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trade from, 107
urban centers in, 62–63, 120
war between U.S. and, see Mexican War
Mill, John Stuart, 79
Miller, William:
and African Americans, 109, 111, 128–29, 171, 192
on care of the sick, 128–29
on entertainment, 171, 172
on food, 99, 109, 110, 111
on Indian activities, 225
on mending, 123
Miners and Business Men’s Directory, 312–13
“Miners’ Ditch,” see Columbia and Stanislaus River Water Company
mining:
hydraulic, 241, 249
industrialization of, 12, 51–52, 72–73, 76, 188, 241, 242–43, 274
litigation over claims in, 185
placer vs. hardrock, 12, 51, 274; see also placer mining
as productive work, 101, 103, 143, 144
work of, 143, 185, 186, 187, 240, 243, 245
see also Northern Mines; Shasta-Trinity diggings; Southern Mines
Mission Dolores, 263
mission Indians, 44, 89, 90, 162, 195, 219, 221, 260
Mission San Carlos Borromeo, 44
Mission San Francisco, 89
Mission San José, 89
Mission San Juan Bautista, 294
Miwok Indian men:
as hunters and fishers, 93, 131, 133, 135, 137, 223, 224, 232
as leaders, 93
as livestock raiders, 90, 93, 223–27, 232, 260–61
as miners, 222
as traders, 93–94
see also Miwok Indians
Miwok Indians, 87–95, 218–34
acorns harvested by, 93, 99, 110, 132–33, 136, 137, 232–33, 237
Awal, 87, 93, 135
ceremonies of, 132, 146–49, 171, 176; see also Miwok Indians, street performances of
changes in lives of, 136–37, 149, 221–22, 232, 240, 241, 309, 311
cosmology of, 89, 94–95, 135
Cosumnes, 146–47
disease and, 89, 90, 147
divisions of labor among, 130–37, 134, 223, 304
dress of, 149, 310
gender relations among, 94–95, 135–36
Gualacomne, 91
immigrant employment of, 91–92, 93, 209, 220–22, 227
kin groups of, 93
learning language of, 231–32
livestock raids of, 32–33, 90, 91, 92, 93, 219, 223–27, 232, 261
livestock trading and, 90
and Mariposa Estate, 243, 260–61, 270–71, 271
and Mariposa War, 227–31
migrant Indians among, 89, 90, 161, 219, 260–61, 309
mines of, 219, 223, 233, 240
mining of, 11, 103, 133, 136–37, 195, 219–21, 222–23, 230–32, 233, 309
and missions, 89–90
Nuchu, 229
as original inhabitants, 28, 59, 87, 92–93, 95, 146
population of, 92
rancherías of, 28, 93, 219, 229, 231, 232, 271
shelters of, 103, 271
street performances of, 278, 298, 307–11, 308
subsistence practices of, 93–94, 136, 137, 186, 230, 232, 240, 278, 309
treaties with, 230
Yosemite, 229
see also Miwok Indian men; Miwok Indian women
Miwok Indian women:
Anglo men’s sexual encounters with, 157–59, 161
informal union and, 282
as leaders, 93
and Mariopsa War, 228, 229
mining by, 136, 222–23, 233
on white practices, 135–36, 271
work of, 88, 93, 94, 132–33, 134, 135–37, 222–23, 232, 233, 344
see also Miwok Indians
MMC, see Merced Mining Company
Mokelumne Hill Canal and Mining Company, 251
Mokelumne River, 27, 92, 148, 171, 208, 225, 244
Mono Indians, 89, 93
monte, 32, 41, 176, 177, 178
Moody (bed partner), 174
Mouat, Jeremy, 12
Murder of M. V. B. Griswold by Five Chinese Assassins, 317, 323–33, 325, 328
Murphy, Daniel, 220, 221
Murphy, John, 220, 221
Murphys Camp, 41, 177–80, 220, 341
Murphys New Diggings, 210, 212, 220, 222
Murrieta, Jesús Carillo, 28, 32, 33, 42, 50, 178
Murrieta, Joaquín, 47, 187, 218, 230, 240, 342
arrival in California of, 30, 57
assumed decapitation of, 28, 39, 40, 43, 179
as El Bandido Chileño, 207
death of, 53
escape of, 44, 50, 53
as El Famoso, 28
horsewhipping of, 28, 32, 33, 50, 178
legend of, 28–53, 187, 342
mural depiction of, 344
name confusion and, 34, 38, 39
opera about, 207
reward for capture of, 37–38
wife of, see Murrieta, Rosa Felíz de
Murrieta, Rosa Felíz de, 87, 187, 234, 342
departure from California of, 53
husband of, see Murrieta, Joaquín
immigration of, 30, 57, 62
rape of, 28, 32, 33, 50, 52, 178
work of, 31
Murrieta family, 28–53
at Arroyo Cantúa, 38–41
collective memory of, 28, 29, 33–34, 43–45, 48, 49–50, 53
harassment of, 28, 32, 33, 46, 50
northward migration of, 29–30, 57, 62
Nanjing, Treaty of (1842), 84–85
Napoléon Bonaparte, Louis, 79–80
nation building, 238, 240, 276, 316; see also United States
native peoples, see specific tribal groups
Navarro, Ramon Jil, on Chilean War, 196, 199–204, 206
Neruda, Pablo, 207
Nevada, gold discovered in, 258
New Echota, Treaty of, 45
Newell, Jesse, 73, 74
Newell (Pownall), Mary Harrison, 73–76, 280–81, 296, 299
arrival in California of, 75, 280, 296
business acumen of, 75–76, 281
first husband of, 73, 75, 280, 281
