Struggle for Sea Power : A Naval History of American Independence (9781782397403)
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as symbol of freedom to slaves ref1
tension with coastal populations ref1
tension with merchant marine ref1
at Yorktown ref1
Royal Savage, HMS ref1
rumour, power of ref1
Russell, HMS ref1
Russia ref1
American gunpowder trade ref1
appeasement proposal ref1
League of Armed Neutrality ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
sea power ref1
Russian navy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Saavedra, Francisco de ref1
Sag Harbor raid ref1
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Sainneville, le chevalier de ref1
St Clair, Arthur ref1, ref2
St Eustatius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
British manufactured goods on ref1
Rodney’s campaign against ref1, ref2
strategic importance ref1
St Helena ref1, ref2
St Jean ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
St. John (customs schooner) ref1
St Kitts ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
St Lawrence river, pack ice ref1
St Lucia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
battle of ref1, ref2
St Vincent ref1
St Vincent, battle of ref1
Saintes, battle of the ref1
Saint-Laurent, Rear-Admiral comte Barras de ref1
Saldanha Bay ref1
Saltonstall, Dudley ref1, ref2
saltpetre ref1
Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
Sandwich, HMS ref1
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Santa Monica (Spanish warship) ref1
Santo Domingo (Spanish warship) ref1
Saratoga, battle of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Sartatoga (American warship) ref1
Sartine, Antoine-Raymond-Gaulbert-Gabriel de ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Savannah
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British capture of ref1
defences ref1
evacuation of, 1782 ref1n
strategic importance ref1
Savannah, d’Estaing’s attack on
American forces ref1, ref2
assault ref1
Beaufort ref1, ref2
British forces ref1, ref2, ref3
British victory celebrations ref1
casualties ref1, ref2
comparison with Charleston campaign ref1
first landing ref1
French withdrawal ref1
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siege ref1
Spring Hill Redoubt ref1
voyage to ref1
Wall’s Cut ref1
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Schank, Lieutenant John ref1, ref2
Schuyler, Philip ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Scotland ref1
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sea power ref1, ref2
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British ref1, ref2, ref3
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Dutch ref1
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Howe and ref1
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Washington and ref1
Searle, Ambrose ref1
seasickness ref1, ref2
Second Continental Congress ref1, ref2, ref3
centralization of power ref1
creation of Continental Navy ref1
Serapis, HMS ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Serres, Dominic, the Elder ref1, ref2
Seven Years’ War (1754–63) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13
ship names ref1
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American resources ref1
Continental Navy programme ref1
Dutch ref1
Great Britain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Lake Champlain ref1
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Spanish ref1
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shoes ref1
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Shrewsbury, HMS ref1
Shuldham, Molyneux ref1, ref2, ref3
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Skene, Philip ref1
Skene later Liberty (schooner) ref1
Skenesborough ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
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Dunmore emancipation proclamation ref1
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evacuation of the Delaware ref1
maritime skills ref1
population ref1
Royal Navy as symbol of freedom to ref1
smallpox ref1
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smuggling ref1
gunpowder ref1, ref2
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Solano, Don Josef ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Somerset, HMS ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Somerville, Massachusetts, powder house ref1
Sorel ref1
South Carolina (American warship) ref1n
South Carolina State Navy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Southampton ref1
Spain
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American gunpowder trade ref1, ref2
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American trade ref1
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and British naval mobilization ref1
Caribbean holdings ref1
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Spanish Guatemala ref1
Spanish Honduras ref1
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Channel campaign, 1781 ref1
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Gálvez’s campaign, 1780 ref1
mobilization ref1
the Moonlight Battle ref1
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siege of Minorca ref1
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springs ref1
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Staten Island ref1
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Steuben, Baron von ref1, ref2
Stiles, Ezra ref1
Stony Point ref1
Stormont, Lord ref1, ref2
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strategic planning ref1
strategic situation
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Continental Navy, 1776–77 ref1
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career ref1
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race for Cape of Good Hope ref1
secures Cape of Good Hope ref1
Sukey (British merchantman) ref1
Sullivan, Major-General John ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
battle of Porto Praya ref1, ref2
Sullivan’s Island, Charleston ref1
supply vessels, British ref1
Sweden ref1, ref2
Swedish Navy ref1, ref2, ref3
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taxation ref1, ref2
Ternay, chevalier de ref1, ref2, ref3
Teschen, Peace of ref1
Thatcher, James ref1, ref2
Thomas, Major-General John ref1n
Thunderer (gun-platform) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Tobago ref1, ref2
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Tories
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New York campaign ref1
Pennsylvania ref1
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trade and trading patterns ref1
trade convoys ref1
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Trenton ref1, ref2
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battle of Trenton ref1
