American Empire
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Iraq War and, 469–73
9/11 and, 466–69, 471–75
Bush, Prescott, 11
businesses, 343–66
downsizing by, 344–49, 352
federal regulation of, 357, 358
financialization of capital and, 352–54
Japanese, 351
labor costs and, 344–45, 349–52
management in, 351–52
new models in, 358–66
politics and, 354–58
Byrnes, James F., 59, 63, 64, 67
Caldwell, Erskine, 2
California, 21, 22, 336–38, 429–31, 452, 453
Cambodia, 222, 223, 229, 276–79, 286, 292–95, 404
Camus, Albert, 197
capitalism, 52, 54, 113–14, 119, 312–13, 343, 384, 408–9, 415, 435, 436
Iron Curtain and, 62–70
capital punishment, 339
Carey, Ron, 441
Carmichael, Stokely, 247, 248
Carson, Rachel, 192, 210–11
Carter, Jimmy, 285, 319–21, 324, 326–31, 334, 356, 367, 382, 416
coal strike and, 350
economy and, 328–31, 371–73, 376
energy and, 330–31
foreign affairs and, 331–34, 371, 374, 390–92, 396, 398
hostage crisis and, 333, 371, 398
religious faith of, 315, 326–27, 370
Carville, James, 420
Casey, William, 396, 399, 400
Castro, Fidel, 171–73, 175, 186, 332, 414
censorship, 237
Central America, 393–94, 398, 404
Chambers, Whittaker, 94–95
Chaney, James, 193
Chávez, César, 260
Cheney, Dick, 324, 469, 472, 475
Chicano movement, 260–61
children’s rights, 266, 341–42
Chile, 281, 332
China, x, 51, 58, 79, 82, 86–87, 96, 167, 168, 222, 225, 231, 275, 409
Korea and, 84, 85, 105–6
Nixon and, 275, 280–82
repression in, 414
Soviet Union and, 87, 105, 275
Vietnam and, 228, 277, 281
Churchill, Winston, 58, 60, 63, 65, 66
CIA, 69, 90, 108, 164, 168, 170–73, 186, 226, 232, 234, 235, 281, 288, 291–92, 311, 318, 321, 396, 398, 399, 438, 439, 472–73
CIO, 30, 32, 39, 47–48, 54–55, 73, 98, 121, 198, 441
cities, 126, 129, 131, 134, 135, 215, 306, 311, 449
civil rights, xi, xii, 73–78, 143–61, 185–86, 187, 192–93, 198, 204, 207–9, 214–16, 235, 241, 247, 250, 255–59, 283, 316, 424
affirmative action and, 272, 273, 388, 429
anticommunism and, 98, 147
buses and, 144, 147–48, 153–55, 178–79
Civil Rights Act, 200–202, 204, 205, 207, 208, 247, 262, 271, 272
Democratic Party and, 75–76, 146, 156, 160, 204, 216
Freedom Rides and, 178–80, 183, 192
Freedom Summer and, 193, 194, 204
influence on other movements, 192–93, 262, 263, 266
Johnson and, 156, 157, 158, 199–202, 208
Kennedy and, 160–61, 162, 178–85, 198, 200
King and, see King, Martin Luther, Jr.
