Struggle for Sea Power : A Naval History of American Independence (9781782397403)
Page 54
84
Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 419.
85
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, III, 201; Syrett, European Waters, 90.
86
Syrett, European Waters, 90.
24 Allied Recommitment
1
MHS: Journal of Josiah Bartlett, 136; Dull, Ship of the Line, 107; Price, Preserving the Monarchy, 52; Dull, French Navy, 198–9, 227; Knight, ‘Recovery’.
2
NYPL: Mazzei Papers, 8 February 1780; Owen, ‘Rodney and de Guichen’, 198; Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 207.
3
Hamilton, ‘War and Inflation’, 36–41; Harris, ‘Comte Rendue’, 161.
4
Petrie, Charles III, 191; Chavez, Spain, 143; Dull, French Navy, 179–80.
5
Dull, French Navy, 189; Mackesy, War for America, 384.
6
Ekins, Naval Battles, 111–12.
7
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 214.
8
Ekins, Naval Battles, 114. It was not uncommon for women to serve aboard warships, though it does seem to have been uncommon for them to work the guns in battle. A good general survey is Cordingly, Heroines and Harlots. See also Rodger, Wooden World, 55, 67, 76–8. For a baby born in battle see Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 2, 506.
9
Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 471.
10
Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 167.
11
Mackesy, War for America, 331.
12
Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 167.
13
Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 390.
14
Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 456, 486.
15
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, III, 167.
16
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 216.
17
Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 394.
18
Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 486; Owen, ‘Rodney and de Guichen’, 433.
19
Servies, Log, 10.
20
For figures, see Dull, French Navy, 315–16; Syrett, Shipping, 167.
21
APDE: J. Bondfield to J. Adams, 28 May 1780.
22
APDE: E. Jennings to J. Adams, 15 July 1780.
23
Hargreaves-Mawdsley, Eighteenth-Century Spain, 133.
24
Owen, ‘Rodney and de Guichen’, 438; Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 395; Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 220–2.
25
Syrett, Rodney Papers, II, 452; Barck, Rodney Letter-books, I, 187.
26
Kennett, French Forces, 14–15; Anon, Gazette Françoise, 5; Hattendorf, Newport, 55–7; Dunmore, Pacific Explorer, 142.
27
Kennett, French Forces, 28.
28
Kennett, French Forces, 12.
29
Chernow, Washington, 377.
30
Dull, French Navy and the Seven Years’ War, 172, 180–1.
31
Buel, In Irons, 146–8.
32
Dull, Benjamin Franklin, 78–9.
33
Idzerda et al., Lafayette, 89; Hattendorf, Talking about Naval History, 206.
34
Chernow, Washington, 372.
35
Hattendorf, Newport, 69; Knox, Naval Genius, 70.
36
APDE: J. A. to W. Carmichael, 12 May 1780.
37
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 3.
38
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 7.
39
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 21.
40
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 7.
41
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 10.
42
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 224.
43
Hattendorf, Newport, 53.
44
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 12.
45
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 18.
46
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 120.
47
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 226; Lydenberg, Crossing the Line, LIX–LXI.
48
Kennett, French Forces, 31.
49
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 21; Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 16.
50
Hattendorf, Newport, 59.
51
Hattendorf, Newport, 61. The reference to rockets is interesting; we know that the French were developing phosphorous shells in the 1780s. Knight, Pursuit, 296.
52
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 120; Kennett, French Forces, 46; Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 28.
53
Tilley, British Navy, 193.
54
Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 447; Willcox, ‘Old Women’, 268.
55
Mackesy, War for America, 348–9.
56
Tilley, British Navy, 195.
57
Knox, Naval Genius, 70.
58
Kennett, French Forces, 62.
59
Hattendorf, Talking about Naval History, 209–11.
60
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, vi.
61
Acomb, Revolutionary Journal, 50–1; Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 20–1.
62
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 21.
63
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 21.
64
Anon, Gazette Françoise, 5–7.
65
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 123.
66
Rice and Brown, American Campaigns, I, 20.
67
Buel, In Irons, 157.
68
TNA: ADM 51/1044.
69
TNA: ADM 51/1044.
25 Spanish Skill
1
Haarmann, ‘Spanish Conquest’, 108.
