In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark
Page 24
Great Falls of the Missouri: to Beaverhead Rock, 61; Big Falls, 56, 56; Boy Scouts, 149; buffalo remains at, 56–57; expedition celebrates Fourth of July, 121; expedition seeks out, 55; historical photograph of, 56–57; Indian hunting at, 51, 74; Lewis’s assessment of beauty, 12; portage, 55–58, 97; Satterfield at, 157; Yates documentary, 133
Great Falls Tribune, 125
Great Lakes of South Dakota Association, 136
Great man (view of history), 79
Great Northern Railway Company, 7, 29–30, 33–34
Great Parks National Automobile Highway, 95
Great Plains, 46, 52
Greater Clarkston Association (Washington state), 126
Green Berets, 136
Green, Paul, 148
Greenslit, John, 150
Grizzly bears (or white bears), 53, 58
Gros Ventres (Native American tribe), 62
Guthrie Jr., A. B. (author of The Big Sky), 124
Haley’s Bay. See Baker’s Bay
Hall, Hugh, 45
Hamburg Bend Wildlife Management Area, 155
Hamilton (Montana), 63, 117
Hammond (Oregon), 109
Hansen, Bert: Missoula pageant, 122–123; other pageants, 159–160, 164; pageant at Missouri headwaters, 116–117; sociodrama, 117–118
Harlan, John P., 86
Harlowton (Montana), 146
Harris, Zillah, 26
Harvard University, 115
Haseltine (Virginia), 147
Hauser Dam (Montana), 59
Hearnes, Warren E., 144
Hebard, Grace Raymond, 22, 172(n18)
Helena, Montana: Capitol murals, 83; Gates of Mountains near, 58–59, 59, 101, 103; Holter Dam near, 156; Lewis and Clark centennial parade, 20; proposed monument site, 36
Hell Creek, 54
Hellgate gap, 73
Heritage site, 3, 5–7
Herman (Missouri), 144
Hermiston (Oregon), 66
Heroes, heroism: frontier heroes, 8–11, 79; heroic icons, 19–20, 24–25; national hero, 2; Sacagawea as, 23–26, 28–29
Heroic-sized statues, 40; of Lewis and Clark, 28–29, 34, 35, 39; of Sacagawea, 26, 28–29, 39; of York, 29
Heston, Charlton, 107
Hickory Stick Club. See Original Hickory Stick Club
Hidatsa (Native American tribe; also called Minataree), 23, 110, 139; advice on Great Falls portage, 55; expedition dependence on, 2; Sacagawea abducted by, 21, 124; “Sakakawea” spelling, 172(n27); villages, 20; warring with other tribes, 53, 65, 112–113; winter 1804–1805, 50–51
Highway Beautification Act (1965), 129
Highways, early condition, 91–97; Montana, 97; North Dakota and South Dakota, 96; secondary, 141, 168
Highway system, 5, 90–91, 95. See also interstate highways by name
Highway tourism, travel. See Auto tourism
Highwood Mountains, 54
Historical authenticity. See Interpretation of historical sites
Historical heritage, 5
Historical highway signs and logo contest. See Auto tourism
Historical myth, 2–4, 9
Historical parks, 4
Historical Society of the Rocky Mountains, 8, 80
History, cultural, 3
History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark. See Biddle-Allen edition; Coues edition
Hokanson, Drake, 94
Hollywood, 107–108
Holmerg, James J., 40
Holt, Mrs. Clarence, 26
Holter Dam, 59, 97, 156
Hood River (Oregon), 68
Hoquiam (Washington), 104
Horace Johnson Dancers, 124
Horne, Esther Burnett, 21–22; as descendent of Sacajawea, 125
Horse Heaven Hills, 65
Horse Prairie Creek, 61, 115
Horse Prairie Valley, 61, 102
Horses, 70, 72; Boy Scouts used retracing route, 127; expedition’s fight with Piegans over, 74; killed for meat, 84; negotiations with Lemhi Shoshone for, 34, 53, 61, 133; traded for food, 47
House of Representatives. See U.S. Congress
Huffman, Bert, 23
Hungry (“Hungery”) Creek, 71, 84, 86, 100
Hunt, Wilson Price, 29
Hyde, Anne Farrar, 90
Hydroelectric power and dams, 6, 56, 59, 138
Idaho legislature, 145
Idaho (state): Bitterroot Mountains, 132; central, 86, 102; Clark and Lewis counties, 112; Columbia River Historical Expedition, 33; commemorating Lewis and Clark, 5–6; congressman, 98; on cross-country auto route (1903), 91; DAR, 27; eastern, 63; Gray (Ralph) on Lolo Motorway, 102–103; interpretive signs in national forests, 149; legislature, 145; Lemhi Pass and expedition, 62; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 17; Lewis and Clark route, 88; Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, 131; Lewis-Clark Highway (U.S. 12), 103–105, 105; Lolo Motorway, 168; Lolo Pass Interpretive Center, 167; Lolo Trail, 100; National Historic Landmark, 148; Nez Perce, 142; northern, 33, 100, 105, 112; pageant at Salmon, 124; sesquicentennial, 108, 112, 124, 126; Shoshone, 62–63; Spalding site donated to Nez Perce National Historic Park, 167; state line with Montana, 123; Weippe prairie and expedition, 84; Wheeler expedition, 82
