AI Superpowers
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self-driving cars and, 131–32, 135
TensorFlow, 95, 228
top researchers at, 93
U.S. digital world dominance and, 2
See also DeepMind
Google Brain, 45
Google China, 29–30, 31–32, 37–38, 41, 52, 57
Google Wallet, 75, 76
GPTs (general purpose technologies), 148–55
Grab, 137
great decoupling, 150, 170, 202
grid approach, 94–95
“Gross National Happiness,” 229
ground-up disruptions and job threats, 162–63, 164
Groupon, 23, 24, 45–46, 47–48, 49
Grubhub, 72
guaranteed minimum income (GMI), 206–7
guiding funds, 63, 64, 98–99
Guo Hong, 51–52, 56, 61–62, 63, 64, 68
H
Hall of Ancestor Worship, 29–30
Hangzhou, China, 75, 94, 99
Hao Jingfang, 144–46, 168, 172, 230
Harari, Yuval N., 172
hardware innovation, 125–28
Hassabis, Demis, 141
Hawking, Stephen, 141
healthcare, 103, 113–15, 116, 195, 211–13. See also medical diagnosis
Hefei, China, 81–82, 83
Her (film), 199
Hidden Markov Models, 8
Hinton, Geoffrey, 9, 11, 86, 92, 93, 143, 161
home ecosystems, 127–28
home healthcare aides, 171, 214
homework and drills, 123
Horizon Robotics, 97
hospitals, 110, 114, 125, 138
Hsing Yun, Master, 187–90, 195, 218–20, 225
Huawei, 89
Hughes, Chris, 207
human coexistence with AI, 197–225
Chinese perspective on AI and jobs, 202–3
Fink’s letter and impact investing, 215–17
government role in, 217–18, 222–24
looking forward and around, 224–25
love and, 195–96, 198, 199, 201, 210
market symbiosis, 210–15
new social contract, 199–202
reduce, retrain, and redistribute, 203–6
social investment stipend, 220–24
touchscreen device for elderly, 197–98, 221
universal basic income, 201, 206–10, 218, 220, 222, 225
volunteerism, 218–20
I
IBM, 4
IBM Watson, 105, 111
ICT (information and communication technologies), 150–51, 152, 154
iFlyTek, 104–5, 115–16
ImageNet, 89–90, 161
image recognition, 8, 10, 81, 89–90, 104–5, 161. See also computer vision; object recognition
impact investing, service-focused, 216–17
implementation
age of. See age of implementation
of deep learning, 12–14, 86
in-class teaching, 122–23
India, 137, 138, 139
Indonesia, 138, 139
Industrial Revolution, compared to AI, 18, 79, 86–87, 148, 151–52, 200, 228
Industrial Revolutions, first and second, GPTs of, 149–50, 152, 153
industry-based approach to jobs at risk, 162–63
inequality. See global economic inequality; wealth and class inequality
information and communication technologies (ICT), 150–51, 152, 154
insurance industry, 10, 110
Intel, 96
intelligent superhighways, 133
international research, 11–13
internet, monopolization of, 170
internet AI, 105–6, 107–10, 136
Internet Explorer, 41
internet-of-things (IoT) networks, 54, 78, 79
iPhone, 32, 57
iPhone X, 117
iron rice bowl, 67
Italy, 85, 191–92
J
Japan, 20, 229
Jesuits, 29
JingChi, 135
Jinri Toutiao. See Toutiao (news platform)
job displacement by automation, 160, 162, 204. See also under economy and AI
Jobs, Steve, 26, 32, 33, 226
jobs, threat to. See risk-of-replacement graphs; unemployment, mass
Johansson, Scarlett, 199
K
Kaixin001, 42–43
Kasparov, Garry, 4
Ke Jiao, 113
Ke Jie, 1–2, 3, 5–6
Kennedy’s man-on-the-moon speech, 98
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 207
Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 188
Kurzweil, Ray, 140–41
L
labor unions, decline of, 150
The Lean Startup, 44
lean startup methodology, 44–45
LeCun, Yann, 86, 88, 90, 93
Lee, Kai-Fu
birth of first child, 177–79
cancer diagnosis, 176–77, 181–83, 225
epitaphs of, 180–81, 194
family of, 175–76, 177–79, 184–87, 193–94, 195, 225
Master Hsing Yun and, 187–90, 195
regrets of, 185–87, 188
research on lymphoma, 190–92
venture capital industry and, ix, xi, 3, 52
will of, 183–85
work obsession, 175–80
Lee Sedol, 3
legal decisions by judges, 115–16
Lenovo, 89
Li, Robin, 37
lifelong learning, 204
life purpose, loss of, 21
