Science Has No Sex

by Arleen Marcia Tuchman

  16. Sprague to Severance, 13 July, no year but probably around 1909, Severance Papers.

  17. ‘‘Farewell Message. Words by Dr. Zakrzewska Read at Her Funeral,’’ Boston Herald, 16

  May 1902, 10, reprinted in WQ, 474–78.

  18. Sprague to Kitty Blackwell, 28 December 1896, Blackwell Family Papers, LC.

  19. Cited in Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska: A Memoir, 24. Interestingly, Vietor, who also cites this letter, omits this sentence. See WQ, 473.

  20. Most telling is the letter in which Sprague discussed how she allowed Zakrzewska to turn down invitations by claiming (falsely) that Sprague was feeling unwell. See Sprague to Kitty Barry, 28 December 1896, Blackwell Family Papers, LC. I discuss this comment in Chapter 5 of this book.

  21. Sprague to Severance, 22 February, no year but probably 1905, Severance Papers.

  NOTES TO PAGES 254 – 59

  306 ≤

  22. On the cover page of a memorial published one year after Zakrzewska’s death the following sentence was cited: ‘‘I prefer to be remembered only as a woman who was willing to work for the elevation of Woman.’’ The source of this comment is not mentioned. See Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska: A Memoir, cover page.

  23. Tighe, ‘‘Lesson in the Political Economics of Medical Education’’; Hudson, ‘‘Abraham Flexner in Perspective’’; Ludmerer, Learning to Heal, 166–90; More, Restoring the Balance, 95–

  121.

  24. Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science, 249.

  25. Moldow, Women Doctors in Gilded-Age Washington; Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science; Walsh, ‘‘Doctors Wanted.’’ See also Blackwell, ‘‘New York Infirmary,’’ 79, for her assessment of the problems facing women in 1900.

  26. Vietor, afterword to WQ, 479.

  27. Ibid., 480.

  28. Vietor, foreword to WQ, ix, and afterword to WQ, 482.

  29. More, Restoring the Balance, 182–86.

  30. ‘‘That They Might Live,’’ Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine and Homeopathy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. On the ‘‘Cavalcade of America’’ series, see Grams, History of the Cavalcade of America; Grams, ‘‘Cavalcade of America’’; and Riley, Lucas, and Pettit, ‘‘Cavalcade of America.’’ ‘‘Cavalcade of America’’

  aired weekly. Each half-hour-long episode featured one ‘‘hero,’’ meant to inspire the nation.

  Many of the names would have been familiar to listeners: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Edison, James Fenimore Cooper, Noah Webster, Oliver Wendell Holmes.

  But others were less well known, and Zakrzewska was clearly among them.

  31. ‘‘That They Might Live.’’

  32. Ibid.

  33. See, for example, Alco√, ‘‘Cultural Feminism versus Poststructuralism,’’ and Fraser,

  ‘‘Structuralism or Pragmatics?’’

  34. The literature is quite extensive. See, however, Schiebinger, Has Feminism Changed Science? ; Creager, Lunbeck, and Schiebinger, Feminism; Haraway, ‘‘Situated Knowledges’’; Harding, Whose Science? ; Keller, ‘‘Developmental Biology as a Feminist Cause?’’; Kohlstedt,

  ‘‘Women in the History of Science’’; and Kohlstedt and Longino, ‘‘Women, Gender, and Science Questions.’’

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