Arthur and the Lost Kingdoms

by Alistair Moffat

  Hengist leads ref 1

  mercenaries ref 1

  more of England settled ref 1

  and Picts ref 1, ref 2

  raids ref 1, ref 2

  revolt ref 1, ref 2

  the white dragon ref 1, ref 2

  the winners’ version of history ref 1

  Schiehallion ref 1

  Scotch Comer ref 1

  ‘Scotland’ ref 1

  Scotland

  consequence of Arthur’s victories ref 1

  kings descended from Romans ref 1

  Roman inability to conquer ref 1

  Scots

  the Barbarian Conspiracy ref 1, ref 2

  defeated by Macsen ref 1

  raids ref 1

  in the west ref 1

  Scots of Dalriada ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Scots Gaelic ref 1

  Scots Gaelic speech community ref 1

  Scots pine ref 1, ref 2

  Scott, Sir Walter ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Scottish Borders ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Border families ref 1

  festivals ref 1

  map ref 1

  trade declines ref 1

  Scottish Church ref 1, ref 2

  Scottish language ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  second sight ref 1, ref 2

  Segloes ref 1

  Selgovae ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25

  Selgovan Hills ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Selkirk ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Selkirk Abbey

  arrival of Tironesian monks (1113) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  monks transferred to Kelso (1128) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Serf, St ref 1

  Severus, Emperor Septimus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Shakespeare, William ref 1

  Henry IV, Part I ref 1

  Sheriff Muir ref 1

  Shetland, DNA testing ref 1

  Sidonius ref 1

  Silchester ref 1

  silverweed ref 1

  Sixth Legion ref 1, ref 2

  sky gods ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Skye ref 1

  slavery ref 1

  snaffle bit ref 1

  Solsbury Hill, near Batheaston ref 1

  Solway Firth ref 1, ref 2

  Solway River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Somerled, the Lord of the Isles ref 1

  Sorrowlessfield, near Melrose ref 1

  Sorules, William ref 1

  South America ref 1

  South Uist ref 1

  Southampton ref 1, ref 2

  southern Scotland

  as a buffer zone ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  forces withdrawn ref 1

  reoccupied ref 1

  Southern Uplands ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Soutra ref 1

  Soutra Hill ref 1, ref 2

  Spain ref 1

  barbarians overrun ref 1

  episcopal see of Bretona ref 1

  Spalding ref 1

  spatha (Celtic slashing sword) ref 1, ref 2

  spearmen, nude ref 1

  spears

  ash shafts ref 1

  thrown into water ref 1

  Springwood Estate ref 1, ref 2

  Springwood House ref 1

  Staffordshire ref 1

  Stag’s Wood ref 1

  Stainmore ref 1

  standing stones ref 1

  at Yeavering ref 1

  Merlin’s grave ref 1

  Stanemore ref 1

  Stanwick ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  statecraft ref 1, ref 2

  Stevenson, Robert Louis ref 1

  Stilicho, General, the Vandal ref 1, ref 2

  Stirling ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Stirling Bridge, Battle of (1298) ref 1

  Stirling Castle ref 1, ref 2

  Stobo ref 1, ref 2

  Stobo Kirk ref 1

  ‘The Stone of the Britons’ ref 1

  Stonehenge ref 1

  Stow ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Stranraer ref 1

  Strathcarron ref 1

  Strathclyde ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17

  Sucat see Patrick, St

  Sueves ref 1

  ‘Summer Walkers’ ref 1

  sun god ref 1

  Sussex ref 1, ref 2

  Sutherland ref 1

  swords

  Celtic slashing sword (spatha) ref 1

  thrown into water ref 1

  symbolic lists ref 1

  Synod of Whitby (635) ref 1

  ‘T’ rivers ref 1, ref 2

  Tacitus (father of Patemus Pesrut) ref 1

  Tacitus, Publius ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15

  ‘The Taddie Aus’ ref 1

  ‘Tain Bo Cualnge’ (‘The Cattle Raid of Cooley’) ref 1

  Taliesin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Book of Taliesin ref 1

  Kanu y Meirch (‘The Poem of the Horses’) ref 1

  Kat Goddeu (‘The Battle of the Trees’) ref 1, ref 2

  tamgas (pictorial charges) ref 1, ref 2

  Tarbolton, Ayrshire ref 1

  Tarbolton Fair ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  taxation ref 1, ref 2

  Tay River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Tees River ref 1

  Taliesin ref 1

  Tember River ref 1

  Teneu, Princess ref 1

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord ref 1, ref 2

  The Idylls of the King ref 1

  ‘Teris’ (natives of Hawick) ref 1, ref 2

  Teviot Bridge ref 1

  Teviot River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15

  Teviot valley ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Teviotdale ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Texas ref 1

  textile industry ref 1

  Thames River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Thanet, isle of ref 1

  Theodoric ref 1, ref 2

  Theodosius, Count ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  Thomas, Dylan ref 1, ref 2

  Thomas the Rhymer (True Thomas, Thomas of Ersildoune) ref 1

  becomes Arthur ref 1

  predicts the return of Arthur ref 1

  ‘The Romance of Thomas the Rhymer’ ref 1

  ‘Third Fytte’ ref 1

  Thomas the Wanderer see Thomas the Rhymer

  thyme ref 1

  Till River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  tin mining ref 1

  Tinnis Castle ref 1, ref 2

  Tintagel ref 1

  Tir y Bas y Tir y Odin (‘The Land of Death, the Land of Odin’) ref 1, ref 2

  Tiron, monks of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Titus, Emperor ref 1

  Tomas Reumhair see Thomas the Rhymer

  torcs ref 1, ref 2

  Torquhan ref 1

  Torsonce Hill ref 1

  Torwoodlee Broch ref 1

  Tournai ref 1

  Towcester ref 1

  Trabrown ref 1, ref 2

  trade ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Trainspotting (film) ref 1

  transhumance ref 1

  Traprain Law, East Lothian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Trauerlen ref 1, ref 2

  Traverflat ref 1

  tree lore ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Tree Ogham ref 1

  Tref yr bryn ref 1

  Tref yr Lin, near Edinburgh ref 1

  Treuerbrun ref 1

  Tribuit River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  ‘Trick or Treat’ ref 1

  Trimontium ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref
11

  abandoned by the Votadini ref 1

  Agricola’s legions dig in ref 1

  a cavalry fort ref 1

  economic function ref 1

  equestrian parade ground ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  mansio ref 1

  military headquarters ref 1, ref 2

  political role ref 1

  rebuilt ref 1

  riding school ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  a symbol of the Roman presence ref 1

  Trinovantes ref 1

  Tristan ref 1

  Troyes, Chrétien de ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Cligés ref 1

  Erec et Enide ref 1

  Lancelot ref 1

  Perceval ref 1

  Yvain ref 1

  Trysting Tree, St James’ Fairgreen, Kelso ref 1

  turnip lanterns ref 1

  Tweed basin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11

  Tweed River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26, ref 27, ref 28, ref 29

  Tweed valley ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

  Tweeddale ref 1, ref 2

  Tweedmouth ref 1

  Twentieth Legion ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Tyne River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Tyrol ref 1

  Ulster ref 1

  Umfraville, Robert ref 1

  Union of the Crowns (1603) ref 1

  Urien of Rheged ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Uruisk tribe ref 1

  Usk River ref 1

  Valens, Emperor ref 1, ref 2

  Valentia ref 1, ref 2

  Valentinian, Emperor ref 1, ref 2

  Valhalla ref 1

  Van Dyke, Sir Anthony ref 1

  Vandals ref 1, ref 2

  Vardulli ref 1

  vaulting horse ref 1

  Vegetius ref 1

  Epitoma Rei Militaris ref 1, ref 2

  Venutius ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  vicus (small town) ref 1, ref 2

  Vikings ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  villages, abandoned ref 1

  Visigoths ref 1, ref 2

  visor-masks ref 1, ref 2

  Voconti ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Vortigern ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Votadini tribe ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18

  votive offerings ref 1, ref 2

  Wace, Robert ref 1

  Wales

  Cunedda defeats the Irish/Scots ref 1, ref 2

  Cunedda goes to ref 1, ref 2

  hill peoples ref 1

  holds its borders ref 1

  Macsen’s founding role ref 1

  and P-Celtic kingdoms ref 1

  the Red Dragon ref 1

  resists the English for 700 years ref 1

  resurgent ref 1

  Romans subdue ref 1

  Wledig weakens her defences ref 1

  Walker, Reverend Robert ref 1

  Wallace, William ref 1

  Walter the Archdeacon ref 1

  war-bands ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Warriors’ Rest ref 1, ref 2

  map ref 1

  Wars of Independence ref 1

  Wars of the Roses ref 1

  water pepper ref 1

  Watling Street ref 1

  weapons, thrown into water ref 1

  Wedale ref 1, ref 2

  weights ref 1

  Welland River ref 1

  wells ref 1, ref 2

  offerings in ref 1, ref 2

  Welsh language ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  dies in Scotland ref 1

  importance to the history of the Borders ref 1

  and the P-Celtic kingdoms of southern Scotland ref 1

  version of Dark Ages Scotland ref 1

  see also Old Welsh

  Wessex, Saxon kings of ref 1

  West Lothian ref 1

  Wester Hill ref 1

  Western Isles ref 1

  Western Roman Empire ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Whipmen’s Ride ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  White Cliffs of Dover ref 1

  Whiteadder, River ref 1

  Whithorn ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Wild Hunt ref 1

  Wild Man of the Woods ref 1

  William the Lion of Scotland, King (William I) ref 1

  William of Malmesbury ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  willow ref 1, ref 2

  Winchester ref 1

  witch-hunts ref 1, ref 2

  Wledig, Macsen (Magnus Maximus) see Macsen, Emperor

  Woden Law ref 1

  wolves ref 1

  women

  Roman treatment of ref 1

  treatment in Celtic society ref 1

  treatment of ‘witches’ ref 1

  Wood of Celidon (Caledon) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  wood-burning ref 1

  wool trade, medieval ref 1, ref 2

  Wooler ref 1

  Word Ogham ref 1

  World Tree ref 1

  Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury ref 1

  wych elm ref 1, ref 2

  Yarrow Kirk ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Yarrow River ref 1

  Yarrow Stone ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Yarrow valley ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Yarrow Water: map ref 1

  Yeats, W.B. ref 1

  Yeavering ref 1, ref 2

  Yeavering, Battle of ref 1

  Yeavering Bell ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Yetholm ref 1

  Yggdrasil ref 1

  Ynys Mon see Anglesey

  York ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

  Northern Army Command ref 1

  Yorkshire ref 1, ref 2

  Yorkshire Dales ref 1

  Zosimus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  ALSO AVAILABLE FROM BIRLINN BY ALISTAIR MOFFAT

  THE BRITISH: A GENETIC JOURNEY

  Hidden inside all of us - every human being on Earth - is the story of our ancestry. Printed on our DNA are the origins of our lineages, the time in history and prehistory when they arose, and the epic journeys people have made across the globe. Based on exciting new research involving the most wide-ranging sampling of DNA ever made in Britain, Alistair Moffat, author of the bestselling The Scots: A Genetic Journey, shows how all of us who live on these islands are immigrants. The last ice age erased any trace of more ancient inhabitants, and the ancestors of everyone who now lives in Britain came here after the glaciers retreated and the land greened once more. In an epic narrative, sometimes moving, sometimes astonishing, always revealing, Moffat writes an entirely new history of Britain. Instead of the usual parade of the usual suspects - kings, queens, saints, warriors and the notorious - this is a people’s history, a narrative made from stories only DNA can tell which offers insights into who we are and where we come from.

  THE SCOTS: A GENETIC JOURNEY

  History has always mattered to Scots, and rarely more so than now at the outset of a new century, with a new census appearing in 2011 and after more than ten years of a new parliament. An almost limitless archive of our history lies hidden inside our bodies and we carry the ancient story of Scotland around with us. The mushrooming of genetic studies, of DNA analysis, is rewriting our history in spectacular fashion. In The Scots: A Genetic Journey, Alistair Moffat explores the history that is printed on our genes, and in a remarkable new approach, uncovers the detail of where we are from, who we are and in so doing colour vividly a DNA map of Scotland.

  THE WALL: ROME’S GREATEST FRONTIER

  In The Wall, Alistair Moffat’s fascination shines through as he captures the enormous endeavour of the builders along with t
he captivating human stories the stones still tell after nearly two millennia.’ The Scotsman Hadrian’s Wall is the largest, most spectacular and one of the most enigmatic historical monument in Britain. Nothing else approaches its vast scale: a land wall running 73 miles from east to west and a sea wall stretching at least 26 miles down the Cumbrian coast. Many of its forts are as large as Britain’s most formidable medieval castles, and the wide ditch dug to the south of the Wall, the vallum, is larger than any surviving prehistoric earthwork. Built in a ten-year period by more than 30,000 soldiers and labourers at the behest of an extraordinary emperor, the Wall consisted of more than 24 million stones, giving it a mass greater than all the Egyptian pyramids put together. At least a million people visit Hadrian’s Wall each year and it has been designated a World Heritage Site. In this new book, based on literary and historical sources as well as the latest archaeological research, Alistair Moffat considers who built the Wall, how it was built, why it was built and how it affected the native peoples who lived in its mighty shadow. The result is a unique and fascinating insight into one of the Wonders of the Ancient World.

  THE FADED MAP: THE LOST KINGDOMS OF SCOTLAND

  Modern communications have driven motorways and pylons through the countryside, dwarfed us with TV and telephone masts and drastically altered the way in which we move around, see and understand Scotland. Recent politics and logistics have established borders and jurisdictions which now seem permanent and impervious. The Faded Map looks beyond these to remember a land that was once quiet and green. It brings to vivid life the half-forgotten kings and kingdoms of two thousand years ago, of the time of the Romans, the Dark Ages and into the early medieval period. In this fascinating account, Alistair Moffat describes the landscape these men and women moved through and talks of a Celtic society which spoke to itself in Old Welsh, where the Sons of Prophesy ruled, and the time when the English kings of Bernicia held sway over vast swathes of what is now Scotland. Heroes rode out of the mists to challenge them and then join with them. The faint echo of the din of ancient battles can be heard as Alistair Moffat takes the reader on a remarkable journey around a lost Scotland.

  THE REIVERS

  Only one period in history is immediately, indelibly and uniquely linked to the whole area of the Scottish and English Border country, and that is the time of the Reivers. Whenever anyone mentions ‘Reiver’, no-one hesitates to add ‘Border’. It is an inextricable association, and rightly so. Nowhere else in Britain in the modern era, or indeed in Europe, did civil order break down over such a wide area, or for such a long time. For more than a century the hoof-beats of countless raiding parties drummed over the border. From Dumfriesshire to the high wastes of East Cumbria, from Roxburghshire to Redesdale, from the lonely valley of Liddesdale to the fortress city of Carlisle, swords and spears spoke while the law remained silent. Fierce family loyalty counted for everything while the rules of nationality counted for nothing. The whole range of the Cheviot Hills, its watershed ridges and the river valleys which flowed out of them became the landscape of larceny while Maxwells, Grahams, Fenwicks, Carletons, Armstrongs and Elliots rode hard and often for plunder. These were the Riding Times and in modern European history, they have no parallel. This book tells the remarkable story of the Reivers and how they made the Borders.