March on Washington and, 184–85
militant activism and, 144, 185, 216, 247–48, 250, 258–59
Nixon and, 156, 160, 161, 255–57
opposition to integration, 266, 369
Reagan and, 388
school desegregation and, 98, 148–52, 155–57, 181–84, 200, 215–16, 256–58, 266, 337, 369, 388, 429
sit-ins and, 158–60, 192
in South, 143, 152–56, 160, 178–80
Truman and, 74–76
World War II and, 143–45
Civil War, x, 143
Clark, Kenneth B., 241
Clay, Lucius, 64
Clayton, William, 56, 66
Cleveland, Ohio, 335–36
Clifford, Clark, 243, 245
Clinton, Bill, 416–42
affairs of, 417, 423, 431–33
economy and, 419–20, 423, 439–42, 479–80
election of, 417–19
foreign policy and, 433–39
health care and, 420–22, 423, 425
impeachment of, 431–33
reelection of, 427
taxes and, 420, 423
Whitewater and, 432
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 416, 417, 421, 423
Cold War, xi, xiii, 69, 85, 87, 89, 95–96, 104, 106–9, 167–69, 186, 205, 206, 237, 291–92, 390–404, 436, 439
Eisenhower and, 163–67
end of, 401–4, 407–9, 411, 413–15, 425
Kennedy and, 163, 171–77, 196
patriotism and, 90–92, 101, 189
Reagan and, 374
religion and, 101–3
see also communism and anticommunism
Coleman, Thomas J., 100
colleges and universities, 134, 313, 441
anticommunism and, 100
black students at, 256, 258
military and, 89, 90
student activism at, 187, 188, 190–95, 233–34, 249–50, 263, 277–78, 313
colonialism, 50, 54, 57, 80, 167
comic books, 190–91
communism and anticommunism, 31, 72–73, 77, 78, 195–97, 199, 291, 408, 436
civil rights movement and, 98, 147
Communist Control Act, 109
domestic, 72, 80, 90–94, 96–101
espionage and, 94–96
HUAC and, 92–95, 99, 192
Iron Curtain and, 62–70
labor unions and, 47, 73, 90–91, 98
McCarthyism and, 96–101, 108–9
religion and, 101–3
Taft-Hartley Act and, 47
see also Cold War
computer industry, 358, 361–64
congressional representation, 36–37, 180–81
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 144, 160, 178–79, 185, 194, 247
Connally, Tom, 75
Connerly, Ward, 429
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 182–83
conservatism, xi, xii–xiii, 31, 78, 188, 195, 422–24, 427
neoconservatism, 325, 332
New Right, 195–99
Reagan and, 367, 369–72, 386–88
World War II and, 31
Constitution, 2, 83, 236, 237
First Amendment, 198, 237
Fourteenth Amendment, 17, 148, 181, 209, 238, 257, 264
Fifteenth Amendment, 209
Twenty-Second Amendment, 46
Twenty-Third Amendment, 180
Twenty-Fifth Amendment, 290
construction workers, 272–73, 278–79, 356
consumers, 6, 27, 114, 118–19, 124–25, 357, 358
stores and shopping areas, 124–25, 136–37, 358, 364–66, 457–58, 465
contraception, 236, 237–38, 263, 446, 464–65
Coors, Joseph, 355, 376
Coplon, Judith, 95
Coppola, Francis Ford, 310, 316
corporate headquarters, 9, 307, 457
cotton, 12–13, 15, 20, 131–32
counterculture, 235–36, 293, 422
Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO), 109, 258
Cox, Archibald, 181, 289, 290
credit cards, 124, 357, 383, 458
crime, 238–39, 241, 320, 338–39, 417, 425, 450, 452–54
criminal procedures, 237, 238–39, 338–39,
450
trials, 37, 238
Cronkite, Walter, 245
Cuba, 171–75, 186, 224, 225, 332, 391–92, 394, 404, 411
Cuyahoga River, 306
Czechoslovakia, 68, 168, 250
Daddy, Puff, 445
Daley, Richard J., 215–16, 251
dam building, 117
Dean, John, 288, 289
death penalty, 339
Decter, Midge, 325
Defense Department, 69, 232
democracy, xii, 35, 74, 143, 145, 167, 187–88, 194, 255, 318–19, 394–95, 408, 415, 467, 480
