Till Time's Last Sand

by David Kynaston

  26 G3/268, 10 July 1968, 9 Oct 1968; G3/269, 3 Jan 1969; Capie, pp 358–9; G3/271, 4 June 1970; O’Brien, p 97; Times, 3–4 June 1970.

  27 Tony Benn, Office without Power (1988), pp 233–4; Alford, p 277; Punch, 30 Nov 1966; Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, Bank of England: First Report (1969–70, vi), pp 388–9.

  28 ADM 12/9, 8 May 1962; Anthony Sampson, Anatomy of Britain (1962), p 366; OHC, Christopher Fildes, 28 Jan 1997.

  29 Capie, pp 403–4; OHC, Pen Kent, 12 June 2005; CB, 2004/5 (4), p 89 (Elizabeth Hennessy); OHC, Sir Kit McMahon, 8 Oct 1996; Kit McMahon, ‘John Fforde’, Independent, 19 April 2000; Daily Express, 14 Dec 1964; ‘Sir Jeremy Morse’, Daily Telegraph, 5 Feb 2016; OL, Dec 1985, p 189 (Gordon Richardson).

  30 Capie, pp 367–8; King (1), p 222; OL, Autumn 1977, p 97 (David Nye).

  31 Capie, p 823; CB, 2004/5 (4), p 90 (Elizabeth Hennessy); G39/4, 31 July 1969; GT39/2, 1 Oct 1969; G39/5, 30 Sept 1969; OHC, Sir Jeremy Morse, 15 Dec 1994.

  32 NA, PREM 11/3285, 11 Jan 1961; OL, Sept 1988, p 135 (Tony Carlisle); Guy de Moubray, City of Human Memories (Weardale, 2005), p 209; Alford, p 285; OL, Sept 1985, p 143 (Eddie George); OHC, Sir Kit McMahon, 6 July 2005; Capie, pp 130–1; 6A106/1, 29 Sept 1975.

  33 Michael Moran, The Politics of Banking (1984), p 15; Financial World, Sept 2012, p 14; OHC, Christopher Fildes, 5 Dec 1996; Nationalised Industries, qq 1819, 1986, 1989.

  34 Fed, box 615845, 5 June 1969; Nationalised Industries, q 1037; Moran, p 25; Nationalised Industries, q 141; Douglas Wass, Decline to Fall (Oxford, 2008), pp 30–1; Cairncross, Wilson Years, p 297; G3/135, 15 Jan 1963; OHC, Sir George Blunden, 11 July 2005; 6A50/5, 19 July 1971.

  35 Nationalised Industries, qq 184–5, pp lxxxi–lxxxii, lxxvii; Sampson, p 356; OHC, Pen Kent, 12 June 2005.

  CHAPTER 15: ENTERING FROM STAGE RIGHT

  1 O’Brien, p 105; Duncan Needham, UK Monetary Policy from Devaluation to Thatcher, 1967–82 (Basingstoke, 2014), pp 37–8; King (2), pp 51, 54, 68, 81; Fay, p 55; O’Brien, p 101.

  2 G3/273, 13 Jan 1971, 4 Feb 1971; King (2), pp 126–7.

  3 G3/272, 21 Oct 1970; King (2), p 54; G3/273, 17 Feb 1971; O’Brien, pp 110–11; Times, 9 Feb 1973; John Plender, That’s the Way the Money Goes (1982), p 65. Fuller accounts of the Rolls-Royce episode are in Capie, pp 785–90 and O’Brien, pp 106–8.

  4 Capie, p 422; David Kynaston, LIFFE (Cambridge, 1997), p 9; Keith Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State: Volume 2 (Basingstoke, 1990), p 334; Times, 24 June 1972; O’Brien, p 124.

  5 Capie, p 486; Charles A. E. Goodhart, ‘Competition and credit control’, Financial History Review, Aug 2015, p 241; Capie, p 490; O’Brien, p 114; Charles Gordon, The Cedar Story (1993), p 146; Needham, p 45.

  6 Times, 17 May 1971; Economist, 22 May 1971; Banker, June 1971; Edward du Cann, Two Lives (Upton-upon-Severn, 1995), p 130.

  7 Peter Kirwin (ed), A Tribute to the Bank of England (1994), p 90; Margaret Reid, The Secondary Banking Crisis, 1973–75 (1982), pp 59–60.