Idaho State College (Pocatello), 123
Idaho State Highway Commission, 103
Illinois (state): expedition prepares for journey at Wood River, 43; and Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and Gateway Arch, 167; Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, 168; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission, 131; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 17; Lincoln Highway, 93; sesquicentennial and, 126; Wood River/Camp Dubois State Park, 167; Wood River site altered, 135
Ilwaco (Washington), 68
Imperialism (U.S.), 16–17, 19, 99
Independence (Missouri), 44
Indian Grave (Idaho), 100
Indian Post Office (Idaho), 87
Individualism, 10
Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program, 140
Interpretation of historical sites and authenticity, 7; authenticity, 6, 116, 163–166, 168; cult of authenticity, 181(n21); interpretation difficulties, 134; interpretive sites, 132; meaning and significance of expedition to Americans, 163; visualizing past events, 142
Interpretive centers, 4. See also individual states and cities
Interstate Highway 15 (I-15), 58
Interstate Highway 29 (I-29), 40
Interstate Highway 70 (I-70), 44
Interstate Highway 84 (I-84), 66, 168
Interstate Highway 90 (I-90), 48, 59–60, 68
Interstate Highway 94 (I-94), 50
Interstate highways: early transcontinental routes, 93–97; first federally funded system, 5, 90–91, 94; following Lewis and Clark trail, 100–105, 142, 168; and impact on tourism, 104–105; National Defense Interstate Highway system authorized in 1956, 91; the term, 178(n49). See also highways by name
Intertribal warfare (on Missouri frontier), 47
Iowa (state): auto tourism (early) along Lewis and Clark route, 96; county Lewis and Clark trail committees, 151; DeSoto National Wild Life Refuge, 155; Floyd gravesite and monument, 101, 135, 173(n38); Floyd’s death near Sioux City, 47; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission, 131; Lewis and Clark Trail Committee of, 145; Pick-Sloan project, 138; sesquicentennial, 126, 136; vegetation along Missouri River, 45–46
Iron boat, 58
Irving, Washington (author), 8
J. N. “Ding” Darling Foundation, 130–131, 141, 149
Jackson, Andrew, 8
Jackson, Donald, 9–11
Jackson, H. Nelson, 91
Jakle, John, 92, 165
James Kipp State Park, 54, 103
Jamestown (Virginia), 18
Japanese World War II internees, 104
Jean Baptiste. See Pompey
Jefferson City (Missouri), 44, 144
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (St. Louis), 127, 145–146, 167
Jefferson peace medal, 46, 149,
166
Jefferson River, 156; confluence at the Three Forks, 59, 112; expedition travels along, 60, 71, 88, 112–113, 152; and highways, 60; towns on, 60
Jefferson River Valley, 60
Jefferson, Thomas, 49, 86; instructions to Lewis and Clark, 43; memorial to, 145; portrayed in pageant, 119–121
Jensen, Ben F., 130
Jerk Meat (Sacagawea’s possible second husband), 22
John Day Dam, 141
Johnson administration, 129
Johnson, Lady Bird, 129
Johnson, Lyndon B., 130, 149
Johnson, Walter, 110
Jordan (Montana), 104
Judith Landing, 54
Judith Mountains, 54
Judith River, 54
Kamiah (Idaho): expedition, 84–85; near Long Camp, 70–71, 72, 133; sesquicentennial, 124; Wheeler expedition, 84
Kammen, Michael, 26–27, 30, 163
Kansas (state), 145
Kansas River, 45
Keck, Charles, 28–29, 38
Kelley, Hall Jackson, 10
Kennedy, John F., 129
Kessler, Donna, 20, 23
Kipp State Park. See James Kipp State Park
Klep, Rolf, 110
Knife River, 50
Koch, Elers, 86–89
Koch, Frederick H., 114–115, 117
Kooskia (Idaho), 71, 103–104
Kootenai (Native American tribe), 123
Kyl, John, 130, 147, 150
La Charette (Missouri), 44
La Plata (Maryland), 136
Lake Sakakawea, 52, 138, 140, 149
Lake Sharpe, 138
Lakota (Native American tribe), 48, 161. See also Teton Sioux
Lamine River, 44
Lancaster, S. C., 95
Land sculpture plan. See Graber, Archie M.
