The Universe Within: Discovering the Common History of Rocks, Planets, and People

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The Universe Within: Discovering the Common History of Rocks, Planets, and People Page 22

by Neil Shubin


  galaxies, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  Galileo Galilei, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, bm1.1n

  gamma rays

  Garrels, Robert

  Garrod, Dorothy, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n

  gas clouds, 2.1, 2.2

  general relativity, theory of

  genes, genetic factors, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2

  of color perception

  of color pigment

  diet and

  natural selection of

  proteins in

  size-control, 5.1, bm1.1n

  in sleep patterns

  see also DNA

  genetic mutations, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  circadian clocks and, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n–8n

  of flies, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  genomes, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n–8n

  geological eras

  geological maps, 7.1, 7.2

  geological time, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, bm1.1n–6n, bm1.2n

  geology, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, bm1.1n–2n

  geopoetry, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  glaciers, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, bm1.1n

  Glomar Challenger

  Glossopteris, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Gould, Stephen Jay, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

  gradualism, 1.1, 7.1

  Grand Canyon

  gravity, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1

  in acceleration of falling bodies, 5.1, 5.2

  of Earth-moon system

  Galileo on effects of, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n

  of Jupiter, 3.1, 3.2

  size and

  in solar system formation, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  in stellar fusion reactions

  in timepieces

  Great Britain, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1

  greenhouse effect, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1

  Greenland, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2

  Camp Century in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, bm1.1n–7n

  field preparations for, 1.1, bm1.1n–3n

  fossils in, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 7.1

  glacier on, 9.1, 9.2

  Triassic rocks of

  Wegener’s explorations of

  Greenough, George Bellas

  green revolution

  Gregory XIII, Pope

  Haldane, J. B. S., 5.1, bm1.1n

  Hale-Bopp comet, 3.1, bm1.1n

  Hartley 2 comet, 3.1, bm1.1n–7n

  Harvard College Observatory, 2.1, bm1.1n

  Harvard Computers, 2.1, 2.2

  Harvard University

  Museum of Comparative Zoology at, 1.1, 5.1, 9.1

  heat, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1, 9.2

  in greenhouse effect, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1

  of impact

  sun’s radiation of, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–5n

  of volatile elements, 4.1, 4.2

  see also temperatures, global

  heat balance, planetary, 3.1, 9.1

  Heezen, Bruce, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  helium, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1

  at big bang

  Hess, Harry, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  hierarchical architecture

  Himalaya Mountains

  Hindostan grave markers, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

  Holmes, Arthur, 6.1, 6.2

  hominids, 10.1, bm1.1n

  Homo sapiens

  hourglasses

  howler monkeys

  Hubble, Edwin, 2.1, 2.2

  Hubble Space Telescope

  Humboldt, Alexander von

  hydrogen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1

  at big bang

  as sun’s fuel, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  in water molecule, 3.1, 3.2

  hydrogen bomb

  ice ages, 9.1, 10.1

  human populations affected by, 9.1, bm1.1n–8n

  orbital changes and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  short-term riffs in, 9.1, 9.2

