The Road Not Taken
Page 74
15 AI/SVW.
16 McNamara, Retrospect, 32.
17 PP, Part IV.B.1, p. 72.
18 Time, July 28, 1961.
19 NYT, April 21, 1987.
20 Bissell, “Report of Counter Guerrilla Task Force,” Dec. 13, 1961, NARA/CREST CIA-RDP89B00552R000100040005-0; FRUS 1961–1963, National Security Policy, 8.229–30.
21 Halberstam, Best, 161
22 Milne, Rasputin, 67.
23 Halberstam, Best, 156.
24 Time, July 28, 1961.
25 EGL to Robert Shaplen, May 30, 1965, HI/EGL, box 40.
26 Life, Oct. 27, 1961.
27 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
28 Ibid.
29 LBJPL/EGLOH.
30 “Concept of Border Control,” Oct. 25, 1961, HI/EGL, box 49, file 1372.
31 LBJPL/EGOLH.
32 Taylor, Swords, 229.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid., 239.
35 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.429.
36 PP, Part IV.B.1, pp. 99–100.
37 EGL to Roswell Gilpatric, May 10, 1961, JFKPL/NSF, box 231, folder 1.
38 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.419.
39 Ibid., 477.
40 Schlesinger, Thousand, 547.
41 EGL to McNamara, Nov. 6, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5.
42 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.421,
43 Ibid., 433.
44 Ibid., 643.
45 EGL to Samuel T. Wilson, Nov. 28, 1961, in Newman, JFK, 146.
46 EGL to McNamara/Gilpatric, Nov. 25, 1961, HI/EGL, box 49, file 1374.
47 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.719.
48 JFKPL/MGB.
49 Rostow, Diffusion, 279.
CHAPTER 23: “Worms of the World Unite”
1 EGL, Bay of Pigs: EGL to James Douglas, June 21, 1976, HI/EGL, box 3; EGL to Peter H. Wyden, Feb. 18, 1976, HI/EGL, box 10; Douglas to EGL, April 26, 1973, HI/EGL, box 3; LBJPL/EGLOH; EGL interview, Nov. 29, 1984, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP; Wyden, Bay, 71–73.
2 Draper, “Cuba,” 6.
3 Goodwin, Remembering, loc. 3453–64.
4 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.314.
5 Bissell, Reflections, 201.
6 “Memorandum for the Record,” March 21, 1962, CCP.
7 Thomas, RFK, 30.
8 Ibid., 20.
9 Ibid., 26–27.
10 Ibid., 38.
11 Ibid., 62.
12 Thomas, RFK, 81; Caro, Passage, loc. 1843.
13 Caro, Passage, loc. 1804.
14 Ibid., loc. 1823.
15 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.666.
16 AI/RNG.
17 Bohning, Castro, 81; Corn, Ghost, 81; Fursenko, Gamble, 146–47.
18 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 480.
19 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.721.
20 Helms, Look, 205.
21 Weiner, Legacy, 199.
22 Thomas, RFK, 20.
23 JFKPL/EGL.
24 RP, email to author, Nov. 6, 2014.
25 Goodwin, Remembering, loc. 3475.
26 AI/SVW.
27 Ted Lansdale, email to author, May 12, 2015.
28 RP, email to author, Nov. 6, 2014.
29 Helms, Look, 200.
30 EGL to Samuel T. Williams, Oct. 10, 1964, HI/STW, box 20, folder 15.
31 EGL to SG (A), May 7, 1962, CCP.
32 Bohning, Castro, 85.
33 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.692.
34 EGL interview, Dec. 19, 1984, CCP.
35 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.710–18.
