vain and silly …”: Coleman.

  “Really”: Oscar Wilde, An Ideal Husband, act 2.

  In Vienna: Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by Joyce Crick (Oxford, 1999).

  “A Titan”: Noyes.

  Quintus of Smyrna: King.

  “dirt and miserable”: Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

  “to whom nothing”: Hollingdale.

  “Mankind in the”: Ibid.

  “I teach that”: Ibid.

  “For the sake”: Ibid.

  “It is a crime”: Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography, translated by A. Werner (London, 1889), vol. 2.

  “the desire”: Günter Berghaus, Futurism and Politics (Oxford, 1996).

  “So let them come”: Federico Tomaso Marinetti, Selected Writings, edited by R. W. Flint (London, 1972).

  “the world’s”: Ibid.

  “One has renounced”: Hollingdale.

  “The command passes”: Michael A. Ledeen, The First Duce: D’Annunzio at Fiume (London, 1977).

  “If it is considered”: Gabriele D’Annunzio, Prose did Ricerca, di Lotta e di Commando (Milan, 1947–50).

  “Proscribe them”: Woodhouse.

  “There is nothing”: Ibid.

  “set out, drunk”: D’Annunzio.

  “Liberty itself”: Zamoyski.

  “You are not”: Hibbert.

  “the greatest man”: Mack Smith.

  “Words have their own”: Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley (London, 2000).

  “The men who excite”: Rebecca West, Survivors in Mexico (London, 2003).

  “the fame, nobility…”: Clissold.

  “Let us lock”: Paul Preston, Franco (London, 1993).

  “The very stones”: Brendon.

  “Cid of the twentieth”: Preston.

  “following in the”: S. F. A. Coles, Franco of Spain (London, 1955).

  “all the mystery”: Preston.

  “a Caudillo is”: Ibid.

  “mystic union”: Pidal.

  “God granted us”: Preston.

  “aims embody the will”: Meier.

  “And in the hour”: Negus.

  “a wild marauder”: Langer.

  “Germany’s search”: Watson.

  “We Germans”: H. Picker (ed.), Hitlers Tisch Gespräche (Stuttgart, 1976).

  “Wallenstein, first”: Wedgwood.

  “Like him we Germans”: Picker.

  “Everything includes itself”: Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, 1.3.

  “Better to live”: Mack Smith.

  “Francis Drake”: Ridley.

  “Mussolini is”: Foot.

  “was a defence”: Carlyle.

  “Life is sweet”: Emerson.

  “Don’t you believe”: Sophocles, Philoctetes, translated by E. F. Watling (Harmondsworth, 1969).

  “I am what”: Ibid.

  “Each one of us”: Ibid.

  “the pains”: Homer, Odyssey, 12.200.

  “a singular mixture”: Baudelaire.

  “Now I die”: Nietszche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

  “Joy wants”: Ibid.

  “It is all the most”: Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing (London, 1999).

  “are going into”: Hew Strachan, The First World War, vol. I (Oxford, 2001).

  “I have in this”: Ibid.

  “Living through war”: Peter Parker, The Old Lie (London, 1987).

  “The war of 1914”: Strachan.

  “Nietzsche is”: Ibid.

  “drink life to”: Tennyson, Ulysses.

  “yes and then”: James Joyce, Ulysses (London, 1997).

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Works referred to at several points in this book are listed in the section to which they are most relevant. For classical texts not listed here I have used the Loeb Classical Library edition.

  PROLOGUE

  Aristotle. The Politics, translated by T. A. Sinclair, revised by Trevor J. Saunders (Harmondsworth, 1986).

  Carlyle, Thomas. On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History, introduction by Michael Goldberg (Oxford, 1993).

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo. English Traits, Representative Men and Other Essays (London, 1908).

  Hollingdale, R. J. Nietzsche (London, 1973).

  Knox, Bernard. The Heroic Temper (Cambridge, 1964).

  Madan, Geoffrey. Notebooks (Oxford, 1984).

  Sprawson Charles. “Et in Arcadia: a Defence of Sparta,” in The London Magazine, October 1987 (London, 1987).

  Strachey, Lytton. Eminent Victorians (Harmondsworth, 1975).

  ACHILLES

  Freud, Sigmund. “Civilisation and Its Discontents” in Civilisation, Society and Religion, translated by James Strachey (Harmondsworth, 1987).

  Homer, The Iliad, translated by Robert Fagles, introduction by Bernard Knox (London, 1990).

  ———. The Odyssey, translated by Robert Fagles, introduction by Bernard Knox (London, 1996).

