14. Dover (1994), p. 228.
15. See http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/world/a-scholar-s-memoirs-raise-some-ghosts-at-oxford.html?pagewanted=all, retrieved May 2, 2010.
16. Dover (1994), p. 230.
17. According to an account in The New York Times, Dover’s “level of moral culpability was roundly debated in British academic circles,” and the publishing of his memoir some years later rekindled the debate and broadened it beyond academia; http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/books/14dover.html, retrieved March 18, 2010.
18. See http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/world/a-scholar-s-memoirs-raise-some-ghosts-at-oxford.html?pagewanted=all, retrieved May 2, 2010.
19. Ibid.
20. Dover (1994), p. 230.
21. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/mar/08/sir-kenneth-dover-obituary, retrieved March 18, 2010.
22. Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2002), Dislike and envy as antecedents of pleasure at another’s misfortune, Motivation and Emotion, 26, 257–277; Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognition structure of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. The German word was used in an ad campaign for Volkswagen in 1990. It meant “driving enjoyment.” See http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=farfegnugen, retrieved May 26, 2012.
24. I rank his memoir, The Doctor and the Damned, as one of the most remarkable books that I have ever read. If I had unlimited funds, I would produce a 30-part television drama on it and include every detail. I appreciate, for example, the frank accounts of his feelings throughout.
25. Haas (1984), p. 284.
26. Ibid. I should note that other parts of his memoir suggest that Haas was not a vindictive man. Quite the opposite. He was fair-minded and compassionate—and resourceful. He was a survivor.
27. Manning, M. (2011), Malcolm X: A life of reinvention, New York: Penguin Books, p. 229.
28. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/20/AR2005092000201_pf.html, retrieved April 13, 2008.
29. See http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=108589, retrieved April 12, 2009.
30. “I’m doing this because I have to do it. … I am not motivated by a sense of revenge. Perhaps I was for a short time in the very beginning. … Even before I had had time to really think things through, I realized we must not forget. If all of us forgot, the same thing might happen again, in 20 or 50 or 100 years”; http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/09/21/nazi_hunter_simon_wiesenthal_dies/, retrieved April 12, 2009.
31. See http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/international/europe/21wiesenthal.html?pagewanted=all, retrieved March 26, 2012.
32. See http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/09/21/nazi_hunter_simon_wiesenthal_dies/?page=full, retrieved March 23, 2012.
33. Carlsmith, K. M., & Darley, J. M. (2008), Psychological aspects of retributive justice, in M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 40, pp. 193–236), San Diego, CA: Elsevier; Kim, S. H., & Smith, R. H. (1993), Revenge and conflict escalation, Negotiation Journal, 9, 37–43; McCullough (2008); Miller, W. I. (2007), Eye for an eye, New York: Cambridge University Press; Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2009), Getting even: The truth about workplace revenge—and how to stop it, New York: Jossey-Bass.
34. Haas (1984), p. 291.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. McCullough (2008).
38. Murphy, J. G. (2003), Getting even: Forgiveness and its limits, New York: Oxford University Press.
39. Murphy, J. G. (2002), Vengeance, justice and forgiveness, Canyon Institute for Advanced Studies, 2 (1), 1.
40. Kleist, M. (2007), Michael Kohlhaas: A tale from an old chronicle (trans. Frances H. King), New York: Mondial (originally published in 1811).
41. Murphy (2002), p. 1.
42. Lester, M. L. (Director) (1985), Commando [film]. Available at http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/c/commando-script-transcript-arnold-schwarzenegger.html, retrieved March 12, 2013.
43. Auden, W. H. (1976), Collected poems, New York: Random House.
44. Kim & Smith (1993).
45. Cited in Kim, S. H. (2005), The role of vengeance in conflict escalation, in I. W. Zartman & G. O. Faure (Eds.), Escalation and negotiation in international conflicts (pp. 141–162), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. See, for example, Lotto, D. (2006). The psychohistory of vengeance, Journal of Psychohistory, 34, 43–59.
47. King James Bible, Paul’s letter to the Romans 12:19.
48. Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008), The paradoxical consequences of revenge, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1316–1324.
49. Ibid., p. 1324.
50. This fits with other empirical work showing that rumination about prior mistreatment from others tends to prolong and aggravate negative feelings. When people ruminate about their mistreatment, they get more angry and remain angry longer; Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002), Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 128, 638–662. When people ruminate about someone who has harmed them, they become more aggressive than when they distract themselves; Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998), Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 790–803. Moreover, they are less likely to forgive an offense; Bushman, B. J. (2002), Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger and aggressive responding, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 724–731.
51. Kim (2005).
52. Ben-Ze’ev (2000). I largely agree with scholars such as Aaron Ben-Ze’ev who emphasize that schadenfreude proper is passive. If we take an active role in someone else’s misfortune, something more complex is occurring. However, I would not make such a hard-and-fast distinction. Action complicates the picture, but in my view does not remove all traces of schadenfreude.
