Divided on D-Day
Page 41
88. Quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 328.
89. Ibid.
90. Bradley, Soldier's Story, p. 369.
91. Letter to Winston Spencer Churchill, August 11, 1944, #1891 in Eisenhower Papers, ed. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., vol. 4 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), p. 2065.
92. Montgomery, diary notes, August 18–20, 1944, in Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy, pp. 308–309.
93. Francis de Guingand, Operation Victory (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947), p. viii.
94. Montgomery, Letter to Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, August 14, 1944, in Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy, pp. 298–99.
95. Hamilton, Montgomery, p. 81.
96. Lamb, Montgomery in Europe, p. 179; Weidner, Eisenhower and Montgomery, p. 331.
97. Miller, August 1944, p. 176; Breuer, Feuding Allies, p. 232.
98. Quoted in Farago, Patton, p. 541.
99. Quoted in Rick Atkinson, The Guns at Last Light, vol. 3, The Liberation Trilogy (New York: Henry Holt, 2013), p. 163.
100. Quoted in Essame, Patton, p. 172.
101. Quoted in Martin Blumenson, The Duel for France, 1944 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1963), p. 262.
CHAPTER 11: THE LOST VICTORY
1. Patton, diary, August 21, 1944, in The Patton Papers 1940–1945, ed. Martin Blumenson (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 1974), p. 523.
2. Omar N. Bradley, A General's Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 305.
3. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of History, Department of the Army, 1961), pp. 701–702.
4. Patton, diary, August 13, 1944, in Patton Papers, p. 508.
5. Ibid., August 14, 1944, p. 510; Robert A. Miller, August 1944, The Campaign for France (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1996), p. 122.
6. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 564–66; Bradley, General's Life, p. 302; Ladislas Farago, Patton: Ordeal and Triumph (New York: Dell, 1963), p. 545.
7. Patton, Letter to Beatrice, August 13, 1944, in Patton Papers, pp. 509–10; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 566–71; Miller, August 1944, pp. 141–42; Antony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (New York: Penguin Books, 2009), pp. 455–56.
8. William B. Breuer, Feuding Allies (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), p. 234; Miller, August 1944, pp. 142–43.
9. Patton to Harbord and Summerall, August 18, 1944, in Patton Papers, p. 518.
10. Stephen R. Taaffe, Marshall and His Generals: US Army Commanders in World War II (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2011), p. 196; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 573; Jim DeFelice, Omar Bradley (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2011), pp. 260–61.
11. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 575–83; Herbert Essame, Patton: A Study in Command (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974), pp. 180–82.
12. Essame, Patton, pp. 187–88.
13. Taaffe, Marshall and His Generals, p. 196; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 605; Essame, Patton, p. 179.
14. Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (New York: Skyhorse, 2012), p. 251.
15. Ibid.; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 593.
16. Quoted in John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), p. 292; Robert Gildea, Fighters in the Shadows (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2015), p. 391.
17. Keegan, Normandy, pp. 293–94; Gildea, Fighters, pp. 397–98.
18. Jonathan W. Jordan, Brothers, Rivals, Victors (New York: Caliber, 2011), p. 384; Gildea, Fighters, p. 18; Taaffe, Marshal and His Generals, p. 19.
19. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 603.
20. Martin Blumenson, The Battle of the Generals (New York: William Morrow, 1993), p. 270.
21. Antony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (New York: Penguin Books, 2009), pp. 488–89; Farago, Patton, p. 557.
22. Essame, Patton, p. 184.
23. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 609; Gildea, Fighters, p. 401.
24. Keegan, Normandy, pp. 304–12.
25. Gildea, Fighters, pp. 18, 404; Keegan, Normandy, p. 312.
26. Quoted in Gildea, Fighters, p. 3.
27. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 622; Omar N. Bradley, A Soldier's Story (New York: Modern Library, 1999), p. 396; Miller, August 1944, pp. 233–35.
28. Interview with Raymond Sola by Edward Gordon, August 10, 2016, which was Mr. Sola's one hundredth birthday. He also stated that he was disappointed because he marched that day in the middle of the column. The soldiers who were at the ends of the column received many hugs and kisses from the Parisian women who were overjoyed at finally being liberated from the Germans.
29. Jean Edward Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace (New York: Random House, 2013), p. 391.
30. Beevor, D-Day, p. 519.
31. William B. Breuer, Operation Dragoon: The Allied Invasion of the South of France (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1996), p. 13.