  King, Katherine Callen. Achilles, Paradigms of the War Hero from Homer to the Middle Ages (Berkeley and London, 1987).

  Lane Fox, Robin. Alexander the Great (Harmondsworth, 1986).

  Logue, Christopher. The Husbands (London, 1994).

  ———. Kings (London, 1991).

  ———. War Music (London, 1981).

  Nagy, Gregory. The Best of the Achaeans (John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1980).

  ———. Pindar’s Homer (Baltimore and London, 1990).

  ALCIBIADES

  Calasso, Roberto. The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony (London, 1993).

  Davidson, James. Courtesans and Fishcakes (London, 1998).

  Green, Peter. Achilles, His Armour (London, 1955).

  Kagan, Donald. The Fall of the Athenian Empire (Ithaca and London, 1987).

  ———. The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1981).

  Pindar. The Odes, translated by John Sandys (London, 1968).

  Plato. The Last Days of Socrates, translated by Hugh Tredinnick and Harold Tarrant (Harmondsworth, 1993).

  ———. The Republic, translated by Robin Waterfield (Oxford, 1993).

  ———. The Symposium, translated by Walter Hamilton (Harmondsworth, 1985).

  Plutarch. Lives, translated by Bernadotte Perrin (London, 1919).

  ———. The Rise and Fall of Athens, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (Harmondsworth, 1960).

  Stone, I. F. The Trial of Socrates (London, 1988).

  Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Rex Warner (Harmondsworth, 1972).

  Xenophon. A History of My Times, translated by Rex Warner (Harmondsworth, 1979).

  CATO

  Addison, Joseph. The Works, vol. 4 (London, 1804).

  Appian. Roma
n History: The Civil Wars, translated by Horace White (London and New York, 1913).

  Everitt, Anthony. Cicero: A Turbulent Life (London, 2001).

  Gelzer, Matthias. Caesar, Politician and Statesman, translated by Peter Needham (Oxford, 1968).

  Goar, Robert J. The Legend of Cato Uticensis from the First Century BC to the Fifth Century AD (Brussels, 1987).

  Lintott, Andrew. Violence in Republican Rome (Oxford, 1968).

  Lucan. Pharsalia, translated by Robert Graves (London 1961).

  Meier, Christian. Caesar, translated by David McLintock (London, 1996)

  Millar, Fergus. The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, 1998).

  Mommsen, Theodor. The History of Rome, translated by William Purdie Dickson (London, 1901).

  Montaigne, Michel de. The Essays of Michel de Montaigne, translated by M. A. Screech (London, 1991).

  Morris, Ivan. The Nobility of Failure (Harmondsworth, 1980).

  Oman, Charles. Seven Roman Statesmen of the Later Republic (London, 1902).

  Plass, Paul. The Game of Death in Ancient Rome (University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1995).

  Plutarch. Fall of the Roman Republic, translated by Rex Warner (Harmondsworth, 1972).

  ———. Makers of Rome, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (Harmondsworth, 1965).

  Rist, J. M. Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969).

  Scullard, H. H. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC—AD 68 (London, 1959).

  Seneca. Letters from a Stoic, translated by Robin Campbell (Harmondsworth, 1977).

  Smithers, Peter. The Life of Joseph Addison (Oxford, 1954).

  Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars, translated by Robert Graves (Harmondsworth, 1986).

  Syme, Ronald. The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1939).

  Tacitus. The Annals of Imperial Rome, translated by Michael Grant (Harmondsworth 1996).

  Taylor, L. R. Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (Berkeley, Calif., 1949).

  Veyne, Paul. Bread and Circuses, edited by Oswyn Murray, translated by Brian Pearce (London, 1990).

  EL CID

  Anonymous. Beowulf, translated by Kevin Crossley-Holland (London, 1973).

  ———. The Cid Ballads, translated by James Young Gibson (London, 1887).

  ———. The Poem of the Cid, edited by Ian Michael with a translation by Rita Hamilton and Janet Perry (Manchester, 1975).

  ———. The Poem of the Cid, translated by W. S. Merwin (London, 1959).

  ———. The Song of Roland, translated by Dorothy L. Sayers (Harmondsworth, 1967).

  Barber, Richard. The Knight and Chivalry (Woodbridge, U.K., 1995).

  Cervantes, Miguel de. The Adventures of Don Quixote, translated by J. M. Cohen (Harmondsworth, 1970).

  Clissold, Stephen. In Search of the Cid (London, 1965).

  Corneille, Pierre. Le Cid, in Oeuvres (Paris, 1862).

