In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark

by Wallace G. Lewis

  Pacific Ocean and coast: coastal forest description, 66; coastal Indians trade with inland Indians, 67; Columbia River, 68; and commemoration, 1, 126; Evergreen Highway, 94; Gray (Ralph) trip to, 103; expedition members, 44; expedition route to, 5, 16, 20, 38, 42–43, 51, 68, 77, 86, 97, 139; expedition supply cache, 55; explorers’ view of, 10; Highway 12 Association, 104; legislation to establish Fort Clatsop as a national monument, 110–111; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 15–19; Lincoln Highway route, 93–94; Oregon coast, 126–127; Seaside statue, 33, 35; and sesquicentennial, 125

  Pacific Rim, 15, 18

  Pacific slope, 61

  Pacific trade, 19

  Packard Motor Car Company, 92–93

  Packer Meadows, 64, 82

  Pageant and Masque of St. Louis (1914), 114–115

  A Pageant of the Northwest (1914), 115

  Pageants, xii; Armstead 1915, 26, 27, 115; drew large audiences, 114; Glassberg on, 113–114; Hansen’s pageant scripts, 164; Hansen’s sociodramas, 117–118; Headwaters State Park, 159–160; Lewis and Clark Festival Association (Oregon), 147–148; Lewiston (Idaho), 124; Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 114–115; Missoula (Montana), 116–124, 160; Native American enlistment in, 116; Salmon (Idaho), 123; sesquicentennial emphasis on, 5; at the Three Forks (Montana), 116–121, 160; University of North Dakota, 115

  Pan-American Exposition (Buffalo, 1901), 16

  Panama-Pacific Exposition (San Francisco, 1915), 94

  Paramount Pictures, 107–108

  Park-to-Park Highway, 95

  Partisan (Sioux chief), 49

  Pasco (Washington), 145

  Pataha Creek, 70

  Patriotism, 1, 16, 23

  Peebles, John J., 86, 88–89

  Peirce, Lewis, 164

  Pendleton (Oregon), 23

  Pend Oreille (Native American tribe), 123

  Perimeter roads (around reservoirs), 143

  Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), 9, 94; U.S. centennial celebration, 16, 18

  Philanthropy River. See Ruby River

  Philippines, 19

  Phoca (Seal) Rock, 68

  Pick, Lewis A., 138

  Pick-Sloan Program, 6; authorization, 137; dams, 101; flood control and irrigation, 138; impact on Missouri River tribes, 139–140

  Pickstown (South Dakota), 136

  Piegan (Native American tribe), 62, 74, 160. See also Blackfeet

  Pierce (Idaho), 64, 84, 87, 99, 103

  Pierce, Walter M., 30

  Pierre (South Dakota), 48–49, 96, 138, 157

  Pikes Peak Ocean to Ocean Highway, 94

  Pilgrim’s Progress, 2

  Pillar Rock, 68

  Pirogue, 44–45, 48–49, 52, 55

  Plains region, 5, 52, 93, 126

  Platte River, 46

  Plymouth (Massachusetts), 18, 94; Plymouth Rock, 30, 94

  Pocahontas, 23

  Pocatello (Idaho), 123

  Pomeroy (Washington), 70

  Pompey (also Baptiste, Jean Baptiste): born Fort Mandan (mother Sacagawea), 21, 51, 144; Clark nicknamed “Pompy,” 51; with Clark on return trip, 71; in Clark’s care after expedition, 22; flash flood nearly kills, 58; Pompey’s Pillar named after, 73, 73; portrayed in statues, 23, 28

  Pompey’s Pillar, 73, 157, 166, 184(n43)