32. Rick Atkinson, The Guns at Last Light, vol. 3, The Liberation Trilogy (New York: Henry Holt, 2013), pp. 198–99.
33. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1963), pp. 411–12; Atkinson, Last Light, p. 199; Breuer, Operation Dragoon, pp. 13, 246–48; John S.D. Eisenhower, Allies: Pearl Harbor to D-Day (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982, p. 442; Paul H. Jeffers, Command of Honor: General Lucian Truscott's Path to Victory in World War II (New York: Nal CALIBER, 2008), p. 217; Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 330; Beevor, D-Day, pp. 444–45.
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 294.
35. Quoted in Jordan, Brothers, p. 389.
36. George S. Patton, Jr., War as I Knew It (New York: Bantam Books, 1980), pp. 129–30.
37. David P. Colley, “On the Road to Victory: The Red Ball Express,” HistoryNet, http://www.historynet.com/red-ball-express (accessed April 5, 2017).
38. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 666; David Colley, The Road to Victory (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2000), p.61.
39. D.K.R. Crosswell, Beetle: The Life of General Walter Bedell Smith (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 2010), pp. 688–96, 736; Steven E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower (New York: Anchor, 2012), p. 494; Colley, Road to Victory, pp. 49, 61; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 665–66; Anthony Kemp, The Unknown Battle: Metz, 1944 (New York: Stein and Day, 1981), pp. 22–23.
40. Farago, Patton, p. 559.
41. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 662–64; B.H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky, 1970), p. 559.
42. Quoted in Atkinson, Last Light, p. 220.
43. Quoted in Essame, Patton, p. 194.
44. Farago, Patton, pp. 549–51; Taaffe, Marshall and His Generals, p. 203; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 668.
45. Patton, diary, August 30, 1944, in Patton Papers, p. 531.
46. Quoted in Farago, Patton, p. 577; Hart, Second World War, p. 558.
47. Patton to Beatrice, August 30, 1944, in Patton Papers, p. 531.
48. Quoted in Bradley, Soldier's Story, p. 402.
49. Quoted in Bradley, General's Life, p. 314.
50. Diary notes, August 17, 1944, in Stephen Brooks, ed., Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy (Stroud, UK: History Press, 2008), p. 306.
51. Bradley, General's Life, p. 314.
52. Quoted in Fargo, pp. 576; Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 341.
53. Quoted in Carlo D'Este, Decision in Normandy (Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky, 1994), p. 461; Nial Barr, Eisenhower's Armies (New York: Pegasus Books, 2015), pp. 406–408; DeFelice, Bradley, p. 260.
54. Ambrose, Eisenhower, pp. 338, 341; D'Este, Normandy, p. 467; Richard Lamb, Montgomery in Europe 1943–1945: Success or Failure? (New York: Fra
nklin Watts, 1984), pp. 188–89; Crosswell, Beetle, p. 686.
55. Niall Barr, Eisenhower's Armies, pp. 401–402; Carlo D'Este, “A Lingering Controversy: Eisenhower's ‘Broad Front’ Strategy,” Armchair General Magazine, October 7, 2009, http://www.armchairgeneral.com/a-lingering-controversy-eisenhowers-broad-front-strategy.htm; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 657–58.
56. Blumenson editorial comment in Patton Papers, p. 527.
57. Keegan, Normandy, pp. 313–15; “Breaching the Siegfried Line,” US Army Military Center, http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-ch01.htm; Crosswell, Beetle, p. 737; Essame, Patton, p. 194.
58. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower, ed. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., vol. 4, The War Years (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), August 29, 1944, #1920, p. 2100.
59. Bradley, Soldier's Story, p. 401; Bradley, General's Life, pp. 320–21; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 659.
60. Quoted in Farago, Patton, p. 602; Bradley, General's Life, p. 322.
61. Quoted in Farago, Patton, p. 603.
62. Alan Brooke, War Diaries, 1939–1945, eds. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (London: Phoenix Press, 2001), p. 585.