2
Haarmann, ‘Spanish Conquest’, 110; Caughey, Gálvez, 152; Thonoff, ‘Texas and the American Revolution’, 516.
3
McCarthy, ‘Attitude of Spain’, 61; Haarmann, ‘Spanish Conquest’, 113; Chavez, Spain, 171; Abbey, ‘Peter Chester’, 30; Caughey, Gálvez, 161.
4
Chavez, Spain, 175.
5
Haarmann, ‘Spanish Conquest’, 116.
6
Chavez, Spain, 175.
7
Gold, ‘Bernardo de Galvez’, 92–3; Crawford, ‘Naval Conquest’, 2.
8
Wilkie, ‘New Light’, 198.
9
Chavez, Spain, 182; Caughey, Gálvez, 193; Wilkie, ‘New Light’, 198.
10
D. L. Miller et al., ‘Tree Ring Isotope’, 14294.
11
Many thanks indeed to Dr Clive Wilkinson for help on this topic. Frangsmyr, Leibron and Rider, Quantifying Spirit, 149, 153n.37.
12
For more, see Willis, Fighting at Sea.
13
Crawford, ‘Naval Conquest’, 14–15.
14
Fabel, ‘Ordeal by Siege’, 294.
15
Fabel, ‘Ordeal by Siege’, 286.
16
TNA: ADM 1/96, f. 131.
26 Russian Meddling
1
D. A. Miller, Joseph Yorke, 78; Morison, John Paul Jones, 251–2.
2
Haley, British and the Dutch, 216.
3
Bruijn, ‘Long Life’, 52.
4
Nordholt, Dutch Republic, 76.
5
APDE: A. Adams to J. Adams, 18 January 1780.
6
APDE: J. Bondfield to the Commissioners, 26 August 1778; Bemis, Diplomacy, 151.
7
&nbs
p; Bradford, ‘John Paul Jones’, 31; Morison, John Paul Jones, 253.
8
J. P. Jones, John Paul Jones, 43.
9
J. P. Jones, John Paul Jones, 44.
10
Morison, John Paul Jones, 265; Callo, John Paul Jones, 109–11.
11
J. P. Jones, John Paul Jones, 42.
12
Glete, ‘Navies and Power Struggle’, 67, 83.
13
Middlebrook, South Carolina, 1–3; J. A. Lewis, Neptune’s Militia, 7–9; Glete, Navies and Nations, I, 284; Fowler, Rebels, 213, 216; Haley, British and the Dutch, 215.
14
Griffiths, ‘Nikita Panin’, 7.
15
de Madariaga, Armed Neutrality, 157.
16
Syrett, European Waters, 96, 99, 109.
17
Dull, Diplomatic History, 129.
18
de Madariaga, Armed Neutrality, 78; Mackesy, War for America, 377.
19
Syrett, European Waters, 122.
20
Griffiths, ‘Nikita Panin’, 9.
21
Griffiths, ‘Nikita Panin’, 1, 9, 21; Bemis, Diplomacy, 164–5; Griffiths, ‘Catherine the Great’, 86; Dull, Diplomatic History, 130–1.
22
Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 213.
23
H. W. Richmond, Statesmen and Seapower, 154.
24
Tredrea and Sozaev, Russian Warships, 60.
25
Rodger, ‘British View’, 26; Rodger, Insatiable Earl, 293.
26
Rodger, Insatiable Earl, 292.
27
Chesnutt and Taylor, Laurens Papers, XV, 332.
28
Chesnutt and Taylor, Laurens Papers, XV, 332.
29
Chesnutt and Taylor, Laurens Papers, XV, 340; Conway, ‘Fellow Nationals’, 68–9.
30
Chesnutt and Taylor, Laurens Papers, XV, 340.
31
Chesnutt and Taylor, Laurens Papers, XV, 335.
32
APDE: J. Adams to the President of Congress, 1 January 1781.
33
Syrett, European Waters, 129.
34
Mackesy, War for America, 382.
35
Kubben, Regeneration, 152.
27 Dutch Disaster
1
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 699.
2
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 686.
3
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 291.
4
Mulcahy, Hurricanes and Society, 25.
5
Mulcahy, Hurricanes and Society, 98.
6
TNA: ADM 1/310, f. 52.