  Pompey’s Pillar National Monument (near Billings, Montana), 144

  Ponca (Native American tribe), 46

  Pony Express, 93

  Poplar (Montana), 53

  Portage Route (Montana), 57–58, 61, 97, 148

  Portaging, 61, 67–68

  Portland, Maine, 94

  Portland (Oregon), xii; Civic Theatre, 147; and expedition route on Columbia River, 66, 68, 95; impact of 1905 exposition, 17; Lewis and Clark Exposition site, 13, 15–17; Lewis and Clark Trail Commission meetings, 130–131, 142, 144–145; transcontinental auto race to, 92; Washington Park, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28

  Post, Emily, 92

  Potlatch Creek, 70

  Powell, John Wesley, 78

  Powell, Vio Mae, 123

  Prairie dogs, 48

  Prescott (Washington), 70

  Preservation: of historical structures, 165; movements, 130

  Prest-O-Lite headlight company, 93

  Prevots, Naima, 114–116

  Prickly pear cactus, 54, 58

  Progress, 2, 17

  Progressive Era, xii, 114

  Pronghorn, 48

  Pryor, Nathaniel, 120, 175–176(n20)

  Psychodrama, 117

  Public memory. See Memory

  Puget Sound, 94

  Pulitzer Prize, 124, 148

  Pullman cars (railroads), 89

  Pusterla, Attilio, 29, 32, 173(n40)

  Quaife, Milo M., 10

  Rail travel, 80, 82, 89–90

  Rainbow Falls, 167

  Rattlesnake Cliffs, 61

  Ravalli County (Montana), 118

  Recreation Advisory Council (of the National Lewis and Clark Commission), 144

  Recreation: hiking trails, 129, 149; public recreation, 134; sites, 141. See also Bureau of Outdoor Recreation; individual states by name

  Red Rock River, 61

  Reed, Donna, 107–108

  Reenactment, 116, 161, 168; authenticity in, 181(n21); Lewis and Clark meeting with Teton Sioux, 161. See also Pageants

  Reproductions of heritage sites, 164–166

  Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 92

  Rishel, Bill, 95

  River highway proposal, 143

  River Press (Fort Benton, Montana newspaper), 37

  Roanoke, 148

  Roberts, Rev. J., 26

  Robinson, Will, 142

  Rockefeller Foundation, 117

  Rocky Mountain fur trade. See Fur trade

  Rocky Mountains: buffalo hunting east of, 63; Clark’s first view of, 54, 56; Debow’s Review on, 12; expedition’s use of horses to cross, 61; Historical Society of the Rocky Mountains, 8, 80; Mullan Trail, 8

  Rogers Pass, 74

  Romanticism, 11, 19

  Ronda, James P., 47–48

  Roosevelt International Highway. See U.S. Highway 2

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 15–16

  Rooster Rock, 68

  Rose Festival (Portland, Oregon), 17

  Ross’s Hole, 63, 174(n53)

  Rothman, Hal K., 96, 145

  Route 66, 90, 94

  Ruby (Philanthropy) River, 60

  Ruckstuhl, F. W., 18

  Russell, Charles M., 37, 40; Lewis and Clark statue design and mural for Montana Capitol, 174(n53)

  Ryburn, Joe, 121

  Saarinen, Eero, 146

  Sacagawea (also Sacajawea, Sakakawea), xi, 152; Cameahwait recognized as brother of, 133; DAR plaques, 25–27, 27; descendents of, 109, 125; as “enigma,” 21; featured on prize-winning design for highway sign, 141; grave of, 26; historical icon and heroic figure, 11, 19–20, 99; kidnapping by Hidatsas, 112–113; Lewis and Clark Exposition (Portland, 1905), 23–24; life and death (Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming versions), 22; lullaby, 26; meets Lewis and Clark, 21; miscast as expedition guide, 2; pageants, 113; portrayed in Corridor of Empire pageant at the Three Forks, 119–121; portrayed in Hollywood film, 107–108; portrayed in 1915 Armstead pageant, 114–116; portrayed in Salmon River Saga at Salmon (Idaho), 124; public perception of, 18–19, 22–23; role and functions on expedition, 20–21, 160; “Sakakawea” spelling, 181(n17); statues and monuments, 23–26, 24, 25, 26, 28–29, 38, 39; “unsung heroine of Montana,” 25; and women’s suffrage movement, 23