63. Montgomery, diary notes August 17, 1944, in Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy, p. 57.
64. Quoted in Bradley, General's Life, p. 322.
65. Ibid., p. 323.
66. Patton, Letter to Beatrice, September 3, 1944, in Patton Papers, pp. 538–39.
67. Patton, diary, September 11, 1944, in Patton Papers, p. 547.
68. Hart, Second World War, p. 561.
69. Ibid., p. 567.
70. Ibid., p. 557.
71. Nigel Hamilton, Montgomery: D-Day Commander (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2007), p. 84.
72. Siegfried Westphal, The German Army in the West (London: Cassell, 1951), p. 176.
73. Essame, Patton, p. 198.
CHAPTER 12: THE ANTWERP/MARKET GARDEN FIASCOS
1. Mark Urban, Generals: The British Commanders Who Shaped the World (London: Faber and Faber, 2005), p. 290.
2. Russell F. Weigley, Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign in France and Germany, 1944–1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), pp. 388–89; William Weidner, Eisenhower and Montgomery at the Falaise Gap (New York: Xlibris, 2010), p. 310; Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: The Organizer of Victory (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 426.
3. Ramsay, diary, September 1 and 5, 1944, in Bertram Ramsay, Year of D-Day, eds. Robert W. Love, Jr. and John Mayor (Hull, UK: University of Hull Press, 1994), pp. 129, 132.
4. Love and Major, editorial notes in Year of D-Day, p. 130.
5. Letter from Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke to Montgomery, September 1, 1944, in Stephen Brooks, ed., Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy (Stroud, UK: History Press, 2008), p. 312.
6. Omar N. Bradley, A General's Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 319; Correlli Barnett, Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), p. 845; Dominick Graham, Price of Command (Toronto: Stoddart, 1993), p. 177.
7. Kenneth Edwards, Operation Neptune (Sabon, UK: Fonthill, 2013), p. 311; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 309; Dennis Showalter, Patton and Rommel (New York: Berkley Caliber, 2005), p. 377; Rick Atkinson, The Guns at Last Light, vol. 3, The Liberation Trilogy (New York: Henry Holt, 2013), p. 242; J.L. Moulton, Battle for Antwerp (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1978), pp. 27–45; D.K.R. Crosswell, Beetle: The Life of General Walter Bedell Smith (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 2010), p. 706.
8. Ramsay, diary, September 4, 1944, in Year of D-Day, p. 131.
9. Quoted in Barnett, Engage, p. 846; W.S. Chalmers, Full Cycle, The Biography of Admiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1959), p. 244.
10. Quoted in Nial Barr, Eisenhower's Armies (New York: Pegasus Books, 2015), p. 414.
11. John Buckley, Monty's Men (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), pp. 199–202.
12. Quoted in Richard Lamb, Montgomery in Europe 1943–1945: Success or Failure? (New York: Franklin Watts, 1984), p. 201.
13. Quoted in B.H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky, 1970), p. 567.
14. Lamb, Montgomery, pp. 202–203.
15. Ramsay, diary, September 10, 1944, in Year of D-Day, p. 135.
16. Love and Major, editorial notes in Year of D-Day, p. 136.
17. Quoted in Jonathan W. Jordan, Brothers, Rivals, Victors (New York: Caliber, 2011), p. 398.
18. Ibid.
19. Eisenhower, Crusade, p. 327.
20. Ramsay, diary, September 11, 1944, in Year of D-Day, p. 137.
21. Quoted in Barnett, Engage, pp. 844–45.
22. Love and Major, editorial notes in Year of D-Day, p. 143.
23. Ramsay, diary, September 22, 1944, in Year of D-Day, p. 142–43.
24. Quoted in Crosswell, Beetle, p. 726.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., p. 708.
27. Quoted in Jim DeFelice, Omar Bradley (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2011), p. 272.
28. Patton, diary, September 15, 1944, in Patton Papers, p. 548.
29. Crosswell, Beetle, pp. 696, 727.
30. Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe (London: Collins, 1952), p. 477; Lamb, Montgomery, p. 212; Milton Shulman, Defeat in the West (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948), pp. 178–80.
31. Cornelius Ryan, A Bridge Too Far (New York: Popular Library, 1974), pp. 114–15; W.S. Chalmers, Full Cycle: The Biography of Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1959), p. 248; Edwards, Operation Neptune, pp. 330–31.
32. Max Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–45 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), pp. 20–21; Robin Neillands, The Battle for the Rhine (New York: Overlook, 2007), p. 160.
33. Lamb, Montgomery, p. 207.
34. Bradley, Soldier's Story, p. 416; Ryan, Bridge, p. 11; Graham, Price of Command, p. 180; Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, pp. 441–42.
