27. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/464752.stm, retrieved May 15, 2012.
28. An example of politics as blood sport is the career of Lee Atwater, campaign manager for many Republican candidates and famous for his take-no-prisoners style. http://www.boogiemanfilm.com/; Brady, J. (1996), Bad boy: The life and politics of Lee Atwater, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
29. I take a number of examples in the section on politics and schadenfreude from Combs, D. J. Y, Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., & Smith, R. H. (2009), Politics, schadenfreude, and ingroup identification: The sometimes funny thing about a poor economy and death, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 635–646.
30. See http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2012/02/23/obama_gop_licking_their_chops_over_rising_gas_prices_they_root_for_bad_news.html, retrieved March 3, 2012.
31. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, & Smith (2009).
32. See http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/06/26/colbert-only-bad-economic-news-is-good-news-for-romney/, retrieved August 4, 2012.
33. Gay, P. (1998), My German question, New Haven: Yale University Press. Gay’s father had originally arranged passage on another ship, but, concerned that the family get out of Gemany as soon as possible, using papers he had forged on his own, he found places on another ship that would leave two weeks earlier. The original ship ended up being one of those unlucky vessels that went from port to port seeking a country that would accept them. Less than a fourth of those passengers survived the Nazi net; Also see Portmann, J. (2000), When bad things happen to other people, New York: Routledge. pp. 54–55.
34. Gay (1998), p. 70.
35. Ibid., p. 83.
Chapter 4
1. James (1950), Principles of psychology, vol. 1, New York, Dover, p. 318 (originally published in 1890).
2. Swift, J. (1731), Verses on the death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D., http://www.online-literature.com/swift/3514/, retrieved June 21, 2010.
3. Orwell (1950).
4. Nietzsche, F. (1967), On the genealogy of morals (trans. W. Kaufmann & R. J. Hollingdale), New York: Random House, p. 16 (originally published 1887).
5. James (1950), Principles of psychology, vol. 2, New York: Dover, p. 409 (originally published in 1890).
6. See http://www.slate.com/id/2208430/, retrieved December 14, 2010.
7. Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2010), Social psychology and human nature, New York: Wadsworth Publishing.
8. James (1918), vol. 1, p. 318.
9. Swift (1731).
10. Jomini, A. H. (1827), Vie politique et militaire de Napoléon, vol. 2 (1827), p. 180; http://books.google.com/books?id+AJUTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA180, retrieved May 24, 2012.
11. See http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/10/jon-stewart-how-obama-allowed-romney-proceed-wall/58082/, retrieved December 3, 2012.
12. See http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/11/30/1165769/-My-favorite-moment-of-2012-Please-proceed-governor, retrieved December 3, 2012.
13. See http://www.iep.utm.edu/psychego/, retrieved May 23, 2012; Batson, C. D. (2011), Altruism in humans, New York: Oxford University Press; Brown, S. L, Brown, R. M., & Penner, L. A. (Eds.) (2012), Moving beyond self-interest: Perspectives from evolutionary biology, neuroscience, and the social sciences, New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Hobbes (1968).
15. Freud, S. (1930), Civilization and its discontents, London: Hogarth.
16. Turchet, J. (Ed.) (1992), La Rochefaucauld: Maximes, Paris: Bordas.
17. Ibid.; see also http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Francois_de_La_Rochefoucauld.
18. Carnegie, D. (1964), How to win friends and influence people, New York: Simon & Schuster.
19. Ibid., p. 4.
20. Ibid., p. 50.
21. Ibid., p. 14.
22. Stengel, R. (2000), You’re too kind: A brief history of flattery, New York: Touchstone.
23. Ibid.
24. See http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/today-corporate-traning-means-serious-business-growth-pallavi-jha-dale-carnegie-training-india/articleshow/13637502.cms, retrieved May 28, 2012.
25. See http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=204703126222217, retrieved June 2, 2012.
26. Cialdini, R. B. (2009), Influence: Science and practice (5th ed.), Boston: Allyn & Bacon, p. xii.
27. Ibid.
28. Capote, T. (1966), In cold blood, New York: Random House.
29. Haas, A. (1984), The doctor and the damned, New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 232.
30. Brecht, B. (1973/1928). Threepenny opera, London: Eyre Methuen (trans. Hugh MacDiarmid), p. 46.
31. Becker. E. (1973), The denial of death, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 3.
32. Ibid., pp. 3–4.
33. Smith, R. H., Eyre, H. L., Powell, C. A. J., & Kim, S. H. (2006), Relativistic origins of emotional reactions to events happening to others and to ourselves, British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 357–371.
34. Smith, A. (2000), The theory of moral sentiments, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, p. 1. (originally published in 1759).
35. de Waal (2009); Keltner (2009); McCullough (2008).