  Sacajawea (Bird Woman) statue in Washington Park, Portland, 23, 24, 25, 28, 38, 39

  Sacajawea Hotel, or Inn (Three Forks, Montana), 101, 121

  Sacajawea Interpretive Cultural and Education Center (Salmon, Idaho), 167

  Sacajawea State Park, 145

  Sacajawea Statue Association (Portland, Oregon), 23

  Saindon, Bob, 151, 185(n69)

  St. Charles (Missouri), 44, 101, 113

  St. Helens (Oregon), 69

  St.
Joseph (Missouri), 46, 145

  St. Louis, Missouri: Burkett following route, 136; Carpenter on, 12; Clark’s grave, 18; and expedition, 44, 75; expedition return from Fort Mandan, 75; expedition route, 52, 77; historical pageant (1914), 114; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and the Gateway Arch, 127, 145–146, 167; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission meetings, 131, 143; Lewis and Clark route to Pacific Ocean and back, 5, 77, 42–43; Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 16–17; Sacagawea and Charbonneau’s trip to, 22; Sacagawea statue, 23; sesquicentennial jet fighter flight to Astoria, 125; traders from, 48

  Saline City (Missouri), 44

  Salisbury, Albert, 86

  Salisbury, Jane, 86

  Salish. See Flathead

  Salmon (fish), 65, 71, 84

  Salmon, Idaho: Clark’s side trip on Salmon River, 63, 71; expedition at Lemhi Shoshone camp, 63; and Lemhi Pass, 102; Peebles near, 88; Sacagawea DAR plaque (possible birthplace) near, 26; sesquicentennial Salmon River Saga pageant, 123–124

  Salmon River, 63–64, 71, 102

  Salmon River Mountains, 124

  Salmon River Saga (pageant), 123–124

  Salt Cairn site: Astoria Column dedication, 33; expedition sets up, 68; Lewis and Clark Festival Association caravan to, 147; location at Seaside (Oregon), 85; replica, 34, 166; retracing path to, 145; Wheeler on, 85

  Salt Lake City, 93, 95

  Salt Lake Tribune, 95

  San Francisco, 91–94

  Santa Fe Trail, 149, 153, 168

  Satterfield, Archie, 156–157

  Sawyer (submerged tree), 45

  Scammon, C. M., 12

  Scenic River (segment of the Missouri), 84

  Scott, H. W., 18

  Scott, Hugh L., 30

  Scott, Laura Tolman, 25, 27, 115

  Scriver, Bob, 38–39

  Sculptors, 28–29, 30

  Sculptures, 27, 31, 32. See also Monuments and statuary

  Seaman (dog), 38

  Seaside, Oregon: Astoria Column dedication, 33; beached whale near (1805), 68; Chamber of Commerce, 109; End of Trail statue, 33, 35; Gray (Ralph) account, 103; Lewis and Clark Festival commemorative activities, 109, 147; Lion’s Club, 33, 34; plaque at end of trail, 36; public awareness, perception of expedition, 112; Salt Cairn replica, 36, 85, 166; sesquicentennial, 26, 34, 85

  Seattle (Washington), 17

  See America First movement, 90

  Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, 82

  Selway River, 104

  Senate (U.S.). See U.S. Congress

  Sentinel Butte formation (North Dakota) and burning lignite seams, 52

  Serviceberry, 52

  Sesquicentennial. See Lewis and Clark sesquicentennial; individual states by name

