20. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007), The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631–648; Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2005), The economics of strong reciprocity, in H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, & E. Fehr (Eds.), Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life (pp. 151–191), Cambridge: MIT Press; Kirchsteiger, G. (1994), The role of envy in ultimatum games, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 25, 373–389; Smith & Kim (2007). Recent evidence suggests that there are two types of envy: a benign and a malicious type. Schadenfreude is most related to malicious envy: see van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009), Leveling up and down: The experience of malicious and benign envy, Emotion, 9, 419–429.
21. Fortunately, the boy survived the explosion. Twain probably would not have recounted the story so enthusiastically otherwise. And yet, even the boy’s survival created mixed feelings. Twain noted that “when he came home the next week, alive, renowned, and appeared in church all battered up and bandaged, a shining hero, stared at and wondered over by everybody, it seemed to us that the partiality of Providence for an undeserving reptile had reached a point where it was open to criticism.” Twain (2000), p. 22.
22. Beckman, S. R., Formby, J. P., Smith, W. J., & Zheng, B. H. (2002), Envy, malice and Pareto efficiency: An experimental examination, Social Choice and Welfare, 19, 349–367; Zizzo, D. J. (2003), Money burning and rank egalitarianism with random dictators, Economics Letters, 81, 263–266; Zizzo, D. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001), Are people willing to pay to reduce others’ incomes? Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 63–64, 39–62.
23. Smith, R. H. (1991), Envy and the sense of injustice, in P. Salovey (Ed.), The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp. 79–99), New York: Guilford Press; Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Ozer, D., & Moniz, A. (1994), Subjective injustice and inferiority as predictors of hostile and depressive feelings in envy, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 705–711.
24. van de Ven, Zeelenberg, & Pieters (2009).
25. Cited in Portmann (2000), p. 139.
26. Burke, E. (1987), A philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, p. 46 (originally published in 1756); the credibility of The National Enquirer is probably tarred by the wacky fictions of the other publications. However, The National Enquirer articles, often dismissed as malicious lies by those who are the focus of the articles, often end up being largely true; see http://www.slate.com/id/2102303/, retrieved May 15, 2010.
27. Chang, J., & Halliday, J. (2005), Mao: The unknown story, New York: First Anchor Books, p. 14.
28. Ibid.
29. Boucher, K., & Smith, R. H., (2010), unpublished data.
30. See http://www.slate.com/id/2067667, retrieved May 15, 2010.
31. Byron, C. (2002), Martha Inc.: The incredible story of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, New York: Wiley.
32. See http://www.slate.com/id/2067667, retrieved May 15, 2010.
33. See http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all, retrieved March 3, 2010.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966), The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness, Psychonomic Science 4, 227–228.
38. See http://www.chevychasecentral.com/trivia.htm, retrieved September 4, 2012.
39. See http://www.parade.com/celebrity/sunday-with/2012/05/20-jay-leno-comic-highs-lows-cars-secrets-successful-marriage.html, retrieved May 20, 2012.
40. Sundie, J. M., Ward, J., Beal, D. J., Chin, W. W., & Oneto, S. (2009), Schadenfreude as a consumption-related emotion: Feeling happiness about the downfall of another’s product, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 356–373; Sundie, J. M., Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Vohs, K. D., & Beal, D. J. (2011), Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous consumption as a sexual signaling system, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 664–680; Veblen, T. (1989), The theory of the leisure class, New York: Macmillan.
41. See http://www.dailydot.com/video/lamborghini-crash/, retrieved May 25, 2012; and http://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/tn1y4/lamborghini_tries_to_show_off_ends_up_crashing/, retrieved May 25, 2012.
42. See http://www.dailydot.com/video/lamborghini-crash/ retrieved May 24, 2012; and http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0145487/quotes, retrieved May 24, 2012.
43. See http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=1pgm8I0B8bY, retrieved May 24, 2012.
44. Hareli & Weiner (2002).
45. Swift (1731).
46. See http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all, retrieved March 3, 2010; Byron (2002).
47. See http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all, retrieved March 3, 2010.
48. See http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F08.html, retrieved April 5, 2010.
49. Ibid.
Chapter 9
1. Pushkin, A. (1964), The poems, prose, and plays of Alexander Pushkin, New York: Modern Library, p. 430.
2. Shakespeare, W. (1963), Julius Caesar, New York: The New American Library p. 40, (originally published 1599).
3. Goethe, J. W. (1906), The maxims and reflections of Goethe, New York: Macmillan.
4. Farber, L. (1966), The Ways of the will, New York: Basic Books; Foster, G. (1972), The anatomy of envy, Current Anthropology, 13, 165–202; Smith & Kim (2007); Vidaillet, B. (2009), Psychoanalytic contributions to understanding envy: Classic and contemporary perspectives, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research. (pp. 267–289), New York: Oxford University Press.
5. I take some of the examples in this chapter from Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008); Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2008), Introduction, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 3–14), New York: Oxford University Press; and Smith & Kim (2007).