second husband of, 281
social relations and, 280–81
Newell, William, 73, 75, 117, 280–81
New Helvetia colony, 91–92, 93
newspapers, see specific papers
Newt (bed partner), 174
Newton, John Marshall:
on Chinese camps, 112–13
and homosociality, 170
New York City, 167, 170, 173, 231, 278, 317, 320
New York Times, 315–16
Nisenan Indians, 89, 91–92, 222, 223
Nora, Pierre, 26
Northern Mines, 177, 188, 222, 223, 240, 324, 327, 340
industrialization of, 51–52, 241, 243, 249, 258–59
location of, 27
Southern Mines compared to, 12, 51, 142, 188, 242–43, 249, 258–59, 316
and tourism, 315–16
Northrup, Sarah, 45
Noyes, Leonard Withington:
on African Americans, 190
on bull-and-bear fights, 181
on domestic work, 122, 136
and gambling, 177
on Indian dancing, 309, 310
on Indian employees, 220
on Indian livestock raids, 227
on Texans, 41–42
Nye, Helen, 99, 121, 135–36
O’Neil, Hugh, 178
Opata Indians, 60
Opium War (1839–42), 83–84, 306
Oregon territory, 69
Ortis, Isabel, 290–94, 296, 297, 300
Osborn, Timothy:
on Chinese mining, 244–45
on domestic practices, 109, 113, 122, 127, 128
and homosociality, 170
and leisure, 157, 160–63
mining techniques learned by, 195
on Miwok mining, 222
on Miwok subsistence practices, 136
and religion, 153
on slave labor, 113–14, 189
Overland Monthly, 334, 336
Paint Your Wagon, 334
Paiute Indians, 89, 93, 229
Palmer, John A., 246–47, 250, 253–54
Parilla, Luz, 279
Patrick (slave), 189
Paul, Rodman, 26
Pedro (divorce deponent), 294–95
peonage, 186, 193, 194, 195
Chilean, 64–65, 66–67, 193, 199; see also Chilean War
Mexican, 60, 62, 193–94, 216, 219
Pérez, Benito, 119, 193, 219
Pérez Rosales, Vicente:
café opened by, 120–21
cooking in camp of, 114
immigration of, 65–67
store opened by, 108
Perkins, William:
on foreign miners’ tax, 210–11, 213–14
as “Leo,” 210–11, 213–14
on Mexicans, 105–6, 123–24, 125
on prostitution, 76–77
on sale of Mexican foods, 30–31, 120
on social activities, 165–68
on vigilance activities, 321
Perlot, Jean-Nicolas, 88, 240
on cooking techniques, 107, 108, 110, 111
food sought by, 109
garden of, 109–10, 118
on Miwok activities, 11, 87–88, 94–95, 135, 137, 222–23, 232–34
on sharing domestic duties, 114–15, 117
shelter of, 104
on women’s presence, 169
Peruvian immigrants, 150, 193, 194, 217
Philbrick, Sarah, 288, 289
Philbrick, William, 288
Pico, Andrés, 291–92
Pico, Pio, 291
Pierce, Franklin, 265
Pima Indians, 60
placer mining, 187–88, 232, 274, 311
changes in, 241–42, 340–41
decline of, 239, 240, 241, 242–43, 245, 258, 311
and domestic work, 106–7
hardrock mining vs., 12, 51, 241, 274
learning techniques of, 195, 232
legislation regarding, 262
on Mariposa Estate, 264
and mobility, 104
in riverbeds, 187, 244–45, 250
water companies and, 249–50, 251, 253
yields in, 119, 152, 243, 258
politics, party:
in Southern Mines, 242, 254–56, 261, 266–67, 294
in U.S., 188, 242, 254, 260, 261, 266–67
poststructuralist theory, 103, 144
pota ceremonies, 146–47, 176
Pownall, Joseph, 253–55, 256, 281, 299
Pownall, Mary, see Newell (Pownall), Mary Harrison
Principles of Political Economy (Mill), 79
productive labor (“men’s work”):
mining as, 101, 103, 143, 144
reproductive labor (“women’s work”) vs., 101–3, 133
prostitutes:
from Chile, 67
from China, 86–87, 126, 251, 277, 298–303
from France, 76–79
from Mexico, 284
prostitution:
in Chile, 65, 67
in France, 77–78
prohibition of, 279, 285, 299–300
in Sonora, California, 76–79, 163, 284
in U.S., 167
see also leisure, commercialized
public domain, 260, 264
quartz or vein gold, 187, 188, 231, 232, 234, 241–42, 249, 258–59, 262, 288, 311; see also Mariposa Estate
Quimby, Doctor, 174
Quimby, Phoebe, 287
race and ethnicity:
and Chilean War, 186, 196–208, 200, 279
conflicts of, 123–27, 128–29, 177–83, 185–234, 241, 245–51, 279–80, 185–234, 284–85, 296–97, 299–300, 306–7, 312–13
constructions of, 101, 144, 145, 166–68, 276, 286, 293, 300–301, 302, 307
and domestic work, 103, 108, 113–14, 115, 129, 136
and “French Revolution,” 186, 210–18, 226, 279
and gender, 101, 113–14, 116, 118, 126, 133, 168, 176, 286, 300–301, 302, 307
and Mariposa War, 186, 227–31, 279
and politics, 255–56
and “whiteness,” 52, 275–76, 286, 289, 302
Ramírez, Felipe, 66
Red Turban Revolt (1854–55), 85, 305
reform, 239, 277, 279–80, 282–89, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299–300, 311–13
religion, 143, 150–56
Catholic, 150–51, 154–55
private devotions, 154–55
Protestant, 151–54, 155–56, 157, 188