Democratic Party, 28, 29, 31, 45–46, 72, 73, 77, 157, 177, 193, 205–6, 217, 279, 324–25, 372, 422, 425
civil rights and, 75–76, 146, 156, 160, 204, 216
communism and, 97, 104
National Convention of 1968, 251–52
unions and, 40–41, 45
Depression, Great, 3, 9, 24, 28, 29, 49, 50, 52, 113, 119, 343, 384
Dewey, Thomas E., 45, 74, 76, 77, 103, 195
Dominick, Peter H., 11
DeVoto, Bernard, 10
Didion, Joan, 190, 251
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 176, 223–25, 228, 232
Dingell, John, 31
Disabilities Act, 417–18
Dixiecrats, 76, 146
Dole, Robert, 427
dolphins, 89–90
Dominican Republic, 226
Donovan, Raymond, 385
Doolittle, James, 169–70
Dos Passos, John, 6
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 97
Douglas, Paul, 218
Douglas, William O., 109
drugs, 450
DuBois, W. E. B., 147
Dukakis, Michael, 409–10
Dulles, Allen, 173
Dulles, John Foster, 94, 101, 166, 168, 173
Dunlap, Al, 442
Dunlop, John T., 356
Durr, Clifford and Virginia, 153
Dylan, Bob, 417
Eagleton, Thomas, 284–85
Eastland, James, 75, 179
economy, xi, 27, 31, 32, 49–51, 107, 161, 177–78, 206, 243, 274–75, 287, 310, 313, 317, 322
Carter and, 328–31, 371–73, 376
Clinton and, 419–20, 423, 439–42, 479–80
deregulation and, 328, 375–76, 378, 379
financial crisis of 2008, 476–80
Ford and, 322–23, 326, 328, 376
growth of, xi–xii, 113–14, 118–19, 132, 177, 439–42, 445–46, 474
international trade, 52, 56–57, 328–29
Nixon and, 282–84, 295, 297
prices and inflation in, 6, 42–44, 48, 78, 178, 282–84, 295–97, 322, 323, 372, 378
Reagan and, 371–76, 378–81, 383, 386, 387, 474, 475, 479
recessions in, 113, 118, 121, 122, 161, 282, 287, 295, 297, 310, 346, 347, 378–80, 474
stagflation in, 322, 327, 345
supply-side economics and, 370–71, 375
Vietnam War and, 243–44
World War II and, 30, 32
Edelman, Marian Wright, 266
education, 78, 123–24, 133, 166, 188, 191, 198, 212–13, 322, 454, 475
bilingual, 273–74
minority groups and curricula in, 257–58
privatization of, 454
school desegregation, 98, 148–52, 155–57, 181–84, 200, 215–16, 256–58, 266, 337, 369, 388, 429
religion and, 198, 204, 369–70, 386, 409, 454
school lunches, 375, 460
sex, 428
sexual discrimination in, 264
standardized testing in, 188–89
Egypt, 168–69, 295, 396
Ehrlich, Paul, 464
Ehrlichman, John, 289
Eisenhower, Dwight, 72, 94, 97, 102–8, 123, 150, 169, 174, 177, 195, 196, 272, 291
Alaska and, 157–58
civil rights and, 151, 156–57
Cold War and, 163–67
highways and, 118
Indochina and, 223
Kennedy and, 162–63, 171
Korean War and, 103–6, 163
Latin America and, 170–71
military and, 107–8
Suez crisis and, 168–69
elderly, 267–68
Elders, Joycelyn, 428
elections:
of 1946, 45, 48, 66
of 1948, 71, 72, 76–77
of 1952, 103–4, 147
of 1960, 160–61, 254
of 1964, 204–6
of 1966, 217–18
of 1968, 245, 248–49, 251–54
of 1972, 282–85, 287, 293, 297
of 1980, 371–72
of 1984, 380–82
of 1988, 409–10
of 1992, 417–19
of 1996, 427
of 2000, 442–44
voter participation in, 319, 371
Ellender, Allen J., 31
Ellsberg, Daniel, 292
El Salvador, 394, 395, 404
employment, 38–42, 52, 74, 119, 198, 441–42
African Americans and, 133, 135, 140–41, 145–46, 184, 271–73, 348, 349, 441
anticommunist loyalty programs and, 92–94, 100, 237
benefit programs and, 120–21, 132, 134, 337, 350
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act and, 323, 327–28
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and, 262–63, 271
Fair Employment Practices Committee and, 10, 37, 74, 144, 184, 200