  8 G3/275, 5 Jan 1972, 26 Jan 1972; King (2), p 206; Needham, p 56; G3/312, 26 June 1972; G3/275, 26 June 1972; Banker, Sept 1972, pp 1131–3.

  9 Capie, pp 509–11; Needham, p 59; G3/276, 22 Nov 1972; HSBC Group Archives, UK 0346, Records of chairman (Forbes, Archibald): departmental files.

  10 Times, 28 July 1972; Banker, Aug 1972, pp 1019–22 (Richard Fry); Daily Telegraph, 9 Aug 1972; G3/276, 16 Aug 1972; Reid, pp 48–52; information from John Plender; Daily Telegraph, 5 Feb 1973.

  11 OHC, John Fforde, 1995; Fay, p 55; King (2), pp 271, 279; OHC, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead, 7 Feb 1995; Middlemas, p 379; Times, 9 Feb 1973; Spectator, 17 Feb 1973; G3/277, 5 April 1973.

  12 O’Brien, p 138; Economist, 6 July 1973; Dow, p 35; C160, 7 March 1973.

  13 King (2), p 263; Charles Gordon, The Two Tycoons (1984), p 143; information from Colin Leach; Anthony Sampson, Anatomy of Britain Today (1965), p 443; OHC, Sir George Blunden, 20 March 1997; Dow, pp 108–9; OHC, Christopher Fildes, 5 Dec 1996. See also: William Keegan, ‘Lord Richardson of Duntisbourne’, Independent, 9 Feb 2010.

  14 Capie, p 519; John Campbell, Edward Heath (1993), p 530; Capie, pp 520–1; G3/278, 16 Nov 1973, 21 Nov 1973; Goodhart, ‘Competition’, p 245; John Grady and Martin Weale, British Banking, 1960–85 (1986), p 58; OHC, Lord Healey, 11 Nov 1997; Goodhart, ‘Competition’, p 245.

  15 The fullest account of the secondary banking crisis remains Reid, but see also Gordon, Cedar and Capie, chap 11.

  16 HSBC Group Archives, UK 0141-0019, Records of assistant chief general manager (Graham Stuart): working papers; Reid, pp 12, 10; Capie, pp 538–41; G3/278, 20 Dec 1973; Fay, p 62; King (2), p 374; Capie, pp 575, 577.

  17 Capie, p 542; G3/279, 5 Feb 1974; National Life Story Collection (National Sound Archive, British Library), C409/001, pp 72, 74–5; Reid, p 126; Capie, pp 581–3.

  18 6A70/3, 21 Dec 1973, 30 Dec 1974; 6A70/4, 14 March 1975, 16 May 1975; Reid, pp 138–43, 183–9; Capie, pp 553–4, 636; G3/363, 1 Oct 1977.

  19 G3/279, 28 June 1974; Capie, pp 578–80; Michael Moran, The Politics of Banking (Basingstoke, 1984), pp 114–17; OHC, Sir George Blunden, p 9; Richard Roberts, Take Your Partners (Basingstoke, 2001), pp 78–9; Moran, pp 118–30; OHC, John Fforde, 4 Dec 1986.

  20 Capie, pp 791–801; G3/280, 8 July 1974; G3/279, 6 June 1974, 10 June 1974; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (1989), pp 374–5; OHC, Sir Douglas Wass, 13 Aug 1996.

  21 Needham, p 86; Edmund Dell, A Hard Pounding (Oxford, 1991), p 135; G3/281, 12 June 1975, 20 June 1975; Dell, pp 162–3; Edward Pearce, Denis Healey (2002), p 435; Bernard Donoughue, The Heat of the Kitchen (2004 Politico’s edn), pp 187–8; EID4/200, 8 July 1975.

  22 For a detailed account from a Bank perspective, see Roger Lomax, ‘The Bank of England and UK Business, 1930–2003’, chaps 3–6.

  23 This paragraph is based on: Capie, pp 802–8; Kynaston, vol 4, pp 508–10, 537–41.

  24 EID4/200, 19 Sept 1975, 24–26 Sept 1975; Capie, p 657.

  25 Douglas Wass, Decline to Fall (Oxford, 2008), pp 150–2; Dow, pp 45–6; Wass, p 178; Times, 5 March 1976; Healey, p 427; Fed, box 617010, 15 March 1976; Wass, p 179; Pearce, pp 456–7; Capie, p 746.