53. Sides, H. (2002), Ghost soldiers: The epic account of World War II’s greatest rescue mission, New York: Anchor.
54. See Baumeister, R. F. (1997), Evil: Inside human cruelty and violence, New York: W. H. Freeman. Sadism involves delight in cruelty, especially excessive cruelty. It doesn’t imply other motives aside from the pleasure in the cruelty. Also, it is generally active rather than passive. Sadistic people hurt others and enjoy inflicting the harm. The line between extreme forms of schadenfreude and sadism, as I conceive the two, is blurry. People could feel schadenfreude because they perceive that a suffering person deserves to suffer. A witness to this pleasure might find it sadistic because he or she does not think the suffering deserved. When schadenfreude is active, its overlap with sadism is most difficult to delineate because its active features link it closely with the raw enjoyment of cruelty rather than with other motives, such as deservingness.
55. Shakespeare, W. (1963), Hamlet: An authoritative text, intellectual backgrounds, extracts from the sources, and essays in criticism, New York: W. W. Norton (written approximately in 1599), Act III, sc. 4, lns 210–211.
Chapter 7
1. See http://archive.dailycal.org/article/13978/berkeley_junior_shot_down_in_american_idol_tryout, retrieved April 19, 2012.
2. Gandhi, M. K. (1983/1948), Autobiography: The story of my experiments with truth, New York: Dover, p. 99.
3. James (1918), vol. 2, p. 414.
4. See http://www.asianweek.com/2008/08/27/breakfast-is-out-to-lunch/, retrieved December 12, 2010.
5. See http://yellow-face.com/, retrieved December 12, 2010.
6. Perhaps this explains why public speaking is considered a singularly widespread and intense fear: Gibson, J. W., Gruner, C. R., Hanna, M. S., Smythe, M. J., & Hayes, M. T. (1980), The basic course in speech at U.S. colleges and universities: III, Communication Education, 29, 1–9.
7. Goffman, E. (1952), On cooling the mark out: Some aspects of adaptation to failure, Psychiatry, 15, 451–463, p. 463.
8.
See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqmy5qrvaVQ, retrieved May 21, 2012.
9. Ibid.
10. Watts (2008).
11. Booker, S., & Waite, B. M. (2005, May), Humilitainment? Lessons from ‘The Apprentice’: A reality television content analysis, presented at the 17th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Los Angeles; Waite, B. M., Bendezu, J., & Booker, S. (2004, May), Why do we like reality television? A personality analysis, presented at the 16th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Chicago.
12. See http://www.nbc.com/howie-do-it/, retrieved March 10, 2011.
13. See http://www.nbc.com/howie-do-it/about/, retrieved March 10, 2011.
14. See http://www.nbc.com/howie-do-it/, retrieved March 10, 2011.
15. See http://orwell.ru/library/essays/joys/english/e_joys, retrieved August 15, 2012; Orwell, G. (1953), Such, such were the joys, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
16. See http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=389x276680, retrieved March 3, 2013.
17. See http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10912603/ns/dateline_nbc-to_catch_a_predator/, retreived August 15, 2012.
18. Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice, Act II, Scene III, 242–244.
19. See http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/nbcs-chris-hansen-busts-homer-simpson_b33598, retrieved March 10, 2011; and http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0905647/, retrieved March 10, 2011.
20. See http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/08/08/DDEGREAI31.DTL&ao=all; and http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-08-08/entertainment/17255578_1_sexual-solicitations-nbc-s-predator-reality, retrieved May 17, 2012.
21. Adler, A. M. (2010), “To catch a predator,” New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, Paper 229, retrieved March 10, 2011; and http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp/229, retrieved March 10, 2011.
22. See http://www.tvrage.com/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live/episodes/582351, retrieved March 11, 2001.
23. Terry, K.T. (2005), Sexual offenses and offenders: Theory, practice, and policy, New York: Wadsworth Publishing.
24. Trammell, R., & Chenault, S. (2011), “We have to take these guys out”: Motivations for assaulting incarcerated child molestors, Symbolic Interaction, 32, 334–350; http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=90004#.T3d4nHi4L0c, retrieved March 31, 2012; http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/11/jerry_sandusky_out_on_bail_are_child_molesters_tormented_in_american_prisons_.html,retrieved, March31,2012;andhttp://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/28/opinion/prisoners-of-hate.html, retrieved March 31, 2012.
25. See http://www.cjr.org/feature/the_shame_game.php?page=all, retrieved April 21, 2013.
26. See http://www.pollyklaas.org/, retrieved May 28, 2012.
27. Book, A. S. (1999), Shame on you: An analysis of modern shame punishment as an alternative to incarceration, William & Mary Law Review, 40, 653–686; Ziel, P. (2004–2005), Eighteenth century public humiliation penalties in twenty-first century America: The shameful return of scarlet letter punishments in U.S. v. Gementera, BYU Journal of Public Law, 19, 499–522. There are exceptions, such as http://www.thedailyaztec.com/2011/01/public-shaming-is-an-effective-alternative-to-prison/, retrieved August 15, 2012; http://www.publicengines.com/blog/2009/11/09/creative-sentencing-public-humiliation/, retrieved, August 15, 2012; and http://lawvibe.com/get-caught-stealing-and-face-public-humiliation/, retrieved August 15, 2012.
