L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City
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Percival, Olive, “In Our Cathay.” Los Angeles Times, December 4, 1898.
Poulson, Norris. The Genealogy and Life Story of Erna and Norris Poulson. Department of Special Collections and Digital Collections, Department of Special Collections, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
Rappleye, Charles. All-American Mafioso: The Johnny Rosselli Story. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Rasmussen, Cecilia, “History of Hollywood Madams Is Long, Lurid.” Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1967.
Ratzan, Scott, and James Gregory Payne. Tom Bradley, the Impossible Dream. Santa Monica, Calif.: Roundtable Publishers, 1986.
Readers Digest. “Why Hoodlums Hate Bill Parker,” March 1960, 239, condensed from National Civic Review (September 1959).
Reid, Ed. Mickey Cohen: Mobster. New York: Pinnacle Books, 1973.
Reith, Charles. The Blind Eye of History: A Study of the Origins of the Present Police Era. London: Faber and Faber, 1952.
Renay, Liz. My Face for the World to See. New York: Bantam Books, 1971.
Richardson, James. For the Life of Me: Memoirs of a City Editor. New York: Putnam, 1954.
Romo, Richardo. History of a Barrio: East Los Angeles. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983.
Ross, Steven. “How Hollywood Became Hollywood,” in Tom Sitton and William Deverell, eds. Metropolis in the Making: Los Angeles in the 1920s. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.
Russo, Gus. The Outfit: The Role of Chicago’s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America. New York: Bloomsbury, 2001.
Rustin, Bayard. “The Watts ‘Manifesto’ and the McCone Report.” Commentary, August 1966.
Ryan, Art. “Dot-dot-dot—It’s Just Like Downtown.” Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1959.
Sahagun, Louis. “Riots Transform Campaign on Police Reform.” Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1992.
Salazar, Ruben. “Violence Marks Cohen’s History.” Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1961.
San Francisco Call-Bulletin. “Novice Chief Brings New Confidence….” May 10, 1955.
____. “Kennedy’s ‘Pad’ in L.A.—Dirty Shirts and Disorder,” July 15, 1960.
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Schulberg, Budd. The Harder They Fall. New York: Random House, 1947.
Server, Lee. Baby, I Don’t Care. New York: St. Martin’s, 2001.
Sherman, Gene. “Mr. K Hurls Hot Retort at Poulson,” Los Angeles Times, September 20, 1959.
____. “L.A. Negroes Only Part of Over-All Minority Problem: Concentration of Race Here Is Fifth Largest in United States.” Los Angeles Times, January 24, 1961.
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Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Checkmark Books, 2005.
Simon, Richard. Memorandum to the Police Commission, “Subject: Request for Five Additional Positions of Lt of Police to Be Community Relations Officers,” October 12, 1965. LAPD records, CRC.
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____. Los Angeles Transformed: Fletcher Bowron’s Urban Reform Revival, 1938-1953. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005.
____. “The ‘Boss’ Without a Machine: Kent K. Parrot and Los Angeles Politics in the 1920s,” Southern California Quarterly, Winter 1985 (volume LXVII, number 4).
____. “Did the Ruling Class Rule at City Hall in 1920s Los Angeles?” in Tom Sitton and William Deverell, eds. Metropolis in the Making: Los Angeles in the 1920s. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.
Sjoquist, Arthur. History of the Los Angeles Police Department. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Police Revolver and Athletic Club, 1984.
____. “The Story of Bill.” The Link, 1994.
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____. The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Stevens, Steve, and Craig Lockwood. King of the Sunset Strip: Hangin’ with Mickey Cohen and the Hollywood Mob. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2006.
Stoker, Charles. Thicker’N Thieves: The Factual Expose of Police Pay-Offs, Graft, Political Corruption and Prostitution in Los Angeles and Hollywood. Santa Monica: Sidereal Company. 1951.
Stump, Al. “L.A.’s Chief Parker—America’s Most Hated Cop.” Cavalier Magazine, July 1958.
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____. “Brenda’s Revenge,” July 11, 1949.