  26 James Callaghan, Time and Chance (1987), p 415; Capie, pp 747–8; Dow, p 53; Pearce, p 463; Dow, pp 110–11; OHC, John Fforde, 22 May 1996; Capie, p 750; Needham, p 97; Pearce, p 465; Dow, p 60; G3/284, 19 July 1976; Capie, pp 658–9.

  27 Fed, box 617010, 25 Aug 1976; Richard Roberts, When Britain Went Bust (2016), p 9; Capie, p 750; Fed, C261 England, 30 Sept 1976; Pearce, p 469; G3/285, 7 Sept 1976; NLSC, C409/037, Sir David Walker, pp 93–4; Capie, p 751.

  28 Institutional Investor, June 1987, p 68; Capie, pp 669–70; International Insider, 18 Oct 1976; Dow, p 69; Capie, pp 751–2; The Baring Archive, 202445, Foreign Exchange Advisers Papers Volume 3, October 1976; ‘Sir Alan Whittome’, Times, 23 Jan 2001; Dow, p 70; Capie, pp 754–5; Dow, p 69.

  29 Business Week, 14 March 1977; G3/361, 13 June 1977; Observer, 12 June 1977; Guardian, 28 Oct 1977; Dow, p 110; Times, 27 Jan 1978.

  30 Roberts, Partners, pp 106–7; Institutional Investor, Dec 1977, pp 40–4; David Wainwright, Government Broker (1990), pp 102–3; G3/361, 13 June 1977.

  31 Bernard Donoughue, Prime Ministers (1987), pp 143–4; Adrienne Gleeson, London Enriched (1997), p 160; International Insider, 5 Sept 1977, 12 Sept 1977, 26 Sept 1977; FT, 16 Nov 1977; interview with William Batt, 1999.

  32 Records of London Stock Exchange, Liaison Committee, 28 Feb 1979; Treasury and Civil Service Committee, The Role of the Bank of England: Volume II: Minutes of Evidence and Appendices (1993), q 275; G3/283, 5 April 1976; Healey, p 449; Euromoney, Aug 1977, p 78 (Peter Hambro); Morgan, p 553.

  33 BEQB, March 1978, p 33; Times, 18 April 2000 (obituary of Fforde); Frank Longstreth, ‘The City, Industry and the State’, in Colin Crouch (ed), State and Economy in Contemporary Capitalism (1979), p 189; G3/365, 7 April 1978; Dow, pp 120–1; G3/372, 1 May 1979.

  CHAPTER 16: SUNNY OFFS

 
; 1 New Statesman, 30 July 1960 (‘Taurus’); Roger Alford, Life and LSE (Brighton, 2009), pp 254–5; BEQB, Sept 1966, pp 233–45; Hennessy, p 136; Capie, p 38; Guy de Moubray, City of Human Memories (Weardale, 2005), p 202; Capie, p 40; information from Michael Anson.

  2 Fay, p 105; Hennessy, pp 118–23; Select Committee on Nationalised Industries [SCNI], Bank of England: First Report (1969–70, vi), q 948; E4/5, fo 94, Sept 1969; OHC, Lord George, 8 Feb 2006; OL, Spring 1980, p 5; Alford, p 264; OL, Spring 1980, p 6.

  3 Punch, 13 March 1957; OL, March 2003, p 12 (John Keyworth); Byatt, pp 167, 173–4; O’Brien, p 34; Byatt, pp 178–9; Hannah Hawksworth, ‘Harry Ecclestone’, Guardian, 7 July 2010; Byatt, p 197.

  4 OL, March 1996, p 22 (Teri Brown); Hennessy, p 187; OL, June 1956, p 69 (A. F. J. Davies); Hennessy, pp 189–91; SCNI, q 922.

  5 Hennessy, pp 63–5, 70–1; OL, June 1958, p 64; FT, 3 July 1958; Hennessy, p 73; Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England: London 1: The Cities of London and Westminster (Harmondsworth, 1957), p 199; Simon Bradley and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England: London 1: The City of London (1997), p 456; OL, June 1958, p 67.