35. Crosswell, Beetle, p. 715; Ryan, Bridge, p. 88.
36. Crosswell, Beetle, pp, 717–18; Bernard Montgomery, The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (London: Collins, 1958), p. 297.
37. Crosswell, Beetle, p. 717; Ryan, Bridge, pp. 115–16; Wilmot, Struggle, pp. 479–80.
38. Quoted in Ryan, Bridge, p. 89.
39. Brian Urquhart, A Life in War and Peace (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), pp. 48–76.
40. Arnold, Hollow Heroes (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2015), p. 162.
41. Brian Horrocks with Eversley Belfield and H. Essame, Corps Commander (New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1977), p. 83.
42. Elizabeth Anne Coble, Operation Market Garden: Case Study for Analyzing Senior Leader Responsibilities (Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College, 2009), pp. 22–23.
43. Miles Dempsey, “The First 100 Days: Operation Overlord—From the Beaches to the Dutch Frontier” (diary written daily during course of war, 1944), p. 107.
44. Coble, Market Garden, p. 61.
45. DeFelice, Bradley, p. 271.
46. Bradley, Soldier's Story, p. 418.
47. Quoted in Norman Gelb, Ike and Monty: Generals at War (New York: William Morrow, 1994), p. 362.
48. Jordan, Brothers, p. 407; Crosswell, Beetle, p. 720; Callahan, Churchill and His Generals (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2007), pp. 220–21; Robert A. Miller, August 1944, The Campaign for France (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1996), p. 258.
49. Arnold, Hollow Heroes, p. 161.
50. Quoted in Ryan, Bridge, p. 217.
51. Ryan, Bridge, pp. 187–99; B.H. Liddell Hart, Strategy (New York: Praeger, 1967), p. 320; Antony Beevor, The Second World War (New York: Little, Brown, 2012), pp. 635–36; Alan Axelrod, Patton's Drive (Guilford, CT: Lyons, 2009), p. 108; Arnold, Hollow Heroes, pp. 164–65; Carlo D'Este, “Market Garden 65 Years On: Reflections of a Tragedy,” Armchair General, September 2
, 2009, http://www.armchairgeneral.com/market-garden-65-years-on-reflections-of-a-tragedy.htm (accessed June 4, 2017).
52. Bernard Montgomery, The Memoirs of Field Marshall Montgomery (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1958), p. 267.
53. Nigel Hamilton, Montgomery: D-Day Commander (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2007), p. 89.
54. Norman Davies, No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe 1939–1945 (New York: Viking, 2007), p. 122.
55. Alun Chalfont, Montgomery of Alamein (New York: Atheneum, 1976), p. 252.
56. David Bennett, Magnificent Disaster (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2008), p. 196.
57. Quoted in Atkinson, Last Light, p. 288.
58. Quoted in Ryan, Bridge, p. 597.
59. Quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 350.
60. Buckley, Monty's Men, p. 231; D'Este, “Market Garden.”
61. Alan Moorehead, Eclipse (New York: Harper & Row, 1945), p. 215.
62. Ramsay, diary, September 19, 1944, in Year of D-Day, pp. 140–41.
63. Ibid., pp. 151–52.
64. Alan Brooke, War Diaries, 1939–1945, eds. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (London: Phoenix Press, 2001), p. 600.
65. Ramsay, diary, October 8, 1944, in Year of D-Day, p. 153.
66. Barnett, Engage, p. 848.
67. Eisenhower, Papers, October 10, 1944, p. 2215.
68. Quoted in Chalfont, Montgomery, p. 259.
69. Quoted in Jordan, Brothers, p. 176.
70. Chalfont, Montgomery, p. 259; Crosswell, Beetle, p. 731; Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 354.
71. Quoted in Crosswell, Beetle, p. 732.
72. Montgomery, Memoirs, p. 254.
73. George C. Marshall, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Larry I. Bland, vol. 4, Aggressive and Determined Leadership (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 624.
74. Eisenhower, Papers, October 13, 1944, p. 2222.
75. Barnett, Engage, p. 849.
76. Neillands, Rhine, pp. 164–67.
77. Barnett, Engage, pp. 850–51.
78. Ibid., p. 851.
79. Ramsay, diary, November 28, 1944, in Year of D-Day, pp. 182.
80. Moulton, Antwerp, p. 230; Atkinson, Last Light, p. 330.