Li Keqiang, 62–63
LinkedIn, 39
Liu Qingfeng, 105
liveness algorithm, 118
love
AI as opportunity to refocus on, 176–77, 196, 210
centrality of, in human experience, 198, 199, 225, 231–32
Lee’s cancer and refocus on, 193–96
Master Hsing Yun’s wisdom about, 189–90, 195
new social contract and, 200–201
regrets about not sharing, 185, 186–87, 195
service-focused impact investing and, 217
Luddite fallacy, 147–48, 151
Lyft, 79, 137
lymphoma, 176, 183, 190–92, 194
M
Ma, Jack, 34–37, 60–61, 66–67, 137
machine learning
advances in, recent, 160–61
algorithms, 40. See also algorithms, AI
chips and, 96
data and, 56
deep learning as part of, 6, 94
economy driven by, 25, 84, 91, 94–95
social investment stipend and, 221–22
machine reading, 161
machine translation, 104, 161
Manhattan Project, 85
Manpower, 47–48
market-driven startups, 26–27, 45
mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation, 54, 62–68, 99
McAfee, Andrew, 148–49, 150
McCarthy, John, 7
McKinsey Global Institute, 159–60
medical diagnosis, 113–15, 167, 195, 211. See also healthcare
Meituan (Groupon clone), 23–24, 46–49, 72
Meituan Dianping, 49, 69, 70, 72
Mercer, Robert, 108
Messenger, 70
Mi AI speaker, 127
micro-finance, 112–13, 138
Microsoft
AI chips and, 96
antitrust policy and, 28
China at time of founding of, 33
as dominant AI player, 83, 91
Face++ and, 90
Lee at, 28, 33, 105, 184
speech recognition, 93
Tencent and, 93
top researchers at, 93
Microsoft Research, 91
Microsoft Research Asia (formerly Microsoft Research China), 89–90, 105
Middle East, 137, 139, 169
mini-iPhones, 32
Minsky, Marvin, 7
mission-driven startups, 26, 45
MIT, 30
Mobike, 7
7–78
mobile payments, 16, 54–55, 60–61, 73–78, 79, 110
Momenta, 135
monopolies, 20, 96, 168–69, 170–71, 172, 229
Moravec, Hans, 166
Moravec’s Paradox, 166–67
Musical.ly, 109
Musk, Elon, 49, 131, 141
N
Nanjing, China, 99
narrow AI, 10, 142
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 3
natural-language processing, 105, 108, 115
Netherlands, 229
neural networks approach to AI, 7, 8–10, 89
new world order, 18–19, 20–21, 138–39
Ng, Andrew, 13, 44, 88, 93, 113–14, 144
99 Taxi, 137
Nixon, Richard, 207
North Africa, 138
Nuance, 105
Nuomi (group buying affiliate), 48–49
Nvidia, 96, 97, 135
O
Obama, Barack, 97–98, 100, 104
object recognition, 9, 90, 94, 117. See also computer vision; image recognition
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 158–59, 160
ofo, 77, 78
Ola, 137
one-to-one replacements of jobs, 162, 164
online education, 204
online-merge-offline (OMO), 117–25
online security, 229
online-to-offline (O2O) platforms, 16–17, 68–71, 73, 79, 110, 118, 127–28
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 158–59, 160
Osborne, Michael A., 158
Othello (game), 4
outsourcing, 150
Oxford University, 158, 160, 161
P
Page, Larry, 33, 205
Palantir, 111–12
paralegals, 213
pattern-finding, 10–11, 13, 166–67
payment-by-scan, 74–75
PayPal, 36
pay-with-your-face, 118
Peking University, 108
perception AI, 105–6, 117–28, 136
personal care aides, 214
physical labor and risk of replacement, 156, 168
point-of-sale (POS) devices, 74, 77
Pony.ai, 135
posture analysis, 122
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), 18, 151, 159, 160, 161, 162, 169
privacy issues, 124–25, 229
productivity, 146–52, 154, 167. See also great decoupling
psychological crisis, 5, 21, 147, 173
publication, instant, 87–88
PwC. See PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
Q
Qianlong (emperor), 29
Qihoo 360 (web security software), 41–42
QQ (messaging platform), 41–42, 58
QR codes, 74, 77
Qualcomm, 96
Q-Zone (social network), 58
R
Reddit, 109
Reddy, Raj, 4
red envelopes, 60, 61
redistribution of wealth, 203–4, 206–8, 222
reducing work hours, 203, 205–6, 207
reinforcement learning, 12, 143
Renren (social network), 23, 42–43, 48
ResNet, 90