  6 SCNI, qq 150, 2127, 1183, 1168; Capie, p 41; OL, Sept 2001, p 128 (B. M. Lahee); Birmingham Post, 21 Sept 1970; SCNI, q 1174; Fay, p 41; Hennessy, pp 284–90; Architects’ Journal, 21 Sept 1962; Hennessy, pp 279–80; OL, Dec 1967, p 207 (Roger Woodley), Sept 1971, p 187 (D. J. Baker); O’Brien, p 55.

  7 OL, Dec 2004, p 125 (Peter Edgley); OL, March 2000, pp 8–12 (Ron Middleton); SCNI, q 799; O’Brien, p 55; OL, June 1968, p 67; OHC, Sir George Blunden, 1994; OL, June 2003, p 73 (David Harris).

  8 Hennessy, pp 218, 214; Capie, pp 67–70, 348–9; SCNI, q 1154; OL, March 1996, pp 25–6 (John Rumins).

  9 Hennessy, pp 333, 352–3; E31/3, 29 Aug 1946, 12 May 1948, 18 Nov 1948, 29 March 1949; E15/10, fo 19A, 21 July 1949; Manchester Guardian, 2 Aug 1949; E31/3, 15 May 1952.

  10 OL, Spring 1992, p 20; Hennessy, pp 354–5; AC25/26, 1 Dec 1955; E31/3, 26 April 1957; Hennessy, pp 355–6; E31/4, 21 Feb 1962; OL, March 1969, pp 12–13 (V. K. Bloomfield), Spring 1992, p 21 (Jane Collier); OL, March 1967, p 3; Times, 3 Feb 1967.

  11 Hennessy, pp 354, 357–8; E4/56, fo 69E, 6 May 1969; G9/48, Nov 1963; E4/56, fo 22, 2 June 1966.

  12 Capie, p 53; OL, Spring 1993, p 4 (John Hill); OHC, Pen Kent, 12 June 2005; OL, Sept 1985, p 99 (Roger Barnes); de Moubray, City, p 212; BEQB, Sept 1966, p 244; SCNI, qq 2131, 2138.

  13 OL, Sept 1998, p 120 (J. D. W. Raimbach); Capie, p 52; OL, Winter 1977, p 156, Spring 1978, pp 13–14 (J. E. Taylor), Summer 1982, p 53, Autumn 1977, p 95 (Anthony Carlisle); G9/48, 17 Sept 1963.

  14 OL, Sept 1999, p 100 (Graham Kentfield); Elizabeth Hennessy, ‘The Governors, Directors and Management of the Bank of England’, in Roberts and Kynaston, p 215; E31/3, 29 Aug 1946, 30 Aug 1946.

  15 de Moubray, City, p 112; OL, Spring 1993, p 5 (John Hill); de Moubray, City, pp 182–3; OL, Autumn 1977, p 95 (Anthony Carlisle), Sept 2005, p 112 (Tim Kidd), Dec 2003, p 147 (John Footman).

  16 Hennessy, pp 340–1; OL, Spring 1979, p 195 (Paul Clayton); Hennessy, p 342; E15/7, fo 102, April 1969; E15/22, Aug 1970.

  17 SCNI, qq 1972–4; Capie, p 55; E4/56, fo 15, April 1966; O’Brien, p 55; Hennessy, pp 344–5; E30/76, fo 17, 27 Nov 1969; G9/11, 30 June 1972; Hennessy, pp 363–4.

  18 Evening News, 20 Feb 1956; Hennessy, pp 361–3; OL, Sept 2000, p 103 (Willie Osborn), Spring 1993, p 3 (Dorothy Binns); Capie, pp 52–3; de Moubray, City, pp 111, 113.

  19 OL, June 1984, p 60 (Michael Pickering), Dec 2006, p 138 (Christopher Bell), Sept 1987, p 126 (Paul Tempest).

  20 de Moubray, City, p 209; G39/1, 26 Feb 1968; ADM10/1, 21 Feb 1969; Capie, pp 356–8; ADM10/1, Jan 1970 (file 30 Jan 1970); Birmingham Post, 3 Feb 1970.

  21 OL, June 2005, p 38 (R. C. D. Lowry), Dec 2003, p 147 (John Footman), June 1971, p 75; John Keyworth, ‘As Safe as the Bank of England’ (1993); Capie, p 363; OL, Spring 1993, p 4 (John Hill), June 2003, p 83 (Rick Salmon); 6A106/1, 7 Oct 1975; OL, Spring 1992, p 21, Autumn 1992, p 130 (Tony Carlisle); Dow, pp 78–9.