Fair Labor Standards Act and, 28, 33, 213
Full Employment Act and, 32, 48, 323
number of hours worked, 350–51, 451, 459
unemployment, 121, 184, 282, 297, 322, 323, 372, 378, 475
unions and, see labor unions
wages and, 38–39, 42–44, 78, 119, 123–24, 132, 177, 178, 184, 201, 283–84, 295, 350, 351, 360, 441, 442
women and, 140–41, 201, 262–63, 351
workplace safety and, 270–71
energy, 139, 296, 323–24, 330–31, 380, 461–64
see also oil
environment, 192, 210–12, 268–69, 357, 358, 461–64
Clean Air Act, 417–18, 456
forests, 11, 302
global warming, 462, 463, 475
pollution and, 128–29, 192, 211, 306, 462, 463
Reagan and, 376, 379–81
suburbanization and, 139, 302
water use, 462–63
Ervin, Sam, 288
Europe, 275
Eastern, 57–60, 65, 68, 96, 164, 204, 281, 326, 332, 393, 403, 404, 434
economic growth in, 113–14
immigrants from, 6, 77, 134, 315–16
Marshall Plan and, 67–70, 73, 98
Evers, Medgar, 184, 186, 249
Exxon Valdez, 462
Fair Deal, 78, 97, 177, 193, 199
Falwell, Jerry, 368, 384–85
family, 114, 139–42, 172, 340, 368, 409, 451, 459
Faubus, Orval, 157
FBI, 93–95, 97, 109, 179, 186, 193, 197, 205, 235, 258, 289–93, 321
Federal Reserve, 329–30, 345, 346, 373, 378, 380, 419, 420, 440, 476–79
Federal Writers’ Project, 2, 3
Felt, Mark, 293, 321
Ferraro, Geraldine, 381
financial crisis of 2008, 476–80
financial industry, 8–9
banks, 8–9, 10, 357–58, 380, 384, 479, 480
Fonda, Jane, 264, 314
Fiske, Robert, 432
food, 458, 459
fast, 137, 459–60
meat, 44, 114, 296
school lunches, 375, 460
Ford, Betty, 320
Ford, Gerald R., 267, 290, 291, 293, 294, 319, 320–24, 327, 334, 335, 356, 367, 382, 392
economy and, 322–23, 326, 328, 376
energy and, 323–24
Nixon pardoned by, 320–21, 326
Soviet Union and, 324–26
Ford, Henry, 5
Ford Motor Company, 5–6, 116, 120, 121, 347
foreign policy, xiii, 49
business and, 115–16
imperialism and, ix–x, 50, 52, 53, 433–49, 469
internationalism and, 52–57, 436
lobbying and, 54–55
religion and, 101
role of U.S. in world, 49–55, 287, 294–97, 310, 332
forests, 11, 302
Forrestal, James, 54, 61, 66
France, x, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58, 64, 67, 69–70, 250, 297, 302
Suez crisis and, 168–69
Vietnam and, 222–24
Frank, Robert, 115
Free Speech Movement, 194–95
Friedan, Betty, 140–42, 201, 262
Friedman, Milton, 268, 329
Fuchs, Klaus, 95
Fukuyama, Francis, 408, 410
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 177–78, 203
Gans, Herbert, 142
Ganzel, Bill, 113
Gardner, John, 211
Garrity, W. Arthur, Jr., 257
Gates, Bill, 362, 366, 442
Geithner, Timothy, 480
General Electric (GE), 133, 305, 351–52, 353, 368, 387
General Motors (GM), 6, 7, 39, 42–43, 120, 283, 305, 347, 366
Germany, x, 49, 87, 274, 440
Berlin, 166, 174, 176, 224, 402, 403, 407
East, 164, 166, 174, 403
post-World War II, 57, 58, 60, 64, 66–68, 470
reunification of, 403
West, 69–70, 166, 174, 274, 297
GI Bill, 32–35, 48, 127, 188
GI Rights, 266
Gibson, Kenneth, 259
Gilder, George, 370
Gilmore, Gary, 339
Gingrich, Newt, 422–26, 433
Ginsberg, Allen, 189, 190, 265
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 264
Giuliani, Rudolph, 383
Glazer, Nathan, 325
Goetz, Bernhard, 453
Gold, Harry, 95
Goldwater, Barry, 195–96, 198–99, 205, 206, 217, 239, 285
Goodman, Andrew, 193
Goodman, Paul, 189
Goodwin, Richard, 204
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 401–3
Gore, Al, 442–44
Gorsuch (Burford), Anne, 376, 380–81
government:
agencies of, 23, 28, 137–38