Furies

by Lauro Martines

  Notes

  These notes provide sources for material on the pages indicated, but give only the last name of the author and page references. Full details are set forth in the bibliography. When an entry below refers to an author listed with two or more titles, the work in question is identified by the year of publication. Examples: G. Parker (2004), Wilson (2009), Lynn (1997).

  PRELUDE

  For source material on the state, see my comment at the start of the notes for Chapter 10.

  Incident at bridge: Bourdeille, II, 132; also Wood, 305–06; Lynn (2008), 71.

  Standard accounts of the civil wars: e.g., Bonney (1991), 164–72.

  Mantuan villagers, incident: Quazza (1926), I, 526, and (1933), 184.

  Florence, ten thousand mercenaries: Martines (2006), 44.

  On torture: Fiorelli; Langbein; Peters.

  I owe a debt of gratitude to the following. For their work on Spanish armies: Geoffrey Parker, I. A. A. Thompson, Fernando González de León, and Ruth Mackay. On French armies: John Lynn, James Wood, David Parrott, and Guy Rowlands. On German armies: Peter Burschel, William Guthrie, Peter Wilson, Fritz Redlich, Otto Büsch, Bernhard Kroener, Ralf Pröve, and Christopher Clark. On the Northern Wars: R. L. Frost. On Gustavus Adolphus: Michael Roberts. On the Russian army: John Keep and Lindsay Hughes. On Italian armies: Maria Nadia Covini, William Caferro, Mallet/Hale, Mallett/Shaw, and Gregory Hanlon. On English armies: Roger Manning and Mark Fissel. On the armies of the Dutch Republic: Marco van der Hoeven. On La Rochelle: Kevin Robbins. On the Emperor Charles V and war: Tracy (2002). And more generally: Frank Tallett and M. S. Anderson.

  CHAPTER 1. A WAR MOSAIC

  The young peasant: Wagner, 53.

  Pierre La Sire: Lynn (1997), 397.

  French army, manpower needs: Lynn (1997), 55; Rowlands, 1.

  Peter the Great, branding: Keep, 107.

  Prince Eugene, quote: M. S. Anderson (1988), 130.

  Florence against Pisa: Buoninsegni, II, 790–803; Najemy, 194–97.

  “The grass … useless people”: Capponi, 273.

  Catapulted soldier: Salviati, 248–49; message on corpse, Palmieri, 42–44.

  Branding and mutilation: Capponi, 264–66.

  Promise made to mercenaries: Ibid., 264.

  “Was repugnant … of prey”: Palmieri, 56.

  Rumegies: facts and quotes in Dubois, 41, 102, 124, 131–32, 151, 153, 156, 162, 166, 172–73.

  Animal skins: Léry, 135–39.

  La Rochelle and pioneers there: Wood, 263.

  The shoemaker: Heberle, Zeytregister.

  On the Thirty Years War: Wilson (2009); G. Parker (1997); Asch (1997).

  “Ravenous animals … marketplace”: Heberle, 129, 119–20.

  On Gustavus Adolphus: M. Roberts (1953–58).

  Swedish garrisons: G. Parker in Repgen, 303.

  Bygdea and quotations: Ibid., 404; Lindegren, 310–12.

  Shortage of adult males: Lindegren, 317.

  Scots sent to Germany: G. Parker in Repgen, 305.

  “even the filthiest … on the ground”: Palmieri, 42.

  Lautrec’s army: Zinsser, 253. Mallett/Shaw, 167, 205, say he had twenty thousand men.

  Wallenstein’s march: Mann, 290–92.

  July 1649: Parrott, 521.

  Violence at Moulins: Ibid.

  On Monluc: see Monluc; Courteault; Sournia.

  “Trees … the sword”: Sournia, 262–71.

  Josias Rantzau: Wilson (2009), 592.

  Incident near Munich, 1633: Friesenegger, 31, 35.

  “are ever enemies … they were found”: Monro, 15, 252.

  Mansfeld’s soldiers: Tallett, 157.

  “Blackened … splendidly dressed”: Friesenegger, 37.