  22 Hennessy, ‘The Governors’, p 209; Dow, pp 105–6; G3/273, 26 March 1971.

  23 Information from Michael Anson; Fay, p 104; FT, 26 Jan 1978; Capie, p 365; G3/278, 15 Nov 1973.

  24 E15/7, fo 156, March 1973, fo 172, 4 Oct 1973, fo 181, 11 Oct 1973; E30/92, April 1974; Fay, p 104; Daily Telegraph, 12 Dec 1978; G1/567, 14 Dec 1978; Fay, p 104; OL, Spring 1979, p 195 (Paul Clayton).

  25 Information from Michael Anson; G3/274, 9 July 1971, Aug 1971; G9/12, 21 Feb 1974.

  26 OL, Winter 1977, pp 147–8 (John Fforde), Autumn 1977, pp 95–6 (Tony Carlisle), Dec 1985, p 145 (David Pollard).

  27 7A127/1, 6 April 1976; Dow, pp 58–9.

  28 7A127/1, 24 June 1977; G1/567, 8 Aug 1978; Capie, pp 823–4; 7A127/1, 2 April 1979; Capie, pp 824–5.

  CHAPTER 17: SERIOUS MISGIVINGS

  1 Duncan Needham, UK Monetary Policy from Devaluation to Thatcher, 1967–82 (Basingstoke, 2014), p 138; Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), p 152; BEQB¸ June 1979, pp 153, 156; Capie, p 699; G3/375, 14 Dec 1979; 7A133/2, 17 Jan 1980; G3/376, 28 Jan 1980; 10A114/1, 27 Feb 1980; G3/377, 5 March 1980; Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11 (1992), pp 80–1.

  2 Needham, p 167; 7A133/2, 25 Feb 1980; Needham, p 149; 7A133/2, 10 March 1980; G3/377, 14 March 1980.

  3 G3/372, 26 June 1979; OL, Spring 1980, p 7; Capie, pp 768–9; Dow, p 143; Capie, p 769; Dow, p 143; OHC, Sir George Blunden, 20 March 1997; Guardian, 24 Oct 1979; OL, Spring 1980, p 5 (Douglas Dawkins); Dow, pp 143–4; G3/375, 3 Dec 1979; OL, Spring 1980, pp 7–8; Spectator, 2 Feb 1985 (Christopher Fildes); OL, Spring 1980, p 6 (Douglas Dawkins).

  4 CB, 2004/5 (4), p 90 (Elizabeth Hennessy); G3/376, 25 Jan 1980; Dow, pp 149, 151.

  5 Howe, p 139; Jock Bruce-Gardyne, Ministers and Mandarins (1986), p 94; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher, Volume One (2013), p 462; Dow, p 147; Lawson, p 84; Dow, pp 165, 184; G3/390, 1 April 1982, 4 May 1982; Dow, pp 228–9.

  6 Moore (1), p 523; G3/377, 11 March 1980, 14 March 1980; G3/378, 30 May 1980.

  7 Lawson, p 82; 7A133/2, 29 July 1980; Moore (1), p 525; 7A133/2, 6 Aug 1980; Moore (1), p 530; 7A133/2, 3 Sept 1980; Needham, p 152; G3/380, 5 Sept 1980; William Keegan, Mrs Thatcher’s Economic Experiment (1984), p 153; 7A133/2, 8 Sept 1980; Dow, p 168.

  8 Needham, pp 155, 174; G3/380, 18 Sept 1980; Needham, pp 155–9; G3/382, 10 Feb 1981.

  9 G3/384, 27 May 1981; G3/385, 25 Aug 1981; G3/386, 14 Sept 1981; Howe, pp 226–7; G3/391, 14 July 1982, 27 July 1982.

  10 C. A. E. Goodhart, ‘The Bank of England 1970–2000’, in Ranald Michie and Philip Williamson (eds), The British Government and the City of London in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 2004), pp 364–5; Dow, p 192; G3/387, 10 Dec 1981; G3/385, 25 Aug 1981; Dow, p 187; G3/388, 18 Jan 1982; Lawson, pp 112–13.

  11 See in general: Roger Lomax, ‘The Bank of England and UK Business, 1930–2003’, chaps 6–8.

  12 BEQB, March 1984, p 74; G3/387, 30 Nov 1981; G3/390, 16 June 1982; Philip Geddes, Inside the Bank of England (1987), p 117; OHC, Sir David Walker, 29 March 2011; OL, Sept 2006, p 120; BEQB, March 1984, pp 75–6.