36 William H. Craig, “Memorandum for the Special Group,” March 13, 1962, MFF/TEGL; EGL, “Task 33,” Jan. 19, 1962, CCP.
37 MFF/TRH13, 26.
38 MFF/RSM, 93.
39 MFF/TTP, 49–50.
40 EGL to Frank Church, Jan. 1, 1976, HI/EGL, box 10.
41 EGL to Peter Richards, Dec. 26, 1975, CCP, box 13, file 200; EGL to Bohannan, Nov. 22, 1975, CCP, box 13, file 198.1.
42 JFKPL/NSF, NLK-90-51, 12/95.
43 AI/SVW.
44 MFF/IG, 10–13, 21; Elliston, Psywar, 15–19.
45 Craig to EGL, Jan. 30, 1962, MFF/TEGL; Elliston, Psywar, 84–86.
46 MFF/TEGL, 26.
47 Craig to EGL, Feb. 2, 1962, NSA/CMC; Elliston, Psywar, 87–90.
48 Bohning, Castro, 101–2.
49 Lemnitzer to Secretary of Defense, March 13, 1962, NSA/CMC.
50 EGL, “The Cuba Project,” Feb. 20, 1962, NARA/JFKARB, 176-10011-10046.
51 EGL to RFK, Jan. 27, 1962, MFF/TEGL.
52 EGL lecture, Nov. 29, 1984, CCP.
53 MFF/TEGL.
54 EGL, “The Cuba Project,” Feb. 20, 1962, NARA/JFKARB, 176-10011-10046.
55 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.765.
56 Martin, Wilderness, 129 (“ducklike”); MFF/TEGL, 70, 81–82.
57 Thomas, Best, 131.
58 Martin, Wilderness, 34, 38.
59 Ibid., 48.
60 Weiner, Legacy, 186; MFF/TRH13, 49–50.
61 Weiner, Legacy, 186.
62 Dallek, Unfinished, 479; Bohning, Castro, 181–82.
63 Helms, Look, 197.
64 MGG/TEGL, 80.
65 EGL interview, Dec. 30, 1976, NYPL/ASP.
66 MFF/IG, 113; FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.923–25; MFF/TRSM.
67 MFF/TEGL, appendix.
68 Ibid., 23.
69 EGL to David Lansdale, July 20, 1975, GBPP.
70 Church Committee, Plots, 151; MFF/TRH13, 137; MFF/TRH17, 18.
71 MFF/TSH, 5, 9–10; Helms, Look, 204; Corn, Ghost.
72 Bohning, Castro, 130; Corn, Ghost, 74.
73 Branch, “Secret War.”
74 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.844.
75 Harvey to EGL, July 24, 1962, JFKPL/NSF, box 319, folder 8.
76 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.864–72; “Consequences of US Military Intervention in Cuba,” Aug. 8, 1962, JFKPL/NSF, box 319, file 9.
77 Elliston, Psywar, 114, 207.
78 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 10.896–97.
79 Ibid., 922.
80 Harvey to EGL, July 24, 1962, JFKPL/NSF, box 319, folder 8.
81 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 11.944–46.
82 Martin, Wilderness, 137.
83 MFF/TWE, 13.
84 Corn, Ghost, 82.
85 MFF/TEGL, 84.
86 MFF/TP.
87 Ibid., 51.
88 MFF/TRH17, appendix.
89 Thomas, RFK, 114.
90 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 239.
91 Helms, Look, 207.
92 Ibid., 208.
93 Stern, Memory, 17.
94 Ibid., 2.
95 Ibid., 6.
96 Bohning, Castro, 112.
97 Rasenberger, Disaster, 364.
98 Bohning, Castro, 122–23.
99 FRUS 1961–1963, Cuba, 11.648.
100 Ibid., 670.
101 MFF/IG, 75–77.
102 Helms, Look, 202.
103 Fursenko, Gamble, 145.
104 MFF/TRH17, appendix.
105 EGL interviews, Dec. 19, Nov. 29, 1984, CCP.
CHAPTER 24: “Washington at Its Nuttiest”
1 Catton, “Counter-Insurgency.”
2 Miller, Misalliance, 248.
3 Military History Institute, Victory, 110.
4 Rottman, Browning, 5.
5 Miller, Misalliance, 248.
6 Military History Institute, Victory, 109.
7 Sheehan, Lie, 205.
8 Miller, Misalliance, 252.
9 Moyar, Triumph, 186–205.
10 Miller, Misalliance, 250.
11 Ibid., 264.
12 Ibid., 277.
13 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 3.638–41.
14 Coram, Brute.
15 White House diaries at millercenter.org.
16 EGL interview, May 17, 1984, CCP.
17 EGL to Phil Lansdale, Jan. 12, 1983, HI/EGL, box 28, file 639.
18 EGL to McNamara, Feb. 26, 1962, NARA, RG 330, box 4.
19 EGL to Roger Allen, Nov. 12, 1983, HI/EGL, box 28
, file 639.