  warm intervals in

  ice cores, 9.1, bm1.1n

  India, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

  northern drift of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2

  infrared spectrum, 3.1, 8.1

  inventions

  multiple discoverers of, 10.1, bm1.1n

  iridium

  iron

  ore rocks of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

  rusting of

  isolation research

  Ivy Mike, Operation, 2.1, bm1.1n

  Jablonski, David, 7.1, bm1.1n–4n

  Jack Hills site, Australia, 3.1, bm1.1n

  James, William

  jawless fish

  Jefferson, Thomas

  Jenkins, Farish A., Jr., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

  jet lag, 4.1, 4.2

  Johns Hopkins University, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1

  Journal of Geophysical Research

  Jupiter, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1

  moons of, 3.1, 5.1

  Kant, Immanuel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n

  Kibale National Park

  kidneys, 3.1, 4.1

  Konopka, Ronald, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

  Krauss, Lawrence

  Krogh, Schack August Steenberg

  Kuiper belt, n–7n

  Labrador

  Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n

  Lasaga, Antonio

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

  lead 206, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n

  Leavitt, Henrietta, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, bm1.1n

  Leibniz, Gottfried

  Leonardo da Vinci

  Libby, Willard

  life, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1

  abrupt appearance of

  chemical reactions of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2

  on dry land

  liquid water in

  patterns in history of

  single-celled, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, bm1.1n

  light

  artificial, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

  circadian clocks triggered by, 4.1, 4.2

  color pigmentation affected by

  seasonal differences in

  speed of, 2.1, 2.2

  of stars, 2.1, 3.1

  wave features of

  wavelength spectrum of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1

  lithium

  lizards, 6.1, 8.1

  London Geological Society

  Lucas, Peter, 8.1, bm1.1n

  Lull, Richard Swann, 1.1, bm1.1n

  lunar calendars

  Lystrosaurus, 8.1, 8.2

  Mahanadi Coalfields Limited

  Makerere University Biological Field Station

  mammals, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, bm1.1n

  as catastrophe survivors

  characteristics of, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1

  earliest relatives of, 1.1, 1.2

  fossil, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 10.1

  high-energy lifestyle of

  ice age, extinction of

  kidney of

  primates, 1.1, 8.1

  size-control gene in

  whales

  mammoths, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1

  Manhattan Project

  maps, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1

  geological, 7.1, 7.2

  of ocean floor, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

  Mariner missions

  Mars, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 9.1

  liquid water on

  sandstones of, 3.1

  surface temperature of

  Mars rovers

  mass, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2

  matter, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  antimatter vs., 2.1, 3.1

  energy and, 2.1, 2.2

  gravity in

  Matthews, Drummond

  melatonin

  Mercury

  water in polar craters of, 3.1, bm1.1n

  Merton, Robert, 10.1, bm1.1n

  Mesozoic era

  MESSENGER satellite

  meteorites, 2.1, 5.1, 7.1

  1969 Mexican

  microbial communities

  Milankovitch, Milutin, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

  milk, digestion of

  Milky Way Galaxy, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  mitochondria

  molecular clocks

  molecular forces, 5.1, 5.2

  mole
cules, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1, 5.1

  diffusion of

  water, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  monkeys

  moon

  Apollo missions to, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  calendar based on

  craters on

  origin of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, bm1.1n

  tides caused by, 4.1, 4.2

  water on

  moon rocks, 3.1, 4.1

  moons, planetary, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  Moore’s law

  Morley, Lawrence

  mountain ranges, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2

  mountain-uplift hypothesis, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

  Mount Wilson Observatory

  Mount Wilson telescope

  Napoléon I, Emperor, 9.1, bm1.1n

  NASA, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, bm1.1n

  Mariner missions of

  Mars rovers of

  MESSENGER satellite of

  Pioneer mission of

  Project Apollo of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  Voyager spacecraft of

  National Academy of Sciences

  Native Americans

  Natufian culture, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n

  natural philosophers, 7.1, 7.2

  natural selection, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n–8n

  nebulae, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1

  Orion

  Neptune

  neutrons, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Newell, Norman, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n–3n

  Newton, Isaac

  nitrogen

  Nobel Prize, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1

  North America, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1n

  Appalachian Mountains in

  dinosaur fossils in

  end of last ice age in

  rifts in

  Northern Hemisphere

  North Pole, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  Nova Scotia, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2

  ocean currents, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

  oceans, 7.1, 9.1

  atmospheric carbon removed by, 8.1, 8.2

  chemistry of, 3.1, 7.1, bm1.1n–7n

  of Southern Hemisphere, 8.1, 8.2

  undersea volcanoes in, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1

  oceans, seafloor of, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 10.1

  drill cores from, 6.1, 8.1

  recycling of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1

  spreading of, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

  Office of Naval Research

  Olsen, Paul

  Orion, constellation of

  Orion Nebula

  oxygen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1

  in physiology, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1n

  oxygen, atmospheric, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, bm1.1n–200n

  continental drift and, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n

  dangers of

  source of, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n

  oxygen atom, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2

  versions of, 4.1, 9.1

  paleontology, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1

  databases of

  Woods Hole conference of, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

  Paleozoic era

  particles, 2.1, 2.2

  Penzias, Arno

  periodic table, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  peripheral vision, 2.1, 2.2

  PETM (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum), n

  Phillips, John, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, bm1.1n

  photosynthesis, 5.1, 10.1

  Pickering, Edward Charles, 2.1, 2.2

  pineal gland

  Pioneer mission

  planets, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1

  climates of

  formation of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, bm1.1n

  in galaxy

  heat balance of, 3.1, 9.1

  Jupiter’s effect on

  moons of, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  orbital distance from sun of

  orbits of, 3.1, 3.2

  oxygen form in rocks of

  rocky inner vs. gaseous outer, 3.1, 3.2

  see also specific planets

  plants, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1

  algae, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1n

  altitude-sensitive

  dietary

  domesticated

  in evolution, 10.1, bm1.1n

  fossil, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  photosynthesis of, 5.1, 10.1

  plate tectonics, 5.1, 6.1, bm1.1n

  global temperatures affected by, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  of India, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1

  motion of

  see also continental drift

  primates, 1.1, 8.1

  Princeton University, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Pritchard, Jonathan