  13 OL, Dec 1986, p 182; 13A231/16, 15 June 1983; OL, Spring 1981, pp 5–6, June 2007, p 72 (Terry Smeeton); G3/382, 22 Jan 1981.

  14 Goodhart, ‘Bank’, p 347; Steven Solomon, The Confidence Game (New York, 1995), pp 204–5, 207–11; G3/392, 9 Sept 1982; Solomon, p 218; G3/392, 20 Oct 1982; Solomon, pp 225–6, 233–6; OHC, Roger Barnes, 8 Dec 2009; Solomon, p 233.

  15 Dow, p 223; Moore (1), p 531; Dow, pp 223–4; Times, 10 Feb 2016 (Lord Lexden); Dow, pp 222–3; FT, 29 Dec 1982; Economist, 8 Jan 1983; Spectator, 26 June 1993 (Christopher Fildes); Dow, pp 222–3; 13A231/1, 6 May 1983.

  16 G3/383, 11 March 1981; 13A231/20, 20 Dec 1993; Richard Roberts and David Kynaston, The Lion Wakes (2015), pp 68–73, 78–9; G3/387, 25 Nov 1981; Spectator, 28 Nov 1981; G3/388, 19 Jan 1982.

  17 G3/383, 11 March 1981; David Kynaston, LIFFE (Cambridge, 1997), chaps 1–3; Godfrey Hod
gson, Lloyd’s of London (1986 Penguin edn), p 363; Ian Hay Davison, Lloyd’s (1987), p 6.

  18 G3/373, 25 July 1979; G3/384, 22 May 1981; 15A91/1, 21 June 1982, Feb 1983; Margaret Reid, All-Change in the City (1988), pp 46–7; Dow, p 227.

  19 Dow, p 232; Bruce-Gardyne, pp 94–5; Capie, pp 829–30; G3/383, 25 March 1981.

  20 13A231/2, 23 March 1984; ODNB, Forrest Capie, ‘Lord Kingsdown’; OHC, Michael Foot, 10 Jan 2011, Pen Kent, 11 Jan 2011, Roger Barnes, 8 Dec 2009; OL, Summer 1983, p 57; Dow, p 233.

  21 Spectator, 2 July 1983; Bruce-Gardyne, pp 111–12; Robert Elgie and Helen Thompson, The Politics of Central Banks (1998), p 63; 13A231/2, 30 May 1984; 13A231/3, 16 Dec 1985; 13A231/4, 1 May 1986; OHC, Lord Kingsdown, 29 June 2011.

  22 15A91/3, 8–9 Sept 1983; OHC, Sir David Walker, 29 March 2011; 15A91/4, 6 Oct 1983; 13A231/2, 13 Dec 1984; 158A91/3, 17 Aug 1983, 12–13 Sept 1983, 9 Sept 1983.

  23 OHC, Sir David Walker, 29 March 2011; Fed, box 615845, 19 Oct 1984; Capie, p 107; OHC, William (Bill) Allen, 16 Dec 2009; 15A91/6, 17 July 1985.

  24 Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: Volume Two (2015), p 429; 13A231/3, 9 Sept 1985; BEQB, March 1986, p 50; 13A224/2, 14 Feb 1984; BEQB, March 1986, p 48.

  25 Helpful accounts of the episode include: Fay, pp 141–72; Reid, All-Change, pp 224–33; Will Ollard and Nick Routledge, ‘How the Bank of England failed the JMB Test’, Euromoney, Feb 1985, pp 49–56.

  26 G3/377, 9 April 1980; John Plender and Paul Wallace, The Square Mile (1985), p 238; 13A231/2, 26–27 Sept 1984.

  27 Fay, pp 151–2; Plender and Wallace, p 239; 4A69/5, 2 Oct 1984.

  28 Lawson, pp 403–4; Fay, pp 153–4; 4A69/5, 1 Oct 1984; 13A231/2, 2 Oct 1984; email from John Footman, 22 July 2016; ‘Rodney Galpin’, Daily Telegraph, 14 Nov 2011; Fay, p 171; 4A69/5, 11 Oct 1984; BEQB, Dec 1984, p 473.