retraining, 203, 204–5, 207, 215, 216, 221–22
ride sharing, 68–69, 76, 79, 137–38
risk-of-replacement graphs, 155–57, 204, 205–6, 211
robot reporters, 108
robots and robotics, 129–30, 166–68, 230
rule-based approach to AI, 7–8
RXThinking, 114–15
S
Schmidt, Eric, 90
science fiction, 144–45, 168, 172, 199, 230
Sculley, John, 177–78
search habits, divergent, 37–38
The Second Machine Age (Brynjolfsson and McAfee), 148–49, 150
self-driving cars
AI chips and, 96, 97
approaches for deployment of, 131–35
China vs. U.S., 136
deep learning and, 10–11
in India, 138
political culture divide and, 101–2
ride-hailing companies and, 137
semiconductors, 96
“A Sense of Purpose” (Fink), 215
service jobs, creation of, and compensation for, 214–15, 216
service work and social investment stipend, 221, 222
Seven Giants of the AI age, 83, 91–92, 93, 94, 95, 169
sharing economy, 213–14
Shenzhen, China, 99, 125–26, 127, 130–31
shopping carts, perception AI–powered, 119–21, 124, 125
Silicon Valley
Baidu’s AI lab in, 93
China’s competition with. See China and U.S., competition between
China’s technology environment compared to, 15–16, 43–45, 49, 55, 57, 65, 71–73
China’s version of, 51–53, 63
Chinese copycat entrepreneurs and, 22–25, 28, 30–34, 49
chip development in, 96–97
data gathered by, 56
eBay and, 35–36
ecosystem of, 52–53
elite expertise in, 82, 83
entrepreneurs of, 15–16, 22, 26, 27, 52, 168
failure in China, 39–40
four waves of AI and, 106
global markets and, 137, 138
lean startup methodology and, 44–45
policy suggestions coming from, 201
resistance to product modifications, 24, 38, 39
resistance to subsidies, 76
ride sharing and, 68
universal basic income and, 207, 208–10, 218
world technology market domination, 2, 11–12
Silicon Valley (TV series), 55
Simon, Herbert, 7
Singapore, 20, 137, 146
T
the singularity, 140–41, 142
Sinovation Ventures
Guo’s attraction of, 52, 62
Lee’s founding of, 52, 57, 64, 67
startups incubated by, 57, 58
study by, 89
Smart Finance, 112–13, 163
smartphones
China’s alternate internet universe and, 54, 61
Chinese leapfrogging of PCs with, 57–58
Chinese students and, 3, 83
chips in, 96
mini-iPhones, 32
Mobikes and, 78
mobile payments and, 74, 75
processing power in, 9
WeChat app for, 58–59, 61, 70
Zhongguancun and, 52
social entrepreneurship, 216–17
social investment stipend, 220–24
Softbank, 153
Sohoo (search engine), 31
solar panels, photovoltaic, 133
Solyndra, 100
Southeast Asia, 137, 169
South Korea, 146, 159, 228–29
Soviet Union, 3
Space Race, 3
SpaceX, 49
speech recognition
advances in, recent, 161
Baidu and, 93
deep learning and, 5, 10
educational applications, 123
iFlyTek and, 104–5
international competitions in, 87, 104–5
Lee and, 177–78
legal applications, 115
in the mainstream, 143
Microsoft Research and, 81
neural networks and, 8–9, 10
privacy and, 124
speech synthesis, 104–5, 177
Sphinx, 8
Sputnik, 3
Sputnik Moment for China (2016), 3, 11
Steal Vegetables, 43
steam engine, 149, 150, 152, 154, 228
Stoppelman, Jeremy, 72
strawberry picking, 129
strong features vs. weak features, 110–11, 113, 191
structured data, 111–12
Summers, Lawrence, 151
super-app model, 70–71. See also WeChat
Superintelligence (Bostrom), 141, 142
swarm intelligence, 130–31
Switzerland, 229
symbolic systems, 7
Taiwan, 181–82, 183–84, 187, 190, 192, 197
Taobao, 35–36, 66
task-based approach to jobs at risk, 159–60, 162, 163
taxi drivers and ride-hailing apps, 76
Taxify, 137
techno-optimists, 147–48, 151, 171, 200, 202
techno-utilitarianism, 101, 102, 103, 132
Tencent. See also WeChat
Chinese startups and, 58
as dominant AI player, 83, 91, 93
global markets and, 137
Groupon partnership with, 47–48
internet AI and, 109
Microsoft Research Asia and, 89
mobile payments and, 73–74, 76
“Pearl Harbor attack” on Alibaba, 60–61
success of, 40
super-app model and, 70–71