Intellectuals and Race

by Thomas Sowell

14. H.L. van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1975), p. 65.

  15. Ibid., p. 137.

  16. Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 23, 26.

  17. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Indians in Africa: A Socio-Economic Study (Calcutta: Bookland Private Limited, 1970), p. 394.

  18. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Indians in Sri Lanka: A Historical Study (Calcutta: O.P.S. Publishers Private Ltd., 1979), pp. 143, 144, 146.

  19. Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism, p. 50.

  20. Felice A. Bonadio, A.P. Giannini: Banker of America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), p. 28.

  21. W.D. Borrie, Italians and Germans in Australia: A Study of Assimilation (Melbourne: The Australian National University, 1954), p. 106.

  22. Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism, p. 63.

  23. Pablo Macera and Shane J. Hunt, “Peru,” Latin America: A Guide to Economic History 1830–1930, edited by Roberto Cortés Conde and Stanley J. Stein (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 565.

  24. Carlo M. Cipolla, Clocks and Culture: 1300–1700 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1978), p. 68.

  25. Nena Vreeland, et al., Area Handbook for Malaysia, third edition (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1977), p. 303.

  26. Winthrop R. Wright, British-Owned Railways in Argentina; Gino Germani, “Mass Immigration and Modernization in Argentina,” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 2 (1966), p. 170.

  27. John P. McKay, Pioneers for Profit, pp. 33, 34, 35.

  28. Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), p. 131.

  29. Charles Issawi, “The Transformation of the Economic Position of the Millets in the Nineteenth Century,” Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis, Vol. I: The Central Lands, pp. 262, 263, 265, 266, 267.

  30. Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, second edition (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 7, 68, 83, 180, 245, 248, 540, 559.

  31. Arthur Herman, How the Scots Invented the Modern World (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001), Chapter 5; Maldwyn A. Jones, “Ulster Emigration, 1783–1815,” Essays in Scotch-Irish History, edited by E. R. R. Green (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 49; Eric Richards, “Australia and the Scottish Connection 1788–1914,” The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital, Enterprise, 1750–1914, edited by R. A. Cage (London: Croom Helm, 1984), p. 122; E. Richards, “Highland and Gaelic Immigrants,” The Australian People, edited by James Jupp (North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson, 1988), pp. 765–769.

  32. Philip E. Vernon, Intelligence and Cultural Environment (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1970), pp. 157–158.

  33. Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City, second edition (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1963), pp. 257–258; Andrew M. Greeley, That Most Distressful Nation: The Taming of the American Irish (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972), p. 132.

  34. Vladimir G. Treml, Alcohol in the USSR: A Statistical Study (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1982), p. 73.

  35. Mohamed Suffian bin Hashim, “Problems and Issues of Higher Education Development in Malaysia,” Development of Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Problems and Issues, edited by Yip Yat Hoong (Singapore: Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development, 1973), Table 8, pp. 70–71.

  36. Robert J. Sharer, The Ancient Maya, fifth edition (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), p. 455.

  37. See, for example, Roy E.H. Mellor and E. Alistair Smith, Europe: A Geographical Survey of the Continent (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), pp. 1–17; Norman J.G. Pounds, An Historical Geography of Europe: 1800–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 37–65; Jocelyn Murray, editor, Cultural Atlas of Africa (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1981), pp. 10–22; Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures: An International History (New York: Basic Books, 1998), pp. 99–109.

  38. J. F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder, editors, Historical Atlas of Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), Section 2; Kathleen Baker, “The Changing Geography of West Africa,” The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East, edited by Graham P. Chapman and Kathleen M. Baker (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 105.

  39. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, translated by Siân Reynolds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), Vol. I, p. 35.

  40. William S. Maltby, The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 18; Peter Pierson, The History of Spain (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), pp. 7–8.

  41. John H. Chambers, A Traveller’s History of Australia (New York: Interlink Books, 1999), pp. 22–24.

  42. H. J. de Blij and Peter O. Muller, Geography: Regions and Concepts, sixth edition (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992), p. 394.

  43. Oscar Handlin, “Introduction,” The Positive Contribution by Immigrants (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1955), p. 13.

  44. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, The Slave Economy of the Old South: Selected Essays in Economic and Social History, edited by Eugene D. Genovese (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), p. 269.

  45. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures, pp. 175–176.

  46. See, for example, “We’re Doing All Right, But What About You?” The Economist, August 16, 2003, p. 43. Russia has a Gross Domestic Product per capita that is less than half that of Britain, France or Germany and less than one-third that of Norway or Luxembourg. The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2011 edition (London: Profile Books, Ltd., 2010), p. 27. Meanwhile, the per capita income of black Americans is 64 percent of that of white Americans. Carmen DeNavas-Walt, et al., “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009,” Current Population Reports, P60–238 (Washington: US Census Bureau, 2010), p. 6.

  47. Angelo M. Codevilla, The Character of Nations: How Politics Makes and Breaks Prosperity, Family, and Civility (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 50.

  48. See Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures, pp. 177–184.

  49. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 235.

  50. Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, pp. 126–127.

  51. Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (New York: Atheneum, 1981), pp. 99–103.