6. Alicke & Govorun (2005); Dunning (2005); Freud, A. (1937), The ego and the mechanisms of defense, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis; Gilovich, T. (1993), How we know what isn’t so: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life, New York: Simon & Schuster; Paulhus, D. L., Fridhandler, B., & Hayes S. (1997), Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research, in S. Briggs, R. Hogan, R. Goode, & J. W. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 543–579) Boston: Academic Press; Vaillant, G. E. (1992), Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
7. Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., & Schaubroeck, J. (2008), Envy in organizational life, in R. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 167–189), New York: Oxford University Press; Elster, J. (1998), Alchemies of the mind: Rationality and the emotions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Foster, G. (1972), The anatomy of envy, Current Anthropology, 13, 165–202; Schoeck, H. (1969), Envy: A theory of social behavior, New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World; Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978), The perception of envy, Social Psychology Quarterly, 41, 105–117; Smith & Kim (2007).
8. Elster (1998); Foster (1972), Schoeck (1969); Silver, & Sabini (1978). H. Also see Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008); Smith & Kim (2007).
9. King James Bible, Exodus 20:17.
10. Schimmel, S. (2008), Envy in Jewish thought and literature, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 17–38), New York: Oxford University Press.
11. King James Bible, Genesis 4:1–16.
12. Milton, J. (1962), Paradise lost and selected poetry and prose, New York: Holt, Rinehardt, and Winston, p. 126 (originally published in 1667).
13. Alighieri, D. (1939), The divine comedy (trans. John D. Sinclair), New York: Oxford University Press (originally published in 1308–1321).
14. See http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=envy, retrieved April 12, 2010.
15. Aquaro, G. R. A. (2004), Death by envy: The evil eye and envy in the Christian tradition, Lincoln, NE: Universe; Smith
& Kim (2007).
16. King James Bible, Matthew 19:24.
17. Smith & Kim (2007).
18. Unamuno, M. (1996), Abel Sanchez and other short stories, New York: Gateway Editions p. 103 (originally published in 1917); cited by Foster, (1972), p. 173; Smith & Kim (2007).
19. Elster (1998), p. 165.
20. Ibid., p. 172.
21. Smith & Kim (2007).
22. Ben-Ze’ev (2000); Smith (1991); Smith, Parrott, Ozer, & Moniz (1994).
23. Heider (1958), p. 287.
24. Aristotle (1941), Rhetoric, in R. McKeaon (Ed.), The basic works of Aristotle, New York: Random House (originally published in 322 BC); Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984), Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 780–792; Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. K. (2004), Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectees’ invidious reactions to promotees, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 33–47.
25. Forrester, J. (1997), Dispatches for the Freud wars, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Kristjansson (2005).
26. Smith (1991).
27. Khayyám, O. (1952). The rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (E. Fitzgerald, Trans.) Garden City, NY: Doubleday, p. 170 (originally published in 1858); I also use this and other similar examples in Smith, R. H. (1990), Envy and the sense of injustice, in P. Salovey (Ed.), Psychology perspective on jealousy and envy (pp. 79–99), New York: Guilford.
28. Heider (1958), p. 289.
29. Hill, S. E., & Buss, D. M. (2008), The evolutionary psychology of envy, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 60–70), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
30. Quoted in Leach, C. W., & Spears, R. (2008), “A vengefulness of the impotent”: The pain of ingroup inferiority and schadenfreude toward successful outgroups, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1383–1396, p. 1384; Nietzsche (1967), p. 37.
31. Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2012), Envy divides the two faces of narcissism, Journal of Personality, 80, 1415–1451.
32. Hotchkiss, S. (2003), Why is it always about you?: The seven deadly sins of narcissism, New York: Free Press, p. 16.
33. Forman (1984).
34. See Smith (2004) for another extended example of transmuted envy, this taken from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar.
35. Elster (1998); Smith (2004); Simth & Kim (2007); Sundie, Ward, Beal, Chin, & Oneto (2009).
36. Russo, R. (2008), Bridge of sighs, New York: Vintage.
37. Ibid., p. 86.
38. Ibid.
39. Stephen Thielke, personal communication. Instead, envy would be of the “benign” kind. See van de Ven, Zeelenberg, & Pieters (2009).
Chapter 10
1. Marrus, M. R. (1997), The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial 1945–46: A documentary history, New York: Bedford Books, p. 207.
2. Gilligan, J. (1996), Violence: Reflections on a national epidemic, New York: Vintage Books.
3. Twain, M. (1898), Concerning the Jews, Harper’s Magazine, March 1898; http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1898twain-jews.asp, retrieved April 20, 2013.
