The Ottoman Empire: a Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]

by Kia, Mehrdad;

  çift (chift): The basic unit of landholding.

  çohādār āğā (chohādār āghā): The royal valet.

  darülfünun: The house of sciences; university.

  darülharb: The domain of war; lands ruled by non-Muslim rulers.

  darülislam: The domain of Islam.

  defterdār: Treasurer; minister of finance.

  derebey: Autonomous local leader, especially in Ottoman Anatolia.

  dervish (derviş): Member of a mystic fraternity; a wandering mystic or holy man.

  devșirme (devshirme): A system of levy of Christian youths to recruit Ottoman administrators and soldiers.

  divān: Council of state.

  divān-i hümāyun: The imperial council; chief deliberative body of government.

  emir (amir): Prince; chief.

  enderun: The inner section of the palace; inner service.

  esnāf: Craftsmen; shopkeepers; small traders organized in guilds.

  eyālet: An Ottoman province.

  fermān: An imperial edict.

  fetvā: A legal opinion made by a recognized religious authority such as a şeyhülislam or a mufti, declaring the legality of an action under Islamic law.

  gazā: Holy war in the name of Islam.

  gāzi: A fighter who fights infidels in the name of Islam.

  grand vizier: The chief minister.

  Hadith: Sayings attributed to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam.

  hajj: Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.

  hān: A ruler, especially among the early Turks.

  Hanafi: One of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence.

  Hanbali: One of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence.

  hammām: A Turkish bath.

  harem: The secluded quarter where women’s apartments are located.

  hatt-i hümayun: A decree of the sultan; imperial edict.

  hazine: The treasury.

  hospodar: The title of the Greek Phanariote rulers of the Romanian-populated principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.

  Hüdāvendigār: Lord or emperor; title of the Ottoman sultan Murad I.

  hütbe: The Friday sermon in which the sultan’s name was mentioned.

  iç oğlān (ich oghlān): A young slave of the sultan who received his education at the palace.

  ihtisāb: The body of laws regulating fair trade and public morals.

  ijmā: Consensus of the learned men of Islam.

  ijtihad: The right of doctrinal interpretation in Islam.

  iktā: Land held in exchange for military service under the Seljuks.

  Il Khanids: The Mongol dynasty that ruled Iran and parts of Anatolia and the Arab Middle East from 1260 to 1335.

  ilmiye: The class of Muslim jurists, scholars, and teachers.

  iltizām: A tax farm.

  imam: In Shia Islam, a leader descended from Ali, who acts as the leader of the community; in Sunni Islam, it refers to a prayer leader.

  janissary (yeni cheri): A member of the sultan’s infantry corps recruited from young Christian boys who had been selected through devșirme (devshirme).

  jihād: Holy war to defend or expand the rule of Islam.

  kādi: A Muslim judge.

  kādiasker: The chief Islamic judge.

  kafes: The cage or the apartment in the imperial palace where a prince was secluded.

  kānun: Imperial/secular/administrative law.

  kānunnāme: Code of laws.

  kāpi: Gate or porte, a reference to the Ottoman government.

  kāpi kullāri: Slaves of the Porte or sultan, who served as soldiers and administrators.

  kapudān: A captain at sea.

  kapudān-i deryā: A grand admiral.

  kul: A slave.

  Mamluks: Military slaves, especially in Egypt, and the name of the dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1257 to 1517.

  Mazhab (Arabic: Madhhab): One of the legal schools in Islam.

  medrese: An Islamic school.

  millet: A state-recognized religious community.

  milli misak: National pact.

  miri: Lands owned by the sultan and the Ottoman government.

  mufti: A Muslim jurist and theologian who made legal decisions and interpreted the Islamic law.

  mülk: Private property.

  nişānci (nishānji): The official in the imperial council who controlled the tuğra or the official seal of the Ottoman state and drew up and certified all official letters and decrees.

  Nizam-i Cedid (Nizam-i Jedid): New Order or modern European-style reforms, including a new army introduced by Selim III.

  Osmānli: Ottoman.

  pādişāh (padishāh): Sovereign; ruler; king; emperor.

  pasha: The highest title in the Ottoman governmental and military hierarchy.

  pashalik: A region or a province ruled by a pasha.

  pir: The spiritual head and leader of a mystical or dervish order.

  Qizilbash (Kizilbaș): Literally “Red Heads,” a reference to Shia Muslim tribal groups who supported the Safavid dynasty in Iran.

  Quran (Koran) The holy book of Islam.

  reāyā: Literally flock, the sultan’s tax-paying subjects.

  Rum: Rome or Roman (Byzantine); Greek.

  sadrazam: A grand vizier.

  Safavids: The ruling dynasty of Iran from 1501 to 1722.

  sancāk (sanjāk): Literally banner, but it generally referred to a subdivision of a province in early Ottoman times, later a subprovince.

  sancāk bey (sanjāk bey): Governor of a sancāk/sanjāk.

  sekbāns: “Keepers of hounds” or salaried soldiers trained in using firearms and serving an Ottoman governor.

  Seljuks: A Turkish dynasty that ruled Iran, as well as present-day Iraq and Syria during the second half of the 11th and much of the 12th centuries. The Seljuks of Anatolia, a branch of the Seljuks of Iran, ruled from the late 11th century to 1302.

  Shafii: One of the four recognized schools of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.

  sharia: Islamic law.

  Shia (Shi’ites): Muslims who believe in following the guidance of divinely chosen imams; the minority in Islam.

  silāhdār: Weapons-bearer.

  silāhdār āğā (silāhdār āghā): Guardian of the sultan’s arms.

  sipāhi: Cavalryman, a cavalryman holding a timār.

  sir kātibi: The sultan’s personal secretary.

  subāşi (subāshi): The police chief.

  sufi: A mystic.

  sultan: Ruler, emperor.

  Sunnah: The practice of the Prophet Muhammad, taken as a religious and legal model.

  Sunni: Muslims who believe in following the consensus (ijma) of the community of believers as expressed by the ulema; the majority in Islam.

  şeriat (sheriat): Islamic law (Arabic: sharia).

  şeyh (sheikh): Elder; leader and spiritual guide of a mystic fraternity.

  şeyhülislam: Chief mufti of the Ottoman Empire; head of the religious establishment. In original Arabic, the title is transliterated as sheikh al-Islam.

  Tanzimāt: “Reorganization”; the period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839.

  tekke: A dervish lodge.

  timār: Literally “care, attention”; miri land or a military fief held in exchange for military service.

  tüccar (tüjjar): Large-scale merchants.

  tuğrā (tughrā): A monogram used by Ottoman sultans to confirm the legality of a document.

  ulema: Learned men of religion; Muslim theologians/jurists who act as the experts and doctors of the Islamic law.

  vakif: A tax-exempt pious foundation.

  vālide sultan: Mother of the reigning sultan.

  vilāyet: A province in later Ottoman times.

  vizier: A minister of state.

  voivode: A war leader or war lord; title of the rulers of the Romanian-populated principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.

  yeni çeri (yeni cheri): “New soldier”; a member of the elite janissary corps.

  z�
�viye: A hospice run and managed by dervishes for travelers.

  zeāmet: A military fief worth 20,000 akçes (akches) per year or more.

  zimmi: Christians and Jews.

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