  52. See, for example, U.S. Bureau of the Census, We the People: Asians in the United States, Census 2000 Special Reports, December 2004, p. 6; U.S. Bureau of the Census, We the People: Hispanics in the United States, Census 2000 Special Reports, December 2004, p. 5; U.S. Bureau of the Census, We the People: Blacks in the United States, Census 2000 Special Reports, August 2005, p. 4.

  53. U.S. Bureau of the Census, We the People: Asians in the United States, Census 2000 Special Reports, December 2004, p. 6.

  54. The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2011 edition, p. 18.

  55. Oscar Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants (New York: Atheneum, 1970), p. 114.

  56. Carl Wittke, The Irish in America (New York: Russell & Russell, 1970), p. 101; Oscar Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants, pp. 169–170; Jay P. Dolan, The Irish Americans: A History (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), pp. 118–119.

  57. Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Winter 1969), p. 35; Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: The Free Press, 1994), p. 110.

  58. Edward C. Banfield, The Unheavenly City, revised edition (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 91.

 
59. Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York’s Jews 1870–1914 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 76.

  60. Louis Wirth, The Ghetto (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), pp. 204–205.

  61. E. Franklin Frazier, “The Impact of Urban Civilization Upon Negro Family Life,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 2, No. 5 (October 1937), p. 615.

  62. Jonathan Gill, Harlem: The Four Hundred Year History from Dutch Village to Capital of Black America (New York: Grove Press, 2011), p. 284.

  63. Ibid., p. 140.

  64. Robert F. Foerster, The Italian Emigration of Our Times (New York: Arno Press, 1969), p. 393; Dino Cinel, From Italy to San Francisco: The Immigrant Experience (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 28.

  65. Samuel L. Baily, “The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870–1914,” American Historical Review, April 1983, p. 291; John E. Zucchi, Italians in Toronto: Development of a National Identity, 1875–1935 (Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988), pp. 41, 53–55, 58.

  66. Lawrence E. Harrison, Underdevelopment Is a State of Mind: The Latin American Case (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1985), p. 164.

  Chapter 3: Changing Racial Beliefs

  1. See, for example, various chapter titles in Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Basis of European History, revised edition (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918).

  2. Ibid., p. 16.

  3. Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1963), p. 11.

  4. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, revised edition, p. 100. The book was a best-seller according to Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties, revised edition (New York: Perennial Classics, 2001), p. 203.

  5. Reports of the Immigration Commission, The Children of Immigrants in Schools (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), Vol. I, p. 110.

  6. Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923), p. xx.

  7. Ibid., p. 119.

  8. Robert M. Yerkes, Psychological Examining in the United States Army, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1921), Vol. 15, pp. 123–292; Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, pp. 80, 121.

  9. Rudolph Pintner and Ruth Keller, “Intelligence Tests of Foreign Children,” Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 13, Issue 4 (April 1922), p. 215.

  10. Nathaniel D. Mttron Hirsch, “A Study of Natio-Racial Mental Differences,” Genetic Psychology Monographs, Vol. 1, Nos. 3 and 4 (May and July, 1926), p. 302.

  11. Otto Klineberg, Race Differences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935), pp. 183–184.

  12. Ibid., p. 182. For critiques of the World War I data, from differing points of view, see Audrey M. Shuey, The Testing of Negro Intelligence, second edition (New York: Social Science Press, 1966), pp. 310–311; Carl C. Brigham, “Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups,” Psychological Review, Vol. 37, Issue 2 (March 1930); Thomas Sowell, “Race and IQ Reconsidered,” Essays and Data on American Ethnic Groups, edited by Thomas Sowell and Lynn D. Collins (Washington: The Urban Institute, 1978), pp. 226–227.

  13. Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, p. 190.

  14. H.H. Goddard, “The Binet Tests in Relation to Immigration,” Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, Vol. 18, No. 2 (December 1913), p. 110.

  15. Quoted in Leon J. Kamin, The Science and Politics of I.Q. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974), p. 6.

  16. Carl Brigham, for example, said, “The decline of American intelligence will be more rapid than the decline of the intelligence of European national groups, owing to the presence here of the negro.” Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, p. 210.

  17. “The Control of Births,” New Republic, March 6, 1915, p. 114.

  18. Sidney Webb, “Eugenics and the Poor Law: The Minority Report,” Eugenics Review, Vol. II (April 1910-January 1911), p. 240; Thomas C. Leonard, “Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 216.

  19. Richard Overy, The Twilight Years: The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars (New York: Viking, 2009), pp. 93, 105, 106, 107, 124–127.

  20. Matthew Pratt Guterl, The Color of Race in America: 1900–1940 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 67.

  21. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, revised edition, p. 17.