____. “Heaven, Hell & Judgment Day,” March 20, 1950.
____. “Real Thriller,” May 15, 1950.
____. “Jigs and Judgments,” July 23, 1951.
____. “With a Soft G,” September 22, 1952.
____. “The New Evangelist,” October 25, 1954, cover story.
____. “Important Story,” June 3, 1957.
____. “A Star is Made,” July 29, 1957.
____. “The Elemental Force,” September 28, 1959.
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Da Capo Press, 1951.
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Valley Times. “L.A. Councilmen to Hear Parker,” September 11, 1965.
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Vollmer, August. The Police and Modern Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1936.
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West, Dick. “Chief Parker Collapses, Dies at Award Banquet, Stricken During Standing Ovation by Marine Veterans.” Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1966.
White, Art. “Parker Takes Swipe at FBI.” Los Angeles Mirror, December 22, 1960.
White, Leslie. Me, Detective. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936.
Wickersham Commission. “Nos. 1-14.” Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1930.
Wilkerson III, W R. The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. Bellingham, Wash.: Ciro’s Books, 2000.
Williams, Carlton. “Mayor and Park
er in Sharp Clashes: Poulson, Police Chief and Leask Argue Heatedly at Public Hearing on City Budget.” Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1954.
Williams, David. July 9, 1959, letter to Councilman John Holland, Council File No. 89512. LAPD records, CRC. See also April 1, 1959, letter to Herb Schurter and April 21, 1959, letter to Parker. LAPD records, CRC.
Woods. “Ex-Marine Tightened Up Los Angeles Police.” Chicago Sun-Times, March 12, 1952.
Woods, J. Gerald. “The Progressives and the Police: Urban Reform and the Professionalization of the Los Angeles Police,” UCLA dissertation, 1973.
Wright, Willard Huntington. “Los Angeles—The Chemically Pure.” The Smart Set, March 1913. Reprinted in Burton Roscoe and Groff Conklin, eds. The Smart Set Anthology, New York.
Credits
GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT is given for permission to use material from the following sources:
Archives and photograph collection, William H. Parker Police Foundation, Los Angeles, California.
Photographs, the Los Angeles Police Historical Society, Los Angeles, California.
LAPD official departmental records, the Los Angeles Police Department; the Los Angeles Police Commission; the office of the Los Angeles City Attorney; and the City Records Center, Los Angeles, California.
The Genealogy and Life Story of Erna and Norris Poulson, by Norris Poulson, Department of Special Collections and Digital Collections, Department of Special Collections, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
Photographs, USC Special Collections, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Photographs, Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, California.
Photograph Collection, Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, California.
Ben Hecht Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; the Hecht Estate; and the William Morris Agency.
Personal collection, Edward Escobar, Tucson, Arizona.
Примечания
1
A battle was precisely what it was. In 1910, the steelworkers union had blown up the Times building at First and Broadway, killing more than twenty people. Otis and Chandler responded by beefing up the LAPD and unleashing it on Communists, anarchists, union organizers, and others who threatened Los Angeles’s status as an “open shop” town.
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2
It was also something of a racket. According to historian Gerald Woods, wealthy Angelenos purchased $1,000 memberships that brought with them preferential treatment for parking and speeding violations. (Woods, “The Progressives and the Police,” 324.)
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3
In truth, when viewed in the context of the time, the tactics championed by Chief Davis are not as outrageous as they first appear. Most police reformers believed that improving police officers’ shooting skills was an effective deterrent to the gangsterism that plagued urban America. “Rousting” was a standard law enforcement tool. The Bum Blockade was less extreme than the transient forced labor camps proposed by the city’s Committee on Indigent Alien Transients one year earlier. Advocates of wholesale fingerprinting were common too. August Vollmer, a Berkeley police chief and professor who became a hero to progressives in the 1920s, openly endorsed “a system of checking the movements of persons traveling from one state to another.” (Vollmer, The Police and Modern Society, 24.)
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4
Lansky, Luciano, and others generally spoke of “the Syndicate” rather than “the Mafia,” which more properly referred to the Italian subset of the organized crime world.
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5
Bookies offered bettors a lower “take” than racetracks such as Santa Anita (which, in addition to the house take, also collected a small tax on bets wagered), as well as better odds.
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6
The Citizen-News wryly noted that the infamous gambling joint at 732 North Highland had been raided by Lieutenant Hoy, “under whose able protection it has operated all these years.”