  The armies of Louis XIV: Lynn (1997), 171.

  In 1573 and 1576: Wood, 262, 36.

  CHAPTER 2. SOLDIERS: PLEBEIANS AND NOBLES

  Nobilities, good starting points: H. M. Scott, 2 vols.; Kamen (2000), Chap. 4.

  Armies, their social composition: see the note for page xiv.

  Charles V, quotation: Packard, 203. On Alba: Hale, 98.

  Castillo de Bovadilla: Mackay, 154.

  Saint-Germain’s words: reported by M. S. Anderson (1988), 163.

  Wellington’s words: Coates, 67–68; Holmes (1996), 279–80.

  Barnes and Palmer: quoted in Manning, 44.

  The Chester saying: McGurk, 35.

  Disease in the Derry garrisons: Ibid., 241.

  Mutinies near Chester: Fissel, 95.

  The Bristol report and succeeding quotes: McGurk, 33, 34, 39.

  The English practice of impressment: Stearns (1972); and into the early eighteenth century, Brewer, 49–50.

  Impressment in Scotland, nasty hyperbole: Manning, 50, 65.

  Recruitment lotteries in Castile: Mackay, 133–35.

  A “gross underestimate”: Thompson (1976), 112.

  Quotes and events in Burgos, Zamora, Salamanca, Béjar, Murcia, Albuquerque, and Portugal: Mackay, 78, 79, 154, 167, 170–71.

  Events in Catalonia, quote, six reapers: Corteguera, 143, 147–48.

  Catalan soldiers, quotes: Ibid., 151, 154–55.

  Russian army, conditions, recruits, Peter I, quotes: Hughes, 70; Keep, 83, 146.

  Sweden in Thirty Years War, conscripts, mortalities, poor boys: Frost, 205–08.

  Italians desert Swedish ranks: G. Parker in Repgen, 307.

  Deserted markets: Lynn (1997), 361.

  Markets, impressment, quotes: Ibid., 361, 363; M. S. Anderson (1988), 124.

  “Themselves forcibly,” top policeman, racoleurs: Rowlands, 257–58.

  On Wolfenbüttel and recruiting criminals: Burschel (1994), 94–96; Bröckling/Sikora, 74; Redlich (1964), II, 173–74; and Kapser, 73–74.

  Hilke Wessels, quote: Burschel (1994), 105–107. Prussia, quotes: Büsch, 5.

  Landsknechts: see Baumann.

  Desertion in Germany: Bröckling/Sikora; Delbruck (1990), 252. Lists of deserters: Sikora in Bröckling/Sikora.

  There are brief biographies of Thirty Years War generals in Findeisen: e.g., 443–51 (Werth), 147–58 (Tilly), 274–84 (Pappenheim), 309–16 (Gallas), and 432–36 (Banér). On the obscure Gil de Haas: Wilson (2009), 396–97.

  The condottieri: Hale, 148.

  On Caspar von Widmarckter, including his campaign diary: Gräf, 8–14, 71–72, 78, 101–50, touching the main points in my biographical sketch.

  Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar: Findeisen, 285–93; Asch, 160–61.

  Bernhard’s contract with Louis XIII, quotes: Symcox (1974), 117–21.

  Bernhard need for “contributions” to top up the French fee: highlighted by Guthrie, II, 97.

  Italian quest for high officer’s rank: Bilotto, 367–96, 397–419. France’s aspiring “robe” nobility: Rowlands, 155–56, 169–70.

  On Spinola’s loan: G. Parker (2004), 102.

  Fuggers: Haberer, 72–76, 240–327, 341–46.

  The Army of Flanders: G. Parker (2004).

  Italian mercenary forces: Mallett (1974); Caffero (1998); Covini (1998); and Mallett/Hale.

  The Italian Wars: Oman, 105–207, Mallett/Shaw.

  Military entrepreneurs: see Redlich (1964).

  Quotes and the da Varano family: Law in France, 95–98.

  Quote concerning Metz: Contamine (1984), 162.

  Mazarin and Count of Marsin: Helfferich (2007), 480–86.