20 HI/EGLOH/CRS; RP, Vietnam, 190; “Non-Violent Alternatives,” RMNPL, White House Special Files, Ehrlichman, box 30, Vietnam 1963–64; Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Jan. 7, 1984.
21 RP, “Memorandum for the Record,” July 25, 1963, VCA/RPP, box 2, file 1.
22 RP, Vietnam, 184.
23 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 4.161–67.
24 RP, Vietnam, 192, 185.
25 Ibid., 187.
26 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 4.179.
27 Ibid., 205.
28 Jones, Death, 364–65; Langguth, Vietnam, 245; AI/DE; RP, Vietnam, 193–94; Hersh, Dark Side, 426–28.
29 Wells, Wild, ix.
30 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 4.240–41.
31 Blair, Lodge, 88.
32 Ahern, Ngo, 188.
33 EGL to Samuel T. Williams, Oct. 24, 1963, HI/EGL, box 42.
34 RP, Vietnam, 201–2.
35 EGL to Gilpatric, Sept. 6, 1963, HI/EGL, box 97, file 6.
36 EGL to E. F. Black, Oct. 14, 1963, HI/EGL, box 36.
37 AI/SVW.
38 EGL to PK, Oct. 31, 1963, PYPP.
39 EGL to Samuel T. Williams, Oct. 24, 1963, HI/EGL, box 42.
40 AI/SVW.
41 EGL to William J. Rust, April 21, 1982, HI/EGL, box 8; EGL interview, May 17, 1984, CCP; EGL, draft memoir, HI/EGL, box 76, file 264.
42 EGL to Rust, April 21, 1982, HI/EGL, box 8.
43 EGL to Samuel T. Williams, Oct. 8, 1963, HI/EGL, box 8.
44 EGL to Phil Lansdale, Jan. 12, 1983, HI/EGL, box 28, file 639.
45 Dillon Anderson to EGL, Dec. 11, 1963, HI/EGL, box 36.
CHAPTER 25: “A Hell of a Mess”
1 Manchester, Death, loc. 3568.
2 Ibid, loc. 4023.
3 Prouty, JFK, xiv.
4 Ibid., vii.
5 AI/RP.
6 EGL to CTRB, March 2, 1975, July 2, 1975, CCP, box 13, file 198.1.
7 Epstein, “Second Coming.”
8 Prouty, JFK, 33.
9 Ibid., 66–67.
10 http://www.ratical.org/ratville/JFK/USO/appD.html.
11 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA-3navQ-_E.
12 Bugliosi, Reclaiming, 929–34; Posner, Case, loc. 5657.
13 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 4.353–54.
14 Thomas, RFK, 272.
15 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9538.
16 Caro, Means, 5.
17 Ibid., 8.
18 Dallek, Giant, 5.
19 Ibid., 4.
20 Caro, Passage, loc. 9905.
21 Ibid., loc. 9913.
22 Time, Dec. 13, 1963.
23 Caro, Passage, loc. 14500.
24 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 4.557.
25 Hammer, Death, 309.
26 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 4.722.
27 Moyar, Triumph, 300.
28 Military History Institute, Victory, 127.
29 Nguyen, Hanoi’s War, 65.
30 Simpson, Tiger, 167.
31 Time, Feb. 14, 1964.
32 Beschloss, Taking, 366.
33 Dallek, Giant, 99.
34 Goodwin, Johnson, 253.
35 Dallek, Giant, 99.
36 Beschloss, Taking, 368.
37 Moyar, Triumph, 293.
38 Taylor, Swords, 309.
39 RP, Vietnam, 230; Bui Diem, Jaws, 114–15.
40 Sorley, Westmoreland; Westmoreland, Soldier; Zaffiri, Westmoreland.
41 NYT, April 27, 1964.
42 Time, May 5, 1964.
43 Henry Kissinger, “Vietnam trip, 1965—diary 1/4,” HKP, box 100, file 14.
44 Sorley, Westmoreland, 67.
45 Ibid., 74.
46 PP, IV.C.2.a, pp. 1–4.
47 Moise, Tonkin Gulf (“flying fish”: 210); FRUS 1964–1968, Vietnam, 1.589–663.
CHAPTER 26: “Concept for Victory”