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7
Surely, this was the strangest yachting party in the history of Hollywood. The group included barber/boxing manager Champ Segal; the nephew of British foreign secretary (later prime minister) Anthony Eden; Jean Harlow’s father-in-law; and a German-American captain who was also an informant for the FBI. The captain suspected the treasure expedition was actually a resupply operation for Brooklyn mob boss Louis “Lepke” Buchalter, who was on the lam. The expedition ended with Champ Segal being formally indicted on charges of mutiny. (He was later acquitted.) Neither treasure nor Louis Buchalter was found. (Muir, Headline Happy, 169-72.)
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8
Mickey would later insist that this classification reflected a simple misunderstanding. During an earlier court appearance, his attorney had gotten into “a beef” with a judge. The “beef” had escalated into “a big hurrah,” which ended with Mickey being forced to submit to a psychological examination. Evidently, he failed. (Cohen, In My Own Words, 64-65.)
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9
Annenberg purchased the General News Bureau from Chicago gambler Mont Tennes in 1927, just a few years before states such as California began to legalize horse racing and permit pari-mutuel on-track betting to bolster state revenues. The result was a huge boom in horse betting—and a vast new business for Annenberg (who also owned the Daily Racing Form). Just how big became evident after federal prosecutors indicted Annenberg for income tax evasion and began to dig into his businesses. Prosecutors were startled to discover that the General News Service (later renamed the Nationwide News Services, after another wire service Annenberg purchased) was AT&T’s fifth largest customer. (Moore, The Kefauver Committee, 18.)
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10
Hill herself was not there; she had left town several days earlier after a spat with Siegel and gone to Paris. (Jennings, We Only Kill Each Other, 189-90.)
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11
Every division had its own vice squad, which led to frequent jurisdictional confusion. When he first met Jimmy Vaus, Sergeant Stoker was actually just on loan to the Hollywood Division vice squad. (He normally worked out of Central Division.) Administrative vice operated freely throughout the city and worked from headquarters downtown.
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12
The veracity of Stoker’s claims is uncertain. While elements ring true, Parker himself would later dismiss them as fabrications.
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13
Legalized pari-mutuel betting (where the odds reflect at-track wagers calculated by a pari-mutuel machine) was legal in California, but off-track bookmaking was banned, as it was in every state save Nevada. That made it impossible for Continental to collect information openly. So instead it employed undercover “signalers” or “wigglers” who transmitted odds and race results through a complicated set of signals to outside observers who typically monitored the track with high-powered binoculars and quickly relayed information to the Continental Press “drops.” Drops were typically little more than a large room with fifteen to twenty telephones (each carefully registered to a false name), placed on a rack before a loudspeaker. At the beginning of the racing day, calls were placed to subscribing bookmakers and left open all day. When information came in from Chicago, an operator at the drop read it into a microphone that broadcast it out through the loudspeaker and into the battery of phones, which bookmakers on the other end heard instantly and simultaneously. The system was remarkably fast (for the pre-Internet era). Bookmakers in L.A. (who, incidentally, placed the vast majority of bets on out-of-state races) could get results from the New Orleans race tracks in as little as a minute and a half. (California Special Crime Study Commission report, March 17, 1949, 72, 79-80.)
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14
To bolster the impression that Bowron was in the underworld’s pocket, Mickey Cohen adorned his Cadillac with a giant sign trumpeting his support for the mayor
.
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15
He was right. After turning state’s witness in 1978, Fratianno confessed to killing the two Tonys. (Demoris, The Last Mafioso, 54.)
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16
Complaints from the African American community about disrespectful stops and brutal treatment were so commonplace that the Los Angeles Tribune, the city’s other leading black paper, sarcastically teased General Worton when he first became chief for taking them seriously: “So naive is this new chief… that he veritably pounced on a police stenographer… to make a note of the complaints … as if something was going to be done about them!!!” (Los Angeles Tribune, July 14, 1949.)
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17
Mickey’s demands on the building’s hot water heater were a major source of contention with the management. At his old house in Brentwood, Cohen had installed a special water heater designed for a motel. Because even that proved inadequate, Mickey had his plumber install a hotel-sized hot water heater instead.