  Dozy, R. “Le Cid d’Apres des Nouveaux Documents,” in vol. 2 of Recherches sur l’Histoire et la Littérature de l’Espagne Pendant le Moyen ge (Leyden, 1860).

  Fletcher, Richard. The Quest for El Cid (London, 1989).

  Heredia, José-Maria de. Oeuvres Poétiques Complètes (Paris, 1984).

  Ibn ‘Alqama. “La Prise de Valence par le Cid,” in Islam d’Occident, by E. Lévi Provencal (Paris, 1948).

  Keen, Maurice. Chivalry (London, 1984).

  Lévi Provencal, E. Islam d’Occident (Paris, 1948).

  Lockhart, J. G. Ancient Spanish Ballads (London, 1823).

  Madariaga, Salvador de. Hernán Cortés(London, 1942).

  Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. The Cid and His Spain, translated by Harold Sutherland (London, 1971).

  Pastor, Beatriz Bodmer. The Armature of Conquest, translated by Lydia Longstreth Hunt (Stanford, Calif., 1992).

  Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Mexico (London, 1843).

  FRANCIS DRAKE

  Anonymous. Sir Francis Drake Revived (London, 1626).

  Arber, Edward (ed.). An English Garner, vol. II (Birmingham, 1882).

  Baudelaire, Charles. My Heart Laid Bare and Other Prose Writings, translated by Norman Cameron (London, 1950).

  Camden, William. Annales, translated by R. N. Gent (London, 1635).

  Cameron, Ian. Magellan (London, 1974).

  Coleman, Terry. Nelson, the Man and the Legend (London, 2001).

  Cummins, John. Francis Drake (London, 1995).

  Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. The Spanish Armada (Oxford, 1988).

  Greenblatt, Stephen. Marvellous Possessions (Oxford, 1991).

  Hakluyt, Richard. Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America (London, 1880).

  Hampden, John (ed.). Francis Drake, Privateer: Contemporary Narratives and Documents (London, 1972).

  Hanson, Neil. The Confident Hope of a Miracle (London, 2003).

  Kelsey, Harry. Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate (London, 1998).

  Kingsley, Charles. Westward Ho! (London, 1896).

  Martin, Colin, and Geoffrey Parker. The Spanish Armada (London, 1988).

  Maynarde, Thomas. Sir Francis Drake: His Voyage (London, 1849).

  Nicholl, Charles. The Creature in the Map (London, 1995).

  Noyes, Alfred. Collected Poems (London, 1965).

  Nuttall, Zelia (ed.). New Light on Drake: A Collection of Documents Relating to His Voyage of Circumnavigation (London, 1914).

  Osborne, Roger. The Dreamer of the Calle San Salvador (London, 2001).

  Pagden, Anthony. Lords of All the World (London, 1995).

  Pastor Bodmer, Beatriz. The Armature of Conquest, translated by Lydia Longstreth Hunt (Stanford, Calif., 1992).

  Southey, Robert. The Life of Nelson (London, 1927).

  Sugden, John. Francis Drake (London, 1996).

  Swabey, Ffiona. A Mediaeval Gentlewoman (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999).

  Vansittart, Peter. In Memory of England (London, 1998).

  Vaux, W. S. W. (ed.). The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (London, 1854).

  Weir, Alison. Elizabeth the Queen (London, 1998).

  Yates, Frances. Astraea (London, 1975).

  ———. The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age (London, 1979).

  WALLENSTEIN

  Asch, Ronald G. The Thirty Years War (London, 1997).

  Beller, Elmer A. Propaganda in Germany During the Thirty Years War (Oxford, 1940).

  ———. “The Thirty Years’ War,” in The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. 4 (Cambridge, 1970).

  Benecke, Gerhard (ed.). Germany in the Thirty Years War (London, 1978).

  Brecht, Bertolt. The Life of Galileo, translated by Desmond Vesey (London, 1960).

  Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy, edited by Floyd Dell (New York, 1927).

  Carlyle, Thomas. Life of Friedrich Schiller (Columbia University Press, New York, 1992).

  Ergang, Robert. The Myth of the All-Destructive Fury of the Thirty Years’ War (Pocono Pines, Pa., 1956).

  Freytag, Gustav. Pictures of German Life, translated by Mrs. Malcolm (London, 1862).

  Glapthorne, Henry. The Tragedy of Albertus Wallenstein, in The Old English Drama (London, 1824).

  Grimmelshausen, Hans Jacob Christoffel von. Courage the Adventuress, edited by Hans Speier (Princeton, N.J., 1964).