Struggle for Sea Power : A Naval History of American Independence (9781782397403)
Page 50
72
NDAR VI: 619; Syrett, European Waters, 6.
73
O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 155.
74
Alberts, Golden Voyage, 25–35; Patton, Patriot Pirates, 71–2; Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 119.
75
TNA: ADM 1/487. Other copies in the National Archives are TNA: C05/177 and C05/40.
76
Berger, Broadsides, 198.
77
Armitage, Declaration, 70.
78
NDAR III: 96, 122.
79
NDAR III: 9–10.
80
Patton, Patriot Pirates, 34.
81
Syrett, ‘Organisation’, 169–81.
82
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 328.
83
Ramsay, History, 224.
84
NDAR III: 112n.
85
MHS: Graves Conduct, 13 May 1775; Neeser, Shuldham Despatches, 49.
86
MHS: Graves Conduct, 392.
6 British Evacuation
1
Horowicz and Robson, Colonial Posts, 6; T. B. Allen, Tories, 160.
2
Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 66.
3
NDAR III: 135–6, 227; Quarles, Negro, 27; Berger, Broadsides, 87–92; T. B. Allen, Tories, 154–6; Selby, Virginia, 66.
4
Pybus, Epic Journeys, 8.
5
Selby, Virginia, 67–8; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 8.
6
Foy, ‘Ports of Slavery’, 274; Quarles, Negro, 31; Berger, Broadsides, 96.
7
Foy, ‘Ports of Slavery’, 5–11, 256–60; Quarles, Negro, 29; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 8.
8
Chernow, Washington, 195. For shock at the losses sustained on Bunker Hill, see TNA: ADM 1/486, 10–12.
9
NDAR III: 433, 443, 468, 1312–14; Hattendorf, Talking about Naval History, 186; Tilley, British Navy, 58–61.
10
Chernow, Washington, 227.
11
Weintraub, Iron Tears, 57.
12
Weintraub, Iron Tears, 55.
13
Neeser, Shuldham Despatches, 137.
14
McCullough, John Adams, 98.
15
Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 29.
16
McCullough, John Adams, 98.
17
Lydenberg, Robertson Diaries, 79.
18
T. B. Allen, Tories, 114.
19
TNA: ADM 1/21680, f. 102; T. B. Allen, Tories, 113, 121.
20
NDAR IV: 376, 379, 405–7; Gordon, Maritime Medicine, 116.
21
McCullough, 1776, 103.
22
McCullough, 1776, 107.
23
GWP IV: 449.
24
There are various estimates of the strength of the British forces in Boston. William Howe reported 8,906 but other figures of 7,579 and 9,192 have survived. See French, First Year, 672 and appendices. Also, NDAR IV: 360; Syrett, Shipping, 207.
25
Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 158; Neeser, Shuldham Despatches, xxxii, 187.
26
Chernow, Washington, 227.
27
NDAR IV: 496–7; McCullough, 1776, 105.
28
Klooster, Revolutions, 42; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 17; NDAR IV: 244; NDAR V: 321–2.
29
Pybus, Epic Journeys, 18.
30
Moomaw, ‘Colonial Virginia’, 147.
31
Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 68.
32
NDAR V: 420–1, 781–2, 802–4, 860; Thacher, Journal, 58; Servies, Log, 8.
33
Moore, Songs and Ballads, 137; Weintraub, Iron Tears, 62.
34
Wilson, Southern Strategy, 54.
35
Mahan, Major Operations, 34.
36
Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 49; Sweet and Nash, Struggle, 74; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 23.
37
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 10.
7 British Attack
1
Knight, ‘Recovery’, 17.
2
Gruber, Howe Brothers, 51–2.
3
Knight, ‘Recovery’, 19; T. S. Anderson, Howe Brothers, 58; Gruber, Howe Brothers, 12–14, 32–8.
4
Baugh, ‘Politics’, 222–3; Conway, ‘Politics’, 1185.
5
Conway, ‘Fellow Nationals’, 86; T. S. Anderson, Howe Brothers, 84–5.
6
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 92.
7
Quoted in Baugh, ‘Why did Britain?’, 159.
8
Mackesy, War for America, 62. The original plan had been to use Russian troops to augment the few British soldiers available. This had been stopped by Catherine the Great. Dull, Diplomatic History, 47.
9
Stone, Letters and Journals, 3.
10
Tustin, Diary, 6.
11
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 29.
12
Quoted in Syrett, Shipping, 183. See also Pfister, Voyage, 10–30.
13
Tustin, Diary, 7.