36. Brown, Brown, & Penner (2012).
37. Brosnan & de Waal (2003).
38. See http://www.livescience.com/2044-monkeys-fuss-inequality.html, retrieved September 2, 2012.
39. Van den Bos, K., Peter, S. L., Bobocel, D. R., & Ybema, J. F. (2006), On preferences and doing the right thing: Satisfaction with advantageous inequity when cognitive processing is limited, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 273–289.
40. Baumeister & Bushman (2010), p. 60.
41. Aristotle (1991), The art of rhetoric, London: Penguin Books (written c. 367–322 BC; trans. H. C. Lawson-Tancred, part I, chapter 5, p. 90.
42. Baumeister & Bushman (2010), pp. 60–61.
43. Bergson, H. (1911), Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic, London: Macmillan (quoted in Billig, M. [2005]), Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour, London: Sage, p. 120.
Chapter 5
1. Cited in Portmann (2000), p. xii.
2. Rosten, L. (1968), The joys of Yiddish, New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 201.
3. Marable, M. (2011), Malcolm X: A life of reinvention, New York: Penguin Books.
4. Watts, A. E. (2008), Laughing at the world: Schadenfreude, social identity, and American media culture, unpublished dissertation, Northwestern University; Raney, A. A, & Bryant, J. (2002), Moral judgment and crime drama: An integrated theory of enjoyment, Journal of Communication, 52, 402–415.
5. De Palma, B. (Director) (1978), The fury [film], Chicago: Frank Yablans Presentations.
6. Portmann (2000); see also Ben-Ze’ev, A. (2000), The subtlety of emotions, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Feather, N. T., & Sherman, R. (2002), Envy, resentment, schadenfreude, and sympathy: Reactions to deserved and undeserved achievement and subsequent failure, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 953–961; van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Goslinga, S., & Nieweg, M. (2005), Deservingness and schadenfreude, Cognition and Emotion, 19, 933–939; van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, S., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (2008), The impact of responsibility for a misfortune on schadenfreude and sympathy: Further evidence, Journal of Social Psychology, 148, 631–636.
8. Feather, N. T. (2006), Deservingness and emotions: Applying the structural model of deservingness to the analysis of affective reactions to outcomes, European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 38–73; Feather, N. T. (1992), An attributional and value analysis of deservingness in success and failure situations, British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 125–145; Hafer, C. L., Olson, J. M., & Peterson, A. A. (2008), Extreme harmdoing: A view from the social psychology of justice, in V. M. Esses & R. A. Vernon (Eds.), Explaining the breakdown of ethnic relations: Why neighbors kill (pp. 17–40), Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; Heuer, L., Blumenthal, E., Douglas, A., & Weinblatt, T. (1999), A deservingness approach to respect as a relationally based fairness judgment, Persona
lity and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1279–1292; van Dijk, Goslinga, & Ouwerkerk (2008).
9. See http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/09/24/60minutes/main5339719.shtml?tag=currentVideoInfo;segmentUtilities, retrieved February 9, 2010.
10. See http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE55P6O520090629, retrieved June 26, 2009.
11. Ibid.
12. Feather (1992); Darley, J. M., Carlsmith, K. M., & Robinson, P. H. (2000), Incapacitation and just deserts as motives for punishment, Law and Human Behavior, 24, 659–683; Hafer, Olson, & Peterson (2008); Heuer, Blumenthal, Douglas, & Weinblatt (1999).
13. See http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/06/madoff200906, retrieved July 6, 2009.
14. See http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE55P6O520090629, retrieved July 30, 2009.
15. See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/business/30scene.html, retrieved July 12, 2009.
16. See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/business/27madoff.html, retrieved June 15, 2009.
17. See http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/02/27/wiesel.madoff/index.html, retrieved May 15, 2009.
18. See http://www.businessinsider.com/bernies-cell-2009-3, retrieved May 20, 2009.
19. Some scholars argue that the more a misfortune seems deserved, the more the feeling produced in witnesses may shift from schadenfreude to a different category of emotion, a kind of impersonal, general satisfaction derived from the restoration of justice. In the case of the purely deserved, in part because the pleasure may produce no reproach from others. The emotion is, for lack of a needed term, “satisfied indignation,” rather than schadenfreude. I think that this is an important distinction, but my preference, as I stated in the Introduction, is to opt for a broader, more inclusive view of schadenfreude. Otherwise, in this domain, we would be tempted to remove a sense of deservingness from any instances of schadenfreude. For examples of subtle treatments of these issues, see Kristjansson, K. (2005), Justice and desert-based emotions, Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing; McNamee, M. (2003), Schadenfreude in sport: Envy, justice and self-esteem, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 30, 1–16; and Portmann (2000).
20. See http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/mind/s680880.htm, retrieved April 5, 2010.
21. Portmann (2000), p. 114.
22. See http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works2.vi.ix.iii.html, retrieved May 23, 2012.
23. Seaman, A. R. (1999), Swaggart: The unauthorized biography of an American evangelist, New York: Continuum.
24. Ibid.
25. See http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974120,00.html, retrieved May 13, 2010.
26. Charley Carlson, personal communication.
27. Baur, S. W. (2008), The art of the public grovel: Sexual sin and public confession in America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
28. See http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/05/12/1624904_physician-heal-thyself.html, retrieved May 16, 2010.