4. Here is a sample: Bauer, Y. (1982), A history of the Holocaust, New York: Franklin Watts; Browning, C. R. (1993), Ordinary men: Reserve police battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland, New York: Harper Perennial; Evans, R. J. (2003), The coming of the Third Reich, New York: Penguin; Evans, R. J. (2005), The Third Reich in power, New York: Penguin; Evans, R. J. (2008), The Third Reich at war, New York: Penguin; Gilbert, M. (2000), Never again: The history of the Holocaust, New York: Universe; Goldhagen, D. J. (1997), Hitler’s willing executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, New York: Vintage; Hildberg, R. (2003), The destruction of the European Jews, New Haven: Yale University Press (originally published in 1961); Prager, D., & Telushkin, J. (2003), Why the Jews? The reason for anti-Semitism, New York: Touchstone; Rosenbaum, R. (1998), Explaining Hitler: The search for the origins of his evil, New York: Random House; Wistrich, R. S. (2010), A lethal obsession: Anti-Semitism from antiquity to the global jihad, New York: Random House.
5. Kubizek, A. (1955), The young Hitler I knew; http://www.faem.com/books/, retrieved June 14, 2012.
6. Hitler, A. (1925), Mein kampf (trans. Ralph Manheim), Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, p. 55.
7. Ibid., p. 52.
8. Ibid., p. 52.
9. Ibid. p. 10.
10. Epstein, J. (2003), Envy: The seven deadly sins, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
11. Hitler (1925), p. 58.
12. Ibid., p. 56.
13. Ibid., p. 58. The Jewish population of Vienna, absorbed by Germany in the spring of 1938, was larger than in German cities proper.
14. Ibid., p. 57.
15. Ibid., p. 61.
16. Ibid., p. 62.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 63.
19. People Magazine interview, April 12, 1976, vol. 5, no. 14. Also, in his memoirs, Inside the Third Reich, Speer described Adolf Hitler’s sense of humor to be almost entirely based on schadenfreude. “Hitler had no humor. He left joking to others, although he could laugh loudly, abandonedly, sometimes literally writhing with laughter. Often he would wipe tears from his eyes during such spasms. He liked laughing, but it was always laughter at the expense of others,” Speer, A. (1969), Inside the Third Reich (trans. Richard and Clara Winston), Bronx, NY: Ishi Press, p 123.
20. Kubizek (1955).
21. Ibid.
22. Freud, S. (1939), Moses and monotheism, New York: Random House, p. 116.
23. Toland, J. (1976), Adolf Hitler, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell, p. 701.
24. Hitler ended his account of how he came to hate the Jews by writing: “Eternal Nature inexorably avenges the infringement of her commands. Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jews, I am fighting for the work of the Lord,” Hitler (1925), p. 65.
25. The role of envy in anti-Semitism has been addressed by many. For example, the French scholar Bernard Lazare, who became heavily involved in the Dreyfus affair, wrote what is considered to be a remarkably impartial analysis of anti-Semitism and included envy as an important factor. Here is a selection from his book, Antisemitism: Its history and causes: “Everywhere they wanted to remain Jews, and everywhere they were granted the privilege of establishing a State within the State. By virtue of these privileges and exemptions, and immunity from taxes, they would soon rise above the general condition of the citizens of the municipalities where they resided; they had better opportunities for trade and accumulation of wealth, whereby they excited jealousy and hatred. Thus, Israel’s attachment to its law was one of the first causes of its unpopularity, whether because it derived from that law benefits and advantages which were apt to excite envy, or because it prided itself upon the excellence of its Torah and considered itself above and beyond other peoples,” pp. 6–7, http://www.archive.org/details/Anti-semitismItsHistoryAndCausesByBernardLazare. Freud suggests the distinctiveness of Jews and then notes: “The second peculiarity has an even more pronounced effect. It is that they defy oppression, that even the most cruel persecutions have not succeeded in exterminating them. On the contrary, they show a capacity for holding their own in practical life and, where they are admitted, they make valuable contributions to the surrounding civilization. The deeper motives of anti-Semitism have their roots in times long past; they come from the unconscious, and I am quite prepared to hear that what I am going to say will at first appear incredible. I venture to assert that the jealousy which the Jews evoked in other peoples by maintaining that they were the first-born, favourite child of God the Father has not yet been overcome by those others, just as if the latter had given credence to the assumption,” Freud (1939), p. 116. Freud argued that the notion of Jews being a chosen people led to jealous and rivalrous feelings in non-Jews. Nietzsche, despite his influence on so many Nazi beliefs, was appalled by anti-Semitism, and wrote: “The struggle against the Jews has al
ways been a symptom of the worst characters, those more envious and more cowardly. He who participates in it now must have much of the disposition of the mob.” Quoted in Santaniello, W. (1997), A post-holocaust re-examination of Nietzsche and the Jews, in J. Golomb (Ed.), Nietzsche and Jewish culture (pp. 21–54), New York: Routledge. More recent examples are Prager & Telushkin (2003); Patterson, C. (2000), Anti-Semitism: The road to the holocaust and beyond, Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com; Aly, G. (2011), Warum die Deutschen? Warum die Juden? Gleichheit, Neid und Rassenhass 1800 1933, Frankfurt: Fischer Verlag; Gilder, G. (2009), The Israel test, New York: Richard Vigilante Books; McKale, D. M. (2006), Hitler’s shadow war: The Holocaust and World War II, New York: Taylor Trade Publishing.
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