7
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 227.
8
TNA: ADM 1/310, ff. 55–6.
9
TNA: ADM 1/310, f. 52.
10
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 702.
11
Tilley, British Navy, 238.
12
NMM: MEC1446.
13
Barck, Rodney Letter-books, 1, 181–3, 185–6, 188–9.
14
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 684.
15
Hurst, Golden Rock, 125.
16
NMM: JHS/1.
17
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 703.
18
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 300.
19
O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 227.
20
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 703.
21
TNA: ADM 36/10243.
22
de Madariaga, Armed Neutrality, 363; Hurst, Golden Rock, 143.
23
Lloyd, ‘Sir George Rodney’, 343.
24
WCL: C. Goore Letterbook, 2 February 1781.
25
Abbatista, ‘Edmund Burke’, 3–4.
26
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 701.
27
NMM: JHS/1.
28
Jameson, ‘St. Eustatius’, 701.
29
APDE: J. Adams to R. Livingstone, 21 February 1782.
30
An interesting journal from this period and location is NMM: HSR/B/18.
31
de Madariaga, Armed Neutrality, 363.
32
Syrett, European Waters, 130. Some trade with America continued, however, under Russian and Prussian flags, some of it in Dutch boats. Dull, Diplomatic History, 26.
28 British Obsession
1
Drinkwater, History, 112, 122; McGuffie, Siege, 65; J. Russell, Gibraltar, 63.
2
Drinkwater, History, 144.
3
APDE: T. Digges to J. Adams, 5 January 1780.
4
McGuffie, Siege, 71.
5
Ancell, Journal, 41; McGuffie, Siege, 72.
6
Drinkwater, History, 111.
7
Drinkwater, History, 112.
8
Drinkwater, History, 112; Spilsbury, Journal, 19.
9
Harding, ‘Two Sieges’, 39.
10
Drinkwater, History, 122; McGuffie, Siege, 85.
11
Drinkwater, History, 132–3; Chavez, Spain, 145; Spilsbury, Journal, 25.
12
Ancell, Journal, 51.
13
Drinkwater, History, 113.
14
Ancell, Journal, 36.
15
TNA: ADM 1/1613, Curtis letters; Spilsbury, Journal, 22–9; Drinkwater, History, 114–15, 123, 133, 142; McGuffie, Siege, 83.
16
Ancell, Journal, 36.
17
McGuffie, Siege, 91.
18
Hills, Rock of Contention, 325.
19
APDE: J. Adams to J. D. van der Capellan, 21 January 1781.
20
Mackesy, War for America, 386.
21
H. W. Richmond, Navy in India, 136.
22
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, IV, 34.
23
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, IV, 35.
24
Ancell, Journal, 92.
25
Ancell, Journal, 90.
26
Ancell, Journal, 100.
27
Spilsbury, Journal, 30.
28
Ancell, Journal, 95.
29 French Escapes
1
Frost, Convicts and Empire, 52.
2
Cavaliero, Admiral Satan, 6, 20, 24–6; H. W. Richmond, Navy in India, 141.
3
Pasley, Sea Journals, 143.
4
Pasley, Sea Journals, 136.
5
Blake, Blake’s Remarks, 15.
6
Fabel, Bombast and Broadsides, 154.
7
Pasley, Sea Journals, 137.
8
Mackesy, War for America, 390; Blake, Blake’s Remarks, 16, 28.
9
Blake, Blake’s Remarks, 31.
10
Fabel, Bombast and Broadsides, 155; Cavaliero, Admiral Satan, 65.
11
Pasley, Sea Journals, 138.
12
Johnstone’s official reasoning can be followed in Blake, Blake’s Remarks, 34.
13
Pasley, Sea Journals, 140.
14
Pasley, Sea Journals, 140.
15
Pasley, Sea Journals, 141.
16
Pasley, Sea Journals, 142.
17
Pasley, Sea Journals, 150.
18
Pasley, Sea Journals, 136.
19
TNA:
ADM 1/2485, 13 June 1781.
20
Castex, Manœuvre, 264; Sen, French in India, 233.
21
Fabel, Bombast and Broadsides, 158; Sen, French in India, 235.
22
Cavaliero, Admiral Satan, 72 ff.
23