  22. Ibid., p. 48.

  23. Ibid., p. 60.

  24. Ibid., p. 77.

  25. Ibid., p. 32.

  26. Ibid., p. 19.

  27. Ibid., p. 20.

  28. Ibid., p. 104.

  29. Ibid., p. 257.

  30. Ibid., p. 258.

  31. Ibid., p. 260.

  32. Ibid., p. 101.

  33. Ibid., p. 105.

  34. Ibid., p. xxi.

  35. Ibid., p. 49.

  36. Ibid., p. 58.

  37. Ibid., p. 59.

  38. Ibid., p. 89.

  39. Ibid., p. 16.

  40. Ibid., p. 91.

  41. Ibid., p. 263.

  42. Jonathan Peter Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2009), pp. 6, 10, 17, 22–34.

  43. “Scientific Books,” Science, Vol. 48, No. 1243 (October 25, 1918), p. 419.

  44. Madison Grant, The Conquest of a Continent or the Expansion of Races in America (York, SC: Liberty Bell Publications, 2004), p. xii.

  45. Jonathan Peter Spiro, Defending the Master Race, pp. 98, 99.

  46. Edward Alsworth Ross, The Principles of Sociology (New York: The Century Co., 1920), p. 63.

  47. Edward Alsworth Ross, “Who Outbreeds Whom?” Proceedings of the Third Race Betterment Conference (Battle Creek, Michigan: Race Betterment Foundation, 1928), p. 77.

  48. Edward Alsworth Ross, The Old World in the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People (New York: The Century Company, 1914), pp. 285–286.

  49. Ibid., p. 288.

  50. Ibid., pp. 288–289.

  51. Ibid., p. 293.

  52. Ibid., p. 295.

  53. “Social Darwinism,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 12, No. 5 (March 1907), p. 715.

  54. Edward A. Ross, “The Causes of Race Superiority,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 18 (July 1901), p. 89.

  55. Ibid., p. 85.

  56. Francis A. Walker, “Methods of Restricting Immigration,” Discussions in Economics and Statistics, Volume II: Statistics, National Growth, Social Economics, edited by Davis R. Dewey (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1899), p. 430.

  57. Ibid., p. 432.

  58. Francis A. Walker, “Restriction of Immigration,” Ibid., p. 438.

  59. Ibid., p. 447.

  60. Thomas C. Leonard, “Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 211.

  61. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1872 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872), p. 11.

  62. Richard T. Ely, “Fraternalism vs. Paternalism in Government,” The Century Magazine, Vol. 55, No. 5 (March 1898), p. 781.

  63. Richard T. Ely, “The Price of Progress,” Administration, Vol. III, No. 6 (June 1922), p. 662.

  64. Sidney Fine, “Richard T. Ely, Forerunner of Progressivism, 1880–1901,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 37, No. 4 (March 1951), pp. 604, 609.

  65. Ibid., p. 610.

  66. Ibid., p. 603.

  67. “Dr. R.T. Ely Dies; Noted Economist,” New York Times, October 5, 1943, p. 25; Richard T. Ely, “Fraternalism vs. Paternalism in Government,” The Century Magazine, Vol. 55, No. 5 (March 1898), p. 784.

  68. “Dr. R.T. Ely Dies; No
ted Economist,” New York Times, October 5, 1943, p. 25.

  69. Thomas C. Leonard, “Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 215.

  70. Ibid., p. 214.

  71. Ibid., p. 221.

  72. Ibid., p. 212.

  73. Ibid., p. 213.

  74. Ibid., p. 216.

  75. Ibid.

  76. William E. Spellman, “The Economics of Edward Alsworth Ross,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 38, No. 2 (April 1979), pp. 129–140; Howard W. Odum, “Edward Alsworth Ross: 1866–1951,” Social Forces, Vol. 30, No. 1 (October 1951), pp. 126–127; John L. Gillin, “In Memoriam: Edward Alsworth Ross,” The Midwest Sociologist, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Fall 1951), p. 18.

  77. Edward Alsworth Ross, Seventy Years of It: An Autobiography (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1936), pp. 97–98.

  78. Julius Weinberg, Edward Alsworth Ross and the Sociology of Progressivism (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1972), p. 136.

  79. William E. Spellman, “The Economics of Edward Alsworth Ross,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 38, No. 2 (April 1979), p. 130.

  80. Edward Alsworth Ross, Sin and Society: An Analysis of Latter-Day Iniquity (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1907), pp. ix–xi.

  81. Edward Alsworth Ross, Seventy Years of It, p. 98.

  82. Henry C. Taylor, “Richard Theodore Ely: April 13, 1854-October 4, 1943,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 54, No. 213 (April 1944), p. 133; “Dr. R.T. Ely Dies; Noted Economist,” New York Times, October 5, 1943, p. 25.

  83. Henry C. Taylor, “Richard Theodore Ely: April 13, 1854-October 4, 1943,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 54, No. 213 (April 1944), p. 133.

  84. Ibid., p. 134.

  85. Ibid., p. 137.

  86. Henry C. Taylor, “Richard Theodore Ely: April 13, 1854-October 4, 1943,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 54, No. 213 (April 1944), pp. 132–138.

  87. George McDaniel, “Madison Grant and the Racialist Movement,” in Madison Grant, The Conquest of a Continent, p. iv.

  88. Jonathan Peter Spiro, Defending the Master Race, pp. xv–xvi.

  89. Ibid., p. 17.

  90. Ibid., p. 250.

  91. Jan Cohn, Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the Saturday Evening Post (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), p. 5.