  Captains and companies: Guthrie, I, 9.

  In the 1590s, quote: Thompson (1976), 121.

  Food rations: Lynn (1997), 113–23; (1993), 139–40; Smith, 39, note 10; Burschel (1994), 187–88; Creveld, 21.

  Wages as listed: Baumann, 86–89; Thompson, 105–107; Mallett/Hale, 495–96; Keep, 103, 110. See also Hale, 109–12.

  On bread: Cambridge Econ. Hist. of Europe, IV, 393; G. Parker (1985), 25. Figure of 75 percent: Cunningham/Grell, 211.

  Sweden’s armies, payment with food: Guthrie, I, 260; II, 31.

  Oxenstierna’s method of payment: Mortimer
(2004), 106.

  Mutinies: Guthrie, I, 260; M. S. Anderson (1988), 53.

  Dutch mercenaries, quotes: “day labourer,” Van der Hoeven, 49; and “continuous income,” Guthrie, ii, 187. Complaints against Dutch pay, Manning, 32–33.

  The stolen silver: Wood, 277.

  Sforza (Milan’s) mercenaries: Covini (1998), 389–90.

  Details regarding Landsknechts: Baumann, 88–89.

  In this jigsaw of operations: see Redlich (1964); Rowlands, 204–207, 212–13; Wood, 99; Thompson (1976), 111.

  Fraud among army officers: Wood, 275–76; Rowlands, 259–63; Parrott, 248–50, 281–86; Hale, 113; Kroener (1992), 58–59.

  Corruption in Milan’s garrison: Ribot, in Donati/Kroener, 155–96.

  CHAPTER 3. SACKING CITIES

  Lesser sacks: Alfani, 51–53.

  Brescia, sources: Frati, 3 vols.

  Brescia’s population: Pasero, II, 279. Frati, II, 681, puts Brescia’s population at fifty thousand.

  Background leading to the sack: Pasero, II, 251–59.

  Four hours later: Ibid., 262–67.

  A tumult of cries and screams: Ibid., 267–69.

  Anselmi’s account: Frati, I, 29–30.

  Casari’s account: Ibid., I, 52–60.

  Venetian soldier and third witness, quotes: Ibid., I, 245–46, 175.

  Booty, four thousand vehicles: Pasero, II, 269.

  More executions: reported by chronicler, in Frati, I, 135.

  Tartaglia’s words: Ibid., I, 167–68.

  Antwerp: the essential documentation was published by M. P. Génard (1876).

  Iconoclasm in the Netherlands: Arnade, 90–107; in Antwerp, Wegg, 53–85, and Voet, 170–73.

  A “grandee,” quote: Israel (1998), 156.

  Arrest of Council members: Génard, 103–105.

  Composition of Flanders Army: Ibid., 247; G. Parker (2004).

  “Money! Money!”: Génard., 409.

  Saturday, November 3: Ibid., 446–57.

  The “blasphemous” flag: Ibid., 464.

  “It was a thing miraculous”: Gascoigne, 156.

  The assault and ensuing firefight: Génard, 464–69.

  Conduct of English troops (ignored by Gascoigne): Ibid., 466, 476–77.

  Casualty figures: Gascoigne, 157; Génard, 468, 514–15, 522, 564; Wegg. 201; Voet, 203.

  Gascoigne, quoted, 159.

  Loot, value: Wegg, 201; Génard, 472–73, 475–76, 522; Vasquez de Prada, 252.

  Tapestries and baptisms: Voet, 200, 204.

  Marie de Soeto: Génard, 472.

  Modern scholarship finds: Voet, 203; Israel (1998), 185.

  Magdeburg: Wolter’s old history (1845) provides a reliable narrative leading up to the sack.

  For English readers, the Thirty Years War is best handled by Wilson (2009); Asch; G. Parker (1997); and Guthrie, 2 vols. Mann’s biography of Wallenstein is outstanding.

  On the different political currents in Magdeburg: Wolter, 272–79; Ballerstedt, 14–21; Volkholz, 2–6, 16–17; Mann, 459–61. Lohmann and Neubauer published the accounts of the important witnesses.