British counter-attack ref1
prisoners of war ref1
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Washington’s first crossing of Delaware ref1
Trincomalee ref1, ref2
Tronjoly, Admiral François l’Ollivier de ref1, ref2
Trumbull (American lugger) ref1, ref2, ref3
Tryon, Sir William ref1, ref2
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques ref1
Turner, J. M. W., The Fighting Temeraire ref1
Turtle (proto-submarine) ref1, ref2, ref3
typhus ref1, ref2
Ulloa, Don Antonio ref1
US Marine Corps ref1
US Naval History and Heritage Command, Naval Documents of the American Revolution ref1
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attack ref1
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Varick, Captain Richard ref1
Vaudreuil, Admiral le marquis de ref1
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Virginia
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maritime focus ref1
slave escapes ref1
Virginia (American frigate) ref1, ref2
Virginia State Navy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Vulture, HMS ref1
Wallace, Captain James ref1
Wanton, Joseph ref1
Warren (American frigate) ref1, ref2, ref3
Warren, Dr James ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
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Washington (American galley) ref1, ref2
Washington, George ref1, ref2
on American independence ref1
appointed commander-in-chief ref1, ref2
arms merchant ships ref1
and Arnold’s defection ref1
arrival at Yorktown ref1
battle of Monmouth ref1
boatmanship ref1, ref2
Boston truce ref1
and Canadian campaign, 1775–6 ref1
and the capture of the Nancy ref1
commissions the Hannah ref1
on Continental Navy ref1
Cornwallis’s pursuit of ref1
crossing the Delaware, 1776 ref1, ref2
defence of the Delaware ref1, ref2
on the Delaware ref1
and d’Estaing ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and d’Estaing’s arrival ref1
and the evacuation of Boston ref1
evacuation of Long Island ref1
on France ref1
on Gibraltar ref1
Hartford Conference ref1
and Lafayette’s arrival ref1
and Lake Champlain campaign ref1
leadership skills ref1
march on Yorktown ref1, ref2
military experience ref1
Monongahela crossing attempt ref1n
and the New York campaign ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and Philadelphia campaign ref1, ref2
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retreat across the Delaware ref1
and sea power ref1
on Spain ref1
Trenton campaign, 1776 ref1
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze) ref1
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze) ref1
weather ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Wesley, John ref1
West India Company ref1
Westminster Abbey ref1
whaleboats ref1, ref2
Whipple, Abraham ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Whitehaven ref1
Wickes, Lambert ref1, ref2
Wilkes, John ref1
William IV, King ref1, ref2, ref3
Willing, James ref1
Wilmington, bombardment of ref1
winter, 1775–76 ref1
winter, 1779–80 ref1, ref2, ref3
women travellers, diaries ref1
Wooster, Brigadier-General David ref1n
Wraxall, Sir Nathanial ref1
Wright, James ref1, ref2
xebecs ref1
Yarmouth, HMS ref1, ref2
York River ref1
Yorktown
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bombardment ref1
British failure to support Cornwallis ref1
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Young, Admiral James ref1
Young, Captain Walter ref1
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr Sam Willis is a historian, archaeologist and broadcaster. He
is the author of a number of books on maritime and naval history, including the ‘Hearts of Oak’ Trilogy and the ‘Fighting Ships’ series. Sam has appeared in and presented numerous TV series, including Shipwrecks and Castles for BBC4 and Operation Grand Canyon for BBC2.
1. Drawn by a British engineer, Archibald Robertson, from a high point on Staten Island, this shows the moment on 12 July 1776 when the British build-up of naval power at New York was complete. Howe’s fleet sails through the narrows and meets Shuldham’s, already at anchor in Raritan Bay. Long Island is visible in the distance.
2. One of several versions of a painting by Dominic Serres the Elder of the British Phoenix, Roebuck and Tartar, accompanied by two smaller vessels, forcing the American river defences in the Hudson. The tips of the river defences can just be seen to the left of the ships. The narrowness of the river depicted here is misleading; the Hudson at this point is almost a mile wide.
3. The British fleet landing at Kip’s Bay, 15 September 1776, drawn by Robert Cleveley, then a clerk on HMS Asia. Note the clear depictions of the flat boats – the characteristic British amphibious landing craft of the day.
4. The British landing and scaling the New Jersey palisades on 20 November 1776, an operation made possible by the skill and experience of British sailors in hauling heavy guns over difficult terrain.
5. A contemporary sketch of Arnold’s eclectic fleet at Valcour Island on the morning of 11 October 1776, showing the schooner Royal Savage in the centre surrounded by a variety of craft. From the left we see another schooner, a galley, the gondola Philadelphia (now preserved in Washington) and another galley; from the right we see a galley, a sloop and several gondolas.
6. Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze. A multi-layered allegory of the revolution painted seventy-five years after the event, it focuses on one of Washington’s four crossings of the Delaware.
7. A sketch by a British soldier of the remains of the ‘Great Bridge’ built by the Americans between Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence in 1777. The bridge’s pilings stretch across the lake. The vessel on the left is HMS Inflexible, built in just twenty-eight days at St Jean.
8. One of a series of brief sketches by Hector McNeill recording the relative positions of the ships in the duel between the Boston and the Fox.
9. Dominic Serres’s two paintings of the Battle of St Lucia. The first (above) shows the engagement with the French fleet bearing down on the British at anchor and greatly exaggerates the closeness of the battle – the closest that the French ever engaged was at three-quarters of a mile..
10. The second painting (below) shows the British fleet after the battle with the French leaving in the distance. Note that the British guns have been run out on their landward side, suggesting that they were fully expecting to be doubled or to have their line broken – a clear indication of their vulnerable mindset.
11. Part of a chart drawn by an Englishman shortly after the end of the war, showing the destruction of the American fleet in the Penobscot River, August 1779.