  Sewell, Walter, 86

  Shaw, Anna Howard, 23

  Sheheke (Big White) (Mandan chief), 50

  Shelby (Montana), 97

  Sherman Peak, 87

  Sherman Saddle, 100

  Short Narrows (on the Columbia River), 66

  Shoshone (Native American tribe; also Lemhi and Eastern Shoshone and Snake): Cameahwait, chief of Lemhi band, 62; Eastern Shoshone, 20–22, 26; firearms, 63; Lemhi as guides, 63–65, 83; Lemhi hunting grounds, 65; Lemhi village, 71; Lewis and Clark dependence on, 2; negotiations with Lemhi band for horses, 21, 34, 61–62, 133; region inhabited by Lemhi, 61–63; as Sacagawea’s people, 20–22, 53, 121; “Sacajawea” spelling, 25; and sesquicentennial pageant, 112–113, 115–116, 119, 121, 123–124; Snake Indians, 22

  Sidney (Montana), 104

  Sierra Mountains, 93

  Sioux (Native American tribe), 48–50, 53. See also Lakota; Teton Sioux

  Sioux City, Iowa: Chief Blackbird’s grave visited by Lewis and Clark, 47; expedition’s only fatality, Sergeant Floyd, 135; Floyd gravesite, 101, 135, 157, 173(n38); Lewis and Clark Historic Canoe trail and Boy Scouts, 136; and Missouri River dams, 138; river highway proposal, 143; Satterfield visit to Floyd gravesite, 157

  Sioux Pass, 48

  Sitka spruce, 66

  Slave and slavery, 8, 65

  Sloan, William Glenn, 138

  Smallpox, 46, 50

  Smith, James S., 121

  Smoke Place, 100

  Snake Indians. See Shoshone

  Snake River: dams altering Lewis and Clark sites, 132, 134; expedition at confluence of Snake and Columbia rivers, 65, 70, 112; expedition near Salmon River, 71; Gray (Ralph) at, 102; Nez Perce villages along, 64; peace medal discovered in Indian grave, 149; sesquicentennial activities, 116

  Snowy Summit, 87

  Snyder, Gerald S., 103

  Society of Montana Pioneers, 34

  Sociodrama, 117–118

  South Dakota Highway Commission, 143

  South Dakota Historical Society, 126, 142

  South Dakota (state): dams, 132–133; expedition shoots first buffalo, 47; Gray (Ralph) on, 101; highway department, 143; Historical Society, 142; Indians affected by Pick-Sloan dams, 139; Lewis and Clark Historic Canoe Trail, 46; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission, 131, Lewis and Clark Trail Committee for, 145; National Wild Scenic River System, 156; Pick-Sloan project, 136, 138–139, 143; and sesquicentennial, 112, 126; shift in means of commemorating expedition, 5; Sioux Indians, 48–49, 139; tourism (early) along route, 96; trail markers, 142; trail sites lost or altered, 132–133; vegetation along the trail, 45–46; version of Sacagawea’s death, 22

  South Fork Canyon, 71

  Space, Ralph, 86–89

  Spalding State Park (Idaho), 145, 167

  Spanish-American War, 26

  Spence, Mark, 163

  Spokane (Washington), 81, 109

  Spotted Eagle, Rodger, 160

  Squamish Glade camp, 86

  A Squawl of Wind, 151

  Stagecoach travel, 82

  Standing Rock Reservation (South Dakota), 139

  State Highway 2 (Montana), 60, 64

  State Highway 200 (Montana), 54, 74, 104

  State Highway 14 (Washington), 126

  State recreation waterways, 184(n43)

  Stearns, Harold, 146

  Steidel, Bill, 147

  Stevens, Isaac, 122

  Stevens, James, 111

  Stevensville (Montana), 63, 117–119

  Sticklodge Creek, 53–54

  Stites (Idaho), 71

  Stuart, James, 84

  Sun (“Medicine”) River, 58, 74

  Sun Valley (Idaho), 90

  Susman, Warren I., 18

  Tabeau, Pierre Antoine, 50

  Tacoma (Washington), 125

  A Tale of the Bitterroot (sociodrama), 118

  Taussig, Hugo Alois, 92

  Tendoy (Idaho), 26

  Teton (Bad) River, 48–49, 142

  Teton Sioux (Lakota) (Native American tribe): Clark’s attitude towards, 160–161; expedition’s Bad River encounter with, 48, 96; Jefferson’s request regarding, 49; lands affected by Pick-Sloan reservoirs, 139; relations with other Indians, 50–53; tourist interest in expedition’s encounters with, 142