  The early morning of May 20: Guericke, 77–78; Volkholz, 19.

  Ackermann’s words: in Mortimer (2002), 67.

  Insults exchanged at the city walls: Bandhauer, 272; Guericke, 83.

  Guns, mortars, powder, and shortage of gunpowder: Wolter, 280–81. Volkholz denies that there was such a shortage and accuses Guericke of lying: Volkholz, 50–55.

  Of signs and portents: This theme, highlighting Magdeburg’s importance for German Protestants, has been treated by Medick in Krusenstjern/Medick, 377–407.

  How soon Falkenberg was killed is disputed: Volkholz, 22–24.

  Guericke’s words: Guericke, 83.

  Quote about St. Ulrich’s, etc.: Guericke, 87.

  How the fire got started has been much debated. See Guericke, 83–84. Volkholz, 48–91, sees Pappenheim as the culprit. Medick (1999), 389–90, leans to the view that it was started by Magdeburg’s defenders.

  Looters killed by fire: Bandhauer, 275–76.

  Poor folk forced to help plunderers: Helfferich (2009), 110.

  The Elbe “choked with the corpses of victims”: M. Roberts (1953–58), II, 496.

  Census of 1632, “rubble until 1720”: Wilson (2009), 479.

  Human remains dumped into the Elbe: Mortimer (2002), 70.

  CHAPTER 4. WEAPONS AND PRINCES

  Sovereignty: The topic has elicited a vast literature. See Martines (1968), Chaps. 4, 9–11.

  Making of the modern state: Chittolini (1994); Tilly; Ertman; Thomson; Tuck.

  Parliament in England: Brewer, 43.

  New weapons: Pepper/Adams; Hall; Arnold.

  “A morass … work of art”: Guthrie, I, 4, 6–7.

  Hussites: see Kaminsky.

  Battles of Atella and Cerignola: Oman, 52–53; Mallett/Shaw, 33–34, 64–65.

  English observer, quote: Arnold, 94.

  Workings of wheel-lock pistol: Hall, 191.

  Bullet velocities: Ibid., 136.

  On the musket or “fusile”: Childs, 147, 152–53.

  New forms of fortification: Duffy, 2; Hale, 206–209, 250–51; Pepper/Adams; Pollak.

  Quote, “fully bastioned enceinte”: Pepper/Adams, 29.

  Medieval warfare: Contamine (1984).

  The Italian Wars, main battles: Oman, 105–243; Mallett/Shaw, passim.

  Swiss pike and Spanish tercio: Arnold, 76–82; Oman, 59–62, 69–73. Deafening drums: Benedetti, 151.

  Proportion of pike to musket: Wilson (2009), 90–91; Guthrie, I, 9–10; II, 33.

  Siege casualties: Van der Hoeven, 13; Duffy, 88–89; Robbins, 214, 355.

  Arms production, lead passes to Dutch: Vogel, 197–210.

  Quote, “lots of 500” arquebuses: Pepper/Adams, 17.

  On Christian of Brunswick’s purchase: Van der Hoeven, 201.

  Wages of skilled artisans: Zanden, 47, 129; Israel (1998), 353. My extrapolation of 8.5 percent of tax receipts is based on Gelderblom, 147.

  Taxes, bankers, and nascent state: see Chapter 10.

  “Engravings of upwards of 1000 different pieces”: W. Shaw, 7–8.

  On Spain, quote: Lovett, 19.

  Charles V’s words: Memoires de Charles Quint, 203.

  The sum borrowed from German bankers: Lovett, 219. My projection regarding the 24,000 soldiers is based on Mallett/Hale, 495–96.

  “Impresario of war”: Tracy (2002).

  CHAPTER 5. SIEGE

  Siege, background: Cantagalli; Hook (1977); and on the siege itself, Pepper/Adams, Chap. 6. My account relies mainly on Cantagalli and Sozzini.

  Date of Monluc’s arrival in Siena: Monluc, 256; Sozzini, 265.

  Food rations and Strozzi’s misfortunes: Cantagalli, 305, 326–27; Sozzini, 270–71; Pepper/Adams, 130.