28. See http://www.cjr.org/feature/the_shame_game.php?page=all, retrieved April 21, 2013.
29. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgwOu1IlWuY, retrieved March 4, 2013.
30. Ibid.
31. Hansen, C. (2007), To catch a predator: Protecting your kids from online enemies already in your home, New York: Dutton Adult, p. 5.
32. One case involved an army sergeant who begged Hansen to take pity on him. He said, “Sir, please I don’t want you to ruin my life.” He then went down on his knees and put his hands behind his head, as if had just been captured by an enemy soldier. This pleading failed to awaken Hansen’s sympathy. As Hansen wrote, “On his knees, you could almost feel sorry for the guy, but remember this is the same man who typed more than fifty pages of often explicit chats to a girl he thought was fourteen years old.” Ibid., p. 211.
33. Reiss, S. & Wiltz, J. (2004), Why people watch reality TV, Media Psychology, 6, 363–378.
34. See http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,399467,00.html, retrieved March 10, 2011.
35. Whitman, J. Q. (1998), What is wrong with inflicting shame sanctions? Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper 655, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/655, retrieved March 11, 2011.
36. See http://en.allexperts.com/q/U-S-History-672/2008/8/Puritan-Women-punishment.htm, retrieved March 12, 2011.
37. Ibid.
38. McTiernan, J. (Director) (1988), Die Hard [Film]. Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox.
39. Ibid.
40. For extensive statistics and analysis, see information at the Crimes Against Children Research Center at http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/, retrieved June 12, 2012; Finkelhor, D. (2008), Childhood victimization: Violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of young people, New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Snyder, Howard N. (2000, July), Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics, retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf, June 2, 2012; Crimes Against Children Research Center, http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/, retrieved June 12, 2012.
42. See http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jesse-wegman/dateline-to-kill-a-predat_b_41911.html, retrieved June 2, 2012.
Chapter 8
1. Cited in Griffin, A. K. (1931), Aristotle’s psychology of conduct, London: Williams and Norgate, p. 78.
2. Spinoza, B. (2008), The ethics, New York: Bibliolife, p. 138 (originally published in 1677).
3. See http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F23.html, retrieved April 5, 2010.
4. Smith & Kim (2007).
5. Forman, M. (Director) (1984), Amadeus (film based on a play by Peter Shaffer [2001], Amadeus: A play by Peter Shaffer, New York: Harper Perennial). There is little evidence that Salieri actually envied Mozart in the way depicted in the play or film or that he engineered Mozart’s death. See Borowitz, A. I. (1973), Salieri and the “murder” of Mozart, The Musical Quarterly, 59, 268–279.
6. Fiske (2011).
7. Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006), Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuro-imaging responses to extreme outgroups, Psychological Science, 17, 847–853; Harris, L. T., Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2008), Envy as predicted by the stereotype content model: A volatile ambivalence, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 133–147), New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Fiske (2011), p. 32; Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004), Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 539–546.
9. Mitchell, J. P. (2008), Contributions of functional neuroimaging to the study of social cognition, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 142–146.
10. Harris, Cikara, & Fiske (2008); Harris, L.T., McClure, S. M., van den Bos, W., Cohen, J. D., & Fiske, S. T. (2007), Regions of the MPFC differentially tuned to social and non-social affective evaluation, Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 309–316; van den Bos, W., McClure, S. M., Harris, L. T., Fiske, S. T., & Cohen, J. D. (2007), Dissociating affective evaluation and social cognitive processes in ventral medial prefrontal cortex, Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 337–346.
11. Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C. M. (1996), Envy and schadenfreude, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 158–168.
12. See http://thetenbest.net/gorevidalquotes/, retrieved March 10, 2010.
13. Twain, M. (2000), Life on the Mississippi, Toronto: Dover, p. 22 (originally published in 1883); I also use this example in a similar way in Powell, C. A. J., Smith, R. H., & Schurtz, D. R. (2008), Schadenfreude caused by an env
ied person’s gain, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 148–164), New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Percy, W. (2000), Lost in the cosmos, New York: Picador, p. 65. I also make extended and similar use of this example in Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008).
15. Percy (2000), p. 65.
16. Ibid.
17. Smith, Turner, Garonzik, Leach, Urch-Druskat, & Weston (1996).
18. Takahashi, H, Kato, M., Matsuura, M., Mobbs, D., Suhara, T., & Okubo, Y. (2009), When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: Neural correlates of envy and schadenfreude, Science, 13, 937–939.
19. See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/science/17angi.html?_r=1, retrieved May 15, 2010.
The Joy of Pain Page 25