  The Dalles Dam, 134, 141

  The Dalles (Oregon), 33, 66–67, 70, 85

  Theodore Roosevelt International Highway (U.S. Highway 2), 94

  Thorny greasewood, 54

  Three Affiliated Tribes (Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara), 139

  Three Forks (of the Missouri River): competing site for Lewis and Clark statue, 34; DeCamp photo of, 60; expedition’s approach from Helena area, 97; expedition’s approach from Sun River, 58; expedition’s approach from Toston area, 60; landscape remains as explorers saw it, 156; Lewis and Clark split up, 71; Missouri Headwaters pageants, 112–121, 159–160; Missouri Headwaters State Park, 111–113, 159–160; Peebles at, 88; Sacagawea kidnapped near, 21; Shoshone (Lemhi) at, 25

  Three Forks, Montana: Chamber of Commerce, 37; expedition en route to, 59; Gray (Ralph) at, 101; Green Beret canoe trip from St. Louis, 136; Montana competition for statue site, 36–37; pageants, 160, 117, 119; and proposed Lewis and Clark highway from St. Louis, 125–126; sesquicentennial ac
tivities, 112–113

  Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 9–10; edition of Lewis and Clark journals, 88

  Tillamook (Native American tribe), 68

  Tillamook Head, 145

  Time Magazine, 107

  Toston (Montana), 60

  Touchet River, 70

  Tourism, tourists. See Auto tourism

  Townsend (Montana), 97

  Trail Creek, 61

  Trail of Lewis and Clark. See Wheeler, Olin D.

  “Trail’s End.” See End of the Trail (statue)

  Trans-Mississippi celebration (Omaha, 1898), 16

  Trans-Mississippi Frontier, 33

  Traveler’s Rest: confluence of Bitterroot River and Lolo Creek, 63; DAR dedication, 27; expedition leaves to cross Bitterroot Mountains, 64; expedition splits up on return journey, 71, 73; Lewis-Clark Highway construction, 103; and Missoula (Montana) sesqui-centennial pageant, 122; Peebles at, 88; Satterfield on, 157; Travelers’ [sic] Rest State Park and National Historic Landmark (Lolo, Montana), 167

  Travelers’ [sic] Rest State Park and National Historic Landmark (Lolo, Montana), 167

  Tri-cities (Washington state), 65

  Trident (Montana), 113

  Troutdale (Oregon), 95

  Truax, Sewell, 87

  Trucking, 95

  Tucannon River, 70

  Turner, Frederick Jackson, 8

  Twin Bridges (Montana), 60, 154

  Twisted Hair (Nez Perce chief), 65

  Two Medicine River, 74

  Udall, Stewart, 129–130, 149

  Umatilla (Native American tribe), 65

  Umatilla (Oregon), 99

  Union Pacific Railroad, 90

  U.S. Bureau of Ethnology, 23, 181(n17)

  U.S. Congress, xi, 19; authorizes Pick-Sloan program, 137–138; first federal aid to highway act, 95; funding for Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 16; and Good Roads movement, 95; and interstate highway system, 105; Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail creation, 153, 159; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission creation, 6, 130, 150, 159; Lewis and Clark trail plan legislation, 130; Lewis-Clark Highway, 126

  U.S. Department of the Interior, 131, 145, 152

  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155

  U.S. Forest Service: historical trail markers and interpretive signs, 87–88, 149; Lolo Trail maintenance before motorway constructed, 87; recreation sites and access road development, 155; road construction between Pierce (Idaho), and Lolo Pass, 99; and sesquicentennial, 122