  Military practice regarding “useless mouths”: Rocca, 206–207.

  August 1554, threatened penalties, and rich leave city: Cantagalli, 327–28, 341; Sozzini, 274–75, 283–84.

  The trees “festooned”: Pepper/Adams, 131.

  Council of 150, quote: Cantagalli, 335.

  Third week of September, poor folk, hospital, children, and Scipione Venturi: Ibid., 338–39, 345; Sozzini, 299–302.

  Monluc addresses town council: Monluc, 294–99.

  German soldiers, corpse-eating dogs: Cantagalli, 382, 386; Sozzini, 419.

  109 Monluc, 335–37, slips out of Siena, mistakenly making April 22 his exit date. See Cantagalli, 400.

  Surrender agreement, population: Cantagalli, 402–406.

  The insider’s view: Monluc, Book III.

  The Knight of Malta was a certain Mario Donati: Sozzini, 300.

  “Who lived by the sweat … dreadful as famine”: Monluc, 317–18.

  Duke Cosimo and Charles V: Cantagalli, 404.

  Sancerre: Cunningham/Grell, 228–31, offers a cursory sketch of the siege.

  On Léry: Dictionnaire, vol. E-L, 1377–1379.

  Armed women
: Léry, 60.

  All quotes: Ibid., 65.

  By the end of January, quotes: Ibid., 72.

  From February 21, cannonades, quote: Ibid., 77, 81–83.

  The disemboweled girl: Ibid., 101.

  Donkey and horse meat, cats and dogs, quotes: Ibid., 133–34.

  Expulsion of poor: Ibid., 135.

  Leather, hides, parchment, “like tripe”: Ibid., 135–37.

  Excrement: Ibid., 145.

  Cannibalism, quotes: Ibid., 146.

  Potard and l’Emerie: Ibid., 146–48.

  Cannibalism quotes: Ibid., 155, 156.

  Surrender conditions: Ibid., 210–13.

  Sancerre in Catholic hands: Ibid., 220–26.

  Paris: The Wars of Religion have been well narrated by Knecht (2002) and Holt (2005). The “apocalyptic” climate is exhaustively analyzed by Crouzet.

  “30,000 peasants … do the same”: Corneio (1837), 246.

  On Mendoza and the religious orders: Ibid., 251; Brief Traité, 274–76.

  Henry’s ragged troops were not even noticed by Sully, who was present at the siege: Sully, I, 203–04.

  Quotes: Brief Traité, 273–74.

  Quotes up to “arms of the city”: Ibid., 276–77.

  Quote: Ibid., 277.

  Quote: pleading, Ibid., 274.

  Quotes: Corneio (1837), 248–49, 262.

  Quotes up to “fighting folk and soldiers,” Corneio (1590), 36.

  Outburst of August 9: Roelker, 191.

  Quotes: “some mornings” and “powdered bone,” Corneio (1837), 261.

  Quotes, children eaten: Roelker, 193.

  Surrounding countryside “eaten bare”: Oman, 510–11.

  Attempted escalade, quote: Ibid., 511.

  Living from hand to mouth: Herlihy/Klapisch-Zuber, Chap. 4, in Florence;

  Burschel (1994), 70–71, on Lübeck and Hamburg; Wilson (2009), 795, on Augsburg; and G. Parker (1985), 25, on Low Countries.

  U.S. average spent on food: Time (Oct. 10, 2011), 33.

  Augsburg: My account of this siege is anchored in Bernd Roeck’s Eine Stadt and Jakob Wagner’s Chronik.

  Population: Roeck (1987), 73–78.

  Bread riots: Ibid., 105.

  Anti-Catholic measures: Wagner, 11, 18, 21, 25.

  Defensive works, soldiers’ wages, billeting: Ibid., 19–24.

  Felling of trees: Ibid., 22–23.

  Of “wretched, paltry sums”: Ibid., 31.

  Massacre of four hundred people: Rebel, 9.

  Oxenstierna’s alienation of lordships: Guthrie, I, 260.