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (1965), 132
Lander (Wyoming), 22
Large, Fred, 180(n5)
Large, Lydia, 109, 180(n5)
Laurel (Montana), 73
Lawyer Creek, 70–71
Lemhi County (Idaho) fairgrounds, 124
Lemhi Pass: BLM maps area, 148; expedition crosses, 62; Gray (Ralph) at, 102; Peebles locates camp sites, 88; retracing the route, 168; Satterfield at, 157
Lemhi River Valley, 102
Lemhi Shoshone. See Shoshone
Lewis and Clark, 96, 116, 135, 147; buffs, 78, 152; call Nez Perce “Choppunish,” 64; campsites, 60, 86–89; at Columbia Gorge, 68; decision at the Marias River, 55; elite image of, 10–11, 163; encounter with Teton Sioux, 49–50; folk image of, 10, 37–38, 163; and Headwaters State Park, 113; interpretive centers, 42; the land as they had seen it, 87, 101–102; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 16–19; monuments and sculpture, 27–30, 28, 31, 32, 33–35, 35, 37–40, 39, 98; moving upriver from the Great Falls, 97; meeting with Missouri River Indians, 46–51, 135, 139; naming Medicine (Sun) River, 58; Native American modern views of, 160–161; neglect of in Montana, 34–38; 1955 Hollywood film about, 108; nineteenth-century interest in, 8–13, 18; as opportunity to Shoshone, 63; peace medals, 149; portrayed in pageants, 114, 121–126; preparing for journey, 43–44; related to “progress,” 111; returning to Nez Perce by land, 70; and Sacagawea, 20–21, 23, 28–30, 39; sesquicentennial, 109; shift in way commemorated, 4–6; sign logo, 142; “standard model” public perception of, 2, 107; studying Mandan and Hidatsa cultures, 50, 53; Wheeler on, 79–80, 82–83, 85–86; Yellepit welcomes, 65
Lewis and Clark at the Portage (sculpture), 38
Lewis and Clark bicentennial, xi; binding communities together, 168; Bodnar on, 162; guidebooks and preparation for, 6, 156; Fort Clatsop replica replaced, 180(n8); and Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, 1–2, 6, 38, 159, 167; Native American views of, 161; public attitudes toward, 167; public historical consciousness and, 1–2, 156; new spirit of cooperation, 162–163
Lewis and Clark campsites: attempts to locate, 78, 86, 88; BLM mapping of, 148; inundation by Missouri River dams, 6; restored, 132; Wheeler and Wright, 60, 80, 82, 84–85
Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park (Montana), 60
Lewis and Clark centennial, xii; Helena, Montana’s celebration, 20; honoring national heroes, 2; popular magazine articles, 10–11; Portland Lewis and Clark Exposition, 13; and public interest in expedition, 7, 10, 27, 98–99; Sewell locating trail for, 86; Wheeler’s book stimulated interest in, 79. See also Louisiana Purchase Exposition
Lewis and Clark County (Montana), 101, 112
Lewis and Clark expedition, xi–xii; among the Nez Perce, 65; Astoria Column, 29; auto tourism and highways, 5–6, 40, 78, 96, 99; Biddle-Allen edition of expedition history, 9; Bitterroot Mountains crossing, 62, 64–65; and boosterism, 2; Clark’s group on the Yellowstone River, 71–73; at Columbia River estuary and mouth, 12, 69; commemoration of, 3–5, 10–11, 29, 41–42, 145–146; Coues on, 9; dependence on Indian help, 2; down the Columbia River, 66–68; Fort Clatsop winter, 68–69; Fort Mandan to Shoshone camp, 51–62; goal of reaching Missouri headwaters, 37; historical significance, 1, 19, 127, 163; Hollywood’s conception of, 107–108, 119; institutionalizing of, 6; Jackson on, 9; at Jefferson River canyon, 60; lack of early interest in, 11; and Lewis and Clark Memorial Association, 97–99; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 28; Long Camp to the Missouri, 71–74; map of route, 42–43; Marias incident, 74; meeting with Cameahwait’s band, 62–63; mythical fame, 9; Native American objections to (modern), 161; obtaining horses, 53; Pompey accompanies, 51; portage at the Great Falls, 57–58; portrayed in pageant, 114–115; presentation of 5–6; and “progress,” 111; public attitudes toward, xi, 2, 38, 40, 112; public memory and national history, 3–4; return down Missouri River, 74–75; return from Pacific coast to the Bitterroots, 69–71; reunion near mouth of Little Missouri River, 75; Russell painting, 40; and Sacagawea, 2, 21–22, 51; from St. Louis to Fort Mandan, 44–50; sesquicentennial, 38, 107, 160; sites altered or destroyed, 135; splitting company on return journey, 73–74; Teton Sioux encounter, 48–49; troublesome plants, 54; Wheeler on, 9, 78–79; White Cliffs, 54; Yellowstone and Missouri rivers confluence, 52. See also Corps of Discovery