1 EGL to PK, Oct. 31, 1963, PYPP.
2 EGL to PK, n.d., PYPP.
3 Ibid.
4 EGL to Richards, Jan. 14, 1964, CCP, box 13, file 200.
5 EGL, “Liberty Hall,” Nov. 29, 1963, SGMML/AWDP, box 37, folder 1.
6 Frank J. Johnson to EGL, Nov. 30, 1965, HI/EGL, box 50, file 1396.
7 EGL interview, May 17, 1984, CCP.
8 Joseph M. Robertson to Reuter, Dec. 2, 1963, HI/EGL, box 71.
9 EGL to Reuter, Dec. 17, 1963, LBJPL, White House Central Files, box 52.
10 EGL to Reuter, July 31, 1964, JFKPL/RWR, box 11, file 6.
11 EGL to Reuter, Dec. 12, 1963, JFKPL/RWR, box 11, file 4.
12 EGL to Reuter, May 1, 1964, HI/EGL, box 73, file 1.
13 EGL to PK, n.d., PYPP.
14 EGL to Sam Karrick, March 5, 1964, JFKPL/RWR, box 11, file 5.
15 RP, email to author, Sept. 14, 2015.
16 RP, Vietnam, 233.
17 Solberg, Humphrey, 8.
18 Ibid., 137.
19 Caro, Master, 447.
20 Humphrey, Education, 87.
21 Caro, Passage, loc. 4610.
22 Humphrey, Education, 224–25.
23 Ibid., 229.
24 RP, Vietnam, 108.
25 Ibid., 231.
26 AI/TVD.
27 LBJPL/WJCOH.
28 EGL to Connell, June 4, 1964, MNH/HHH, Senate political files, box 74.
29 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 4.477–84.
30 Berman, Hubert, 88.
31 Clifton to LBJ, June 25, 1964, LBJPL/NSF/VCF, box 195.
32 Douglas Cater to LBJ, June 23, 1964, LBJPL/NSF/VCF, box 54.
33 EGL to Connell, June 26, 1964, MHS/HHH, Senate political files, box 74.
CHAPTER 27: Escalation
1 Taylor, Swords, 328.
2 Simpson, Tiger, 186.
3 Nguyen, Twenty Years, 53–55.
4 Simpson, Tiger, 187.
5 Taylor, Swords, 331.
6 Karnow, Vietnam, 399.
7 Ibid., 351.
8 Navarro to EGL, Nov. 26, 1964, HI/EGL, box 5.
9 Fraleigh to EGL, Dec. 6, 1964, HI/EGL, box 37.
10 RP, Vietnam, 239–40.
11 EGL, “Talk at Yale University,” Nov. 23, 1964, HI/EGL, box 96.
12 EGL, “Thoughts on Vietnam,” Dec. 31, 1964, VCA/RPP, box 2, file 13.
13 FRUS 1964–1968, Vietnam, 1.1057–59.
14 Gibbons, U.S. Government, 3.26.
15 FRUS 1964–1968, Vietnam, 2.23.
16 Ibid., 95–97.
17 Ibid., 159.
18 Ibid., 174–85.
19 McNamara, Retrospect, 174.
20 Goodwin, Johnson, 269.
21 Beschloss, Glory, 193–95.
22 FRUS 1964–1968, Vietnam, 2.216–20.
23 Garrettson, Humphrey, 185, 188.
24 Solberg, Humphrey, 279.
25 Ibid., 277.
26 EGL to Shaplen, May 30, 1965, HI/EGL, box 40.
27 Dodd to LBJ, Feb. 23, 1965, LBJPL/NSF/VCF, box 14.
28 Cooper to Bundy, March 1, 1965, Ibid.
29 Dodd to LBJ, July 27, 1965, LBJPL, Handwriting File, box 9.
30 Westmoreland, Soldier, 130.
31 Karnow, “On Duty.”
32 Lodge, “Comment on Profile of Maj. Gen. Edwin Lansdale,” MHS/HCL, Part V, reel 21.
33 EGL interview, May 17, 1984, CCP.
34 EGL to HCL, July 29, 1965, HI/EGL, box 58, file 1532.
35 LBJPL/EGLOH.
36 AI/ELCL.
37 Pete Lansdale, email to author, Nov. 3, 2015.
38 AI/PLCL.
39 EGL to PK, Aug. 8, 1965, PYPP.
40 AI/SVW.
41 EGL to Peter Richards, July 23, 1971, CCP, box 13, file 200.
CHAPTER 28: The Impossible Missions Force
1 NYT, April 18, 1965.
2 Starlite: Lehrack, First Battle (intel: 64; “spider holes”: 104; casualties: 181; VC reconstituted: 177); NYT, Aug. 19–20, 1965, Feb. 8, 1968 (“save”); Newsweek, Aug. 30, 1965 (“victory”; “carried out”); Gibbons, U.S. Government, 4.68 (“milestone,” “destroyed”).