14
Stirling, The Hothams, II, 303. The letter reporting Hotham’s arrival in Halifax is in NDAR V: 942.
15
McCullough, 1776, 131.
16
NDAR V: 815–17, 836–8, 874–5, 893–7; 917–18; Chernow, Washington, 235.
17
NDAR VI: 156.
18
NDAR V: 1038, 1–40, 1042–5; Laughton, ‘Duncan Journals’, 118.
19
NDAR V: 836, 935; Golway, Washington’s General, 80.
20
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 106.
21
NDAR V: 918, 1088, 1350; Ketchum, Saratoga, 7.
22
Callahan, ‘Henry Knox’, 243; O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 92.
23
NDAR V: 662, 838; Thacher, Journal, 64; Chernow, Washington, 232; McCullough, 1776, 133.
24
Chernow, Washington, 233.
25
GWP V: 180.
26
BL: Add 21680, f. 127; NDAR V: 1038, 1040–1; NDAR VI: 20, 37, 50, 1178–83; Walker, Engineers, 121–2; Diamant, Chaining the Hudson, 42–3.
27
GWP VI: 54.
28
Chernow, Washington, 238.
29
Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 19n.1.
30
Laughton, James Journal, 28.
31
Tilley, British Navy, 87; Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 268–72.
32
NDAR V: 1309; Syrett, Shipping, 191; Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 248, 256.
33
A wonderful account of the negotiations can be read in NYPL 847: 11 September 1776, ‘Memorandum of an interview between Lord Howe and Delegates from Congress’. See also Gruber, Howe Brothers, 117–20.
34
Crawford, ‘Naval Support’, 3. For more on the background see Harding, Amphibious Warfare; Syrett, ‘British Amphibious Operations’ and Syrett, ‘Methodology’; Hore, Seapower Ashore; J. M. Johnson, ‘Best Use’.
35
The many difficulties of getting horses from a ship to shore are described in Boniface, Cavalry, 290–1.
36
For details of the signalling system used, see a naval signal book c.1775–83 in MHS: SBd–186.
37
There is an interesting description in BL: Add 21680, f. 136.
38
Syrett, ‘Methodology’, 270–5.
39
GWP III: 461–5.
40
T. B. Allen, Tories,
169.
41
Chernow, Washington, 238.
42
NDAR VI: 267–70, 838–49, 861–2, 884–8; Laughton, ‘Duncan Journals’, 123.
43
Scull, Evelyn Memoir, 83.
44
Chernow, Washington, 248; BL: Add 21680, f. 149.
45
Laughton, ‘Duncan Journals’, 125.
46
Billias, Glover, 101.
47
Billias, Glover, 6, 99; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 101; Magra, ‘Soldiers’, 535–8.
48
NDAR VI: 351, 354, 364; Chernow, Washington, 251.
49
NDAR VI: 336, 354, 364.
50
NDAR VI: 350–1. British ships made it to the East River on 2 September; NDAR VI: 655.
51
The drawing is by Lieutenant Francis M. Barber, prepared for a lecture in 1875 on ‘submarine boats’. The Gentleman’s Magazine of 1747 has an earlier and far less elaborate image, in an article on submarines that Bushnell is believed to have read. Lefkowitz, Turtle, 25.
52
Lefkowitz, Turtle, 97.
53
NDAR VI: 1499 ff.; Walker, Engineers, 139.
54
Lefkowitz, Turtle, 91, 103.
55
Hagist, ‘New Interpretation’, 328.
56
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 103.
57
Scull, Evelyn Memoir, 85; Lydenberg, Robertson Diaries, 97.
58
Hagist, ‘New Interpretation’, 330.
59
Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 263.
60
Syrett, ‘Methodology’, 280n.43; Scull, Evelyn Memoir, 84; Mackenzie, Diary, I, 47.
61
NDAR VI: 928–33; W. Carter, Genuine Detail, 41; Laughton, ‘Duncan Journals’, 130; Mackenzie, Diary, I, 59; Schecter, Battle for New York, 202.
62
NDAR VI: 928–33, 974; Lydenberg, Robertson Diaries, 99; Mackenzie, Diary, I, 59; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 107; Scull, Evelyn Memoir, 86–7.
63
Lefkowitz, Turtle, 17.
64
There is some suggestion that it was recovered by Bushnell. Lefkowitz, Turtle, 102.
65
NDAR VI: 1182–5; VII: 88–9; Patton, Patriot Pirates, 102; Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 25–34.