Lewis and Clark Festival Association (Oregon), 147–148
Lewis and Clark 50th anniversary, 7
Lewis and Clark Highway. See Lewis-Clark Highway
Lewis and Clark Historical Canoe Trail, 136
Lewis and Clark Hotel (Lewiston, Idaho), 112, 116
Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center (Great Falls, Montana), 167
The Lewis and Clark Journal (quarterly publication), 151
Lewis and Clark journals, 9; Biddle-Allen history based on, 12–13, 21; Clark on Columbia River Long Narrows and mouth, 67–68; Clark on “Council Bluffs” site, 46; Clark on Lolo Trail, 64, 83; Clark on Platte River, 46; Clark on seeing Pacific Ocean, 68; Clark on Teton Sioux, 160; Clark on White Bear Island, 58; Coues edition of Biddle-Allen history, 9, 12–13, 81; developing elite image, 11; and Fort Clatsop replica, 110; Freeman on, 136; Gass journal, 20, 88; Gray (Ralph) on, 101; highways and Lewis and Clark Trail reconstruction, 166; and historical authenticity, 164; landscape and vegetation mentioned in, 41–45, 54, 136; Lewis and Clark Centennial, 99; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 18; Lewis on Bitterroot Mountains, 61; Lewis on Gates of the Mountains, 59; Lewis on Great Falls of the Missouri, 57; Lewis on Touchet River, 70, Lewis on White Cliffs, 54; and pageants, 119–122; Peebles on, 88; public interest in, 99; and sesquicentennial, 40, 110–111, 119–122; and sites affected or destroyed, 140; Thwaites edition of, 10, 88; tourism and highways, 42, 78–79, 140; Wheeler on, 79, 81, 85–86; Whitehouse journal, 88; Yates on, 133
Lewis and Clark Memorial Association (1929), 37–38, 97–99
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail (1978), xi–xii, 6–7, 11, 112–113, 167; auto journeys along, 156, 162, 166–168; and auto tourism, 78; campaign for, 126–127, 133, 141, 155–156
Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission (1964), xii, 6; authorized by Public Law 88-630, 130; a
s clearinghouse for information, 131; continuous Lewis and Clark highway, 142; difficulties in interpreting trail, 137; funding, 137, 185(n62); interim report, 144; road access and marking, 138–143
Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition (full title: Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair): commercial focus of, 16, 98; historical significance of, 16, 19; impact on Portland, 17; official emblem, 15; official publication, 18; promotional transcontinental auto race, 92; public interest in expedition stimulated by, 5, 13, 17; Sacagawea’s role, 23–25; Sacagawea’s statue, 23, 24, 25; Seaside annual festival, 109
Lewis and Clark 140th anniversary, 125
Lewis and Clark 125th anniversary, 98
Lewis and Clark River (former Netul), 68, 109
Lewis and Clark sesquicentennial, xii, automobile caravan and air tour, 125; commemoration styles, 5; community activities, 109; compared to bicentennial, 6; events, 124–126; Fort Clatsop replica, 109–111, 111; outdoor pageants, 113, 115–124, 160; in Pacific Northwest, 126–127; preparations for, 108–110; special book, 111–112. See also individual states by name
Lewis and Clark sesquicentennial pageants: Dillon (Montana), 121–123, 122, 123; Salmon (Idaho), 123–124; Three Forks (Montana), 116–121, 124
Lewis and Clark Trail: A Proposal for Development (Bureau of Outdoor Recreation), 132
Lewis and Clark Trail Advisory Committee (Oregon), 147
Lewis and Clark trail and route, 41, 112, 155; archeological sites, 144; auto caravan along, 125; and auto tourism, 5, 77–78; camp sites, 6, 86; commemorating, 11, 33, 42, 78; and Continental Divide, 54; Darling’s resources, recreation, and trail “ribbon” proposal, 130; DeVoto follows route, 110; Duncan drives route, 157; following by canoe, 136–137; Gray drives route, 101–104; highways following, 91, 95–99, 144; historical significance, 90, 131; interpretive sites, 153; locating and tracing route (modern day), 78, 86, 88–89; on Lochsa River, 105; and Lolo Motorway, 100, 100–104; marking highways along, 141–143; National Historic Trail, 6–7, 78, 127, 155; National Trails System, 152–154; obliterated by water, 112–113, 116, 125, 127, 130, 140; pageants about, 113, 116–117; preserving, 6; public attitudes toward, 3, 91; Satterfield drives part of route, 156–157; sesquicentennial, 125; site destruction or alteration, 134; stimulating public interest in, 151; study of, 149, 151–157; veneration of, 5; Wheeler’s mapping, 79–86