3 Gwin, Baptism, 18.
4 Neese, Prelude, 125–26.
5 Cosmas, MACV, loc. 5523.
6 Neese, Prelude, 125.
7 Caputo, Rumor, 139–43.
8 EGL to Bill Bundy, Oct. 23, 1965, HI/EGL, box 55, file 1485.
9 RP, Vietnam, 273.
10 Simpson, Tiger, 165.
11 EGL to HL, Aug. 31, 1965, PCLPP.
12 Burke to EGL, Aug. 25, 1965, HI/EGL, box 50, file 1392.
13 Larteguy, Yellow, 204–5.
14 NYT, Aug. 19, 1965.
15 WP, Aug. 20, 1965.
16 Saigon embassy to State Department, Aug. 29, 1965, CCP.
17 Lodge to State, Sept. 17, 1965, HI/EGL, box 53, file 1419.
18 EGL to HL, Sept. 8, 1965, PCLPP.
19 EGL to HL, Sept. 4, 1965, PCLPP.
20 EGL to HL, Sept. 8, 1965, PCLPP.
21 RP, Vietnam, 353.
22 Michael Deutch to “Wives,” Nov. 22, 1965, HI/EGL, box 53.
23 LBJPL/LCOH.
24 Deutch to “Wives,” Nov. 22, 1965, HI/EGL, box 53.
25 Henry Kissinger, “Vietnam trip, 1965—diary 2/4,” HKP, box 100, file 15.
26 LBJPL/KBOH.
27 Herr, Dispatches, 50–51.
28 Michael Deutch to “Wives,” Nov. 22, 1965, HI/EGL, box 53.
29 Ibid.
30 Wells, Wild, 39.
31 Ibid., 73.
32 Ellsberg, Secrets, 4.
33 Wells, Wild, 108.
34 Ibid., 119.
35 Ibid., 133.
36 Ibid, 179.
37 Wells, Wild, 187; Ellsberg, Secrets, 34.
38 Wells, Wild, 224.
39 AI/DE.
40 Grant, Phoenix, 259.
41 Sam Karrick, “SLO Budget,” Oct 13, 1966, HI/EGL, box 56, file 1494.
42 AI/RP.
43 AI/DE.
44 AI/DE.
CHAPTER 29: Waging Peace in a Time of War
1 Lodge to EGL, Aug. 9, 1965, MHS/HCL, Part V, reel 20.
2 Fraleigh to RP, Nov. 1, 1965, HI/EGL, box 52, file 1414.
3 AI/PT.
4 AI/SW.
5 Grant, Phoenix, 264.
6 Ibid., 265. See also Critchfield, Charade, 168 (Zorthian said Lansdale “was a ‘straw man’ who was ‘on his way out’ ”).
7 LBJPL/KBOH.
8 State Department, Foreign Service List, Oct. 1965.
9 Cosmas, MACV, loc. 5450–51.
10 Traas, Engineers, loc. 5974.
11 Caputo, Rumor, xix.
12 EGL to HL, Sept. 9, 1965, PCLPP.
13 AI/FS.
14 EGL to Humphrey, Sept. 19, 1965, HI/EGL, box 55, file 1484.
15 Lodge to State, Sept. 17, 1965, HI/EGL, box 53, file 1419.
16 Ellsberg, Secrets, 106.
17 EGL to HL, Feb. 27, 1966, PCLPP.
18 EGL to Wallace M. Greene Jr., Nov 13, 1965, HI/EGL, box 55, file 1486.
19 Weekly Standard, Aug. 8, 2011.
20 Time, Feb. 18, 1966.
21 Ibid.
22 EGL to HL, Sept. 8, 1965, PCLPP.
23 RP to EGL, Oct. 8, 1965, HI/EGL, box 50, file 1392.