29. I also use this example extensively in, Powell, C. A. J., & Smith, R. H. (in press), The inherent joy in seeing hypocrites hoisted with their own petards, Self and Identity.
30. See http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/29/lkl.ted.haggard/, retrieved March 13, 2009; and http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0486358/quotes, retrieved August 29, 2009.
31. Haggard, T., & Haggard, G. (2006), From this day forward: Making your vows last a lifetime, Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbook Press.
32. Jones, M. (2007), I had to say something: The art of Ted Haggard’s fall, New York: Seven Stories Press, p. 145.
33. Ibid., p. 160.
34. See http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2626067&page=1, retrieved April 2, 2009.
35. Amann, J. M., & Breuer, T. (2007), The brotherhood of the disappearing pants: A field guide to conservative sex scandals, New York: Nation Books.
36. See http://dorothysurrenders.blogspot.com/2006/11/fun-with-hypocrisy.html, retrieved January 15, 2009.
37. Jones (2007), p. 232.
38. Ibid., p. 9.
39. Wilde, O. (1891), The picture of Dorian Gray, Richmond: University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center, p. 35.
40. Seaman (1999), p. 14.
41. Ibid.
42. See http://www.waynebrownministries.com/b2evolution/blogs/index.php/2010/05/06/ted-haggard-on-the-rekers-sex-scandal-we-are-all-sinners?blog=23, retrieved May 28, 2010.
43. See http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/us/19rekers.html, retrieved May 28, 2010.
44. See http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0306.green.html, retrieved April 22, 2008; and http://www.slate.com/id/2082526/, retrieved May 12, 2008.
45. See http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg050503.asp, retrieved April 22, 2008.
46. See http://www.slate.com/id/2082526/, retrieved May 12, 2008.
47. King James Bible, Matthew 23:25, 27–28.
48. Cialdini (2009), p. 53.
49. Monin, B., Sawyer, P., & Marquez, M. (2008), The rejection of moral rebels: Resenting those who do the right thing, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 76–93; Monin, B. (2007), Holier than me? Threatening social comparison in the moral domain, International Review of Social Psychology, 20, 53–68.
50. Monin (2007).
51. Heider (1958); Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2002), Poetic justice or petty jealousy? The aesthetics of revenge, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 966–987.
52. Powell & Smith (in press).
Chapter 6
1. Quoted in French, R. A. (2001), The virtures of vengeance, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press; Agamemnon, The Oresteria (trans. Robert Fagles), London: Penguin Books, 1975, p. 3.
2. See http://blog.al.com/live/2011/05/osama_bin_laden_death_brings_j.html, retrieved March 25, 2012.
3. See http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/I-am-not-a-vengeful-man-but-I-do-enjoy-a-touch-of-retribution-now-and-then-New-Yorker-Cartoon-Prints_i8474436_.htm, retrieved June 2, 2012.
4. As I noted in Chapter 5, it can be argued that the more a misfortune seems deserved by objective standards, the more the feeling may seem qualitatively different from schadenfreude, and thus an impartial satisfaction derived from the restoration of justice. For my purposes, here, I opt for a broader view of schadenfreude, although I acknowledge that this is an important distinction.
5. Hafer, C. L., & Begue, L. (2005), Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges, Psychological Bulletin, 131, 128–167; Lerner, M. J. (1980), The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion, New York: Plenum Press; Lodewijkx, H. F. M., Wildschut, T., Nijstad, B. A., Savenije, W., Smit, M., & Nijstad, B. (2001), In a violent world, a just world makes sense: The case of “senseless violence” in the Netherlands, Social Justice Research, 14, 79–94.
6. Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 203–210.
7. See http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v3n2/justworld.html, retrieved May 20, 2008; and http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/03/us/nature-of-clothing-isnt-evidence-in-rape-cases-florida-law-says.html, retrieved August 15, 2012.
8. Lerner (1980).
9. Alicke, M. D. (2000), Culpable control and the psychology of blame, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 556–574; Alicke, M. D., & Davis, T. L. (1989), The role of a posteriori victim information in judgments of blame and sanction, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 362–377.
10. See http://blog.al.com/live/2011/05/osama_bin_laden_death_brings_j.html, retrieved March 23, 2012.
11. See http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/books/14dover.html, retrieved March 18, 2010; and http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/mar/08/sir-kenneth-dover-obituary, retrieved March, 2010.
12. Dover, K. (1994), Marginal comment: A memoir, London: Duckworth.
13. He decided to be unbothered if many of the things he wrote might seem unimportant to other people because “how can we know, so long as people are reticent through fear
of being thought vain if they speak of what is to their credit, or exhibitionists if it is discreditable, or, ‘unbalanced’ if they reveal how little things affects them and big thing did not?” Dover (1994), p. 2.
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