  Project Iceworm, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–7n

  proteins, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  protons, 2.1, 9.1

  quantum mechanics

  radioactive decay, atomic, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 9.1, bm1.1n

  radio waves

  rain shadows

  Ralph, Martin, 4.1, 4.2

  Raymo, Maureen “Mo”, 8.1, 9.1, bm1.1n

  “Revision of Triassic Stratigraphy of the Scoresby Land and Jameson Land Region, East Greenland” (Perch-Nielsen et al.), 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1n

  Richter, Curt, 4.1, bm1.1n

  Richter’s patch, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

  rocks, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  calendars in

  dating of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–6n

  deep core drilling of, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1

  earliest fossil-containing, 4.1, 5.1

  erosion of, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7

  in Hindostan grave markers (rhythmites), 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

  iron-containing, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

  magnetism pattern in

  moon, 3.1, 4.1

  oldest, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

  oxygen versions in

  sandstones, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

  smallest components of

  superheated

  of Tibetan Plateau

  zircons, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, bm1.1n, bm1.2n

  see also fossils; meteorites; stratigraphic layers

  Romans, ancient

  decentralized calendar of, 4.1, 4.2

  Sagan, Carl, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2

  San Andreas Fault

  sandstones, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, bm1.1n

  satellites, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, bm1.1n

  Saturn, 3.1, 9.1

  moons of

  Schaff, Chuck, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1n

  Schopf, Tom, 7.1, bm1.1n

  Schwarzenegger, Arnold

  Scientific American

  Scotland, 6.1, 9.1

  Scott, Robert Falcon, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2

  seashells, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1, bm1.1n

  seasonal affective disorder

  seasons, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

  sedimentology, n–2n

  sensory deprivation

  Sepkoski, Jack, 7.1, bm1.1n

  Shackleton, Ernest

  Shell Oil Guide to the Permian and Triassic of the World, 1.1, bm1.1n

  Shukba Cave

  Siffre, Michel, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1n

  size, 2.1, 5.1

  atmospheric oxygen and, 5.1, bm1.1n–200n

  Darlington-Barbour frog experiment on, 5.1, bm1.1n

  Galileo on, 5.1, bm1.1n

  genetic control of, 5.1, bm1.1n

  gravity and

  hearing and

  humans affected by

  microscopic, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

  molecular forces and

  physiological determinants of

  predictive power of

  sleep patterns, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  genetic factors in

  light in

  medical links to, 4.1, bm1.1n–9n

  obesity correlated with

  Smith, William, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, bm1.1n

  solar system, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–7n

  age of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

  formation of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, bm1.1n–5n

  1969 Mexican meteorite impact and
r />   peripheral location of

  water in, 3.1, 3.2

  see also planets; sun

  South Africa, 6.1, 6.2

  Lystrosaurus Zone of

  South America, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2

  Africa’s congruity with, 6.1, 6.2

  primates of

  Southern Hemisphere, 8.1, 8.2

  South Pole, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  Soviet Union

  species, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 7.1

  common ancestors of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  diversity of, 7.1, 7.2, bm1.1n

  extinctions of, see extinctions

  global distribution of

  hominid

  kings-of-the-hill, 7.1, 7.2

  of monkeys

  perceptions of

  Spirit Mars rover

  stars

  color and magnitude of

  distances of, 2.1, 2.2

  dust clouds around, 3.1, 3.2

  elements in fuel of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  formation of

  fusion reactions of, 2.1, 3.1

  in galaxies, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  in gas clouds, 2.1, 2.2

  heat production of

  heavier elements created by, 2.1, 2.2

  iron accumulated by

  satellite mapping of

  as supernovae, 2.1, 2.2

  variable

  Stearns, Stephen, 10.1, bm1.1n

  Stigler, Stephen, 10.1, bm1.1n

  Stigler’s law, 10.1, bm1.1n

  stone tools, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

  stratigraphic layers, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, bm1.1n–2n, bm1.2n–6n

  characteristic fossils in

  elements in

  iridium

  Lystrosaurus Zone

  in Nova Scotia, 7.1, 7.2

  of Talcher Coalfield

  structural geology, n–7n

  Studies on Glaciers (Agassiz)

  Suess, Eduard, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1n

  sulfur

  sun, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  formation of

  future of, 3.1, 10.1

  heat radiated by, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1n–5n

  hydrogen as fuel of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  increasing brightness of

  in solar system formation, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  supernovae, 2.1, 2.2

  Swedenborg, Emanuel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1n

  Talcher Coalfield

  tectonics, see plate tectonics

  telescopes, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1

  cooling of

  electromagnetic spectrum

  of Galileo

  Hubble Space

  satellite

  Teller, Edward, 2.1, 2.2

  Telstar satellite

  temperatures, body, 4.1, 6.1

  temperatures, global, 8.1, 9.1

  atmospheric carbon in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, bm1.1n

  color perception and, 8.1, bm1.1n

  cooling of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1

  greenhouse effect in

 

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