66
Mackenzie, Diary, I, 109. See also NDAR VII: 259.
67
TNA: ADM 1/487, 149–50, 155–6; NDAR VII: 259–62, 386–7, 399–401.
68
Tilley, British Navy, 94.
69
NDAR VII: 1167–8, 1234–5, 1275–7.
70
Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 43–9 and Figs 6–8. See also pages 181, 352.
71
Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 103.
72
NDAR VII: 437; Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 93, 106n.2. Many thanks to Arthur Lefkowitz for drawing my attention to this.
73
NDAR III: 1235, 1322, 1304; Jackson, Pennsylvania Navy, 17–19.
74
NDAR VII: 352, 414; Jackson, Pennsylvania Navy, 269; Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 106.
75
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 134.
76
McCullough, 1776, 262.
77
Chernow, Washington, 268.
78
Tustin, Diary, 27; Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 106.
79
Jackson, Pennsylvania Navy, 76, 79, 82.
80
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 135; Lefkowitz, Long Retreat, 124.
81
The strategic concept of the ‘fleet in being’ is most recently discussed in Hattendorf, ‘Fleet in Being’.
8 Freshwater Fleets
1
Graham, Royal Navy, 7; Baxter, British Invasion, 115.
2
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 218.
3
Baxter, British Invasion, 117.
4
Baxter, British Invasion, 88–92.
5
Hadden, Journal, 10.
6
Baxter, British Invasion, 113, 120.
7
Fowler, Rebels, 196.
8
NDAR III 490; NDAR IV 890–1; NMM: BGR/9; Hadden, Journal, 540.
9
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 273.
10
Baxter, British Invasion, 119.
11
Hadden, Journal, 541.
12
TNA: ADM 1/487, f. 93; Baxter, British Invasion, 119.
13
Anon, ‘America: Affairs in Canada’, 427. See also NMM: BGR/9.
14
NDAR VI: 45–7, 55, 55n.; Fowler, Rebels, 200.
15
Bratten, Gondola Philadelphia, 40.
16
NDAR VI: 45–7, 136, 1081; Bratten, Gondola Philadelphia, 41.
17
NDAR VI: 1437 (ship plan).
18
Bratten, Gondola Philadelphia, 41.
19
Baxter, British Invasion, 154–6.
20
Baxter, British Invasion, 143.
21
Bratten, Gondola Philadelphia, 38.
22
Hadden, Journal, 540.
23
NDAR VI: 1343–4; Bratten, Gondola Philadelphia, 42.
24
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 288.
25
Baxter, British Invasion, 153.
26
BL: Add 38260, f. 9.
27
Northcote Parkinson, Pellew, 29; Baxter, British Invasion, 115.
28
British Invasion, 153; Bratten, Gondola Philadelphia, 42.
29
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 237.
30
Fowler, Rebels, 187.
31
Much of the shipbuilding effort can be followed in NDAR VI.
32
Pell, ‘Schuyler’, 61.
33
Pell, ‘Schuyler’, 61.
34
Pell, ‘Schuyler’, 63.
35
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 243.
36
Bratten, Gondola Philadelphia, 25.
37
See Varick Papers in NYHS: MS655 and Schuyler Papers in NYPL: Mss Col 2701.
38
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 241; Fowler, Rebels, 190.
39
Fowler, Rebels, 190.
40
N. Miller, Sea of Glory, 170.
41
Bird, Navies in the Mountains, 175; Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 276.
42
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 257.
43
BL: Add 38260, f. 9.
44
American accounts can be followed in NDAR VI: 1234–7, 1289–90, 1350–1; British accounts, 1198, 1228–30, 1244–5, 1257–61, 1272–7, 1341.
45
Osler, Exmouth, 20; Taylor, Commander, 38.
46
Nelson, Arnold’s Navy, 326.
47
BL: Add 35371, f. 179.
9 American Riposte
1
GW-LOC: Washington to J. A. Washington, 18 December 1776.
2
Chernow, Washington, 269.
3
Syrett, Shipping, 124.
4
For more on this, see Willis, Fighting Temeraire.
5
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 203.
6
Billias, Glover, 7.
7
Haven, Thirty Days, 44.
8
Haven, Thirty Days, 14.
9
Magra, ‘Soldiers’, 559.
10
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 212.
11
For a list of the ferries see Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 397.
12
Jackson, Pennsylvania Navy, 17.
13
Haven, Thirty Days, 218–19.
14
Chernow, Washington, 273.
15
Hutton, Portrait, 100.
16
Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 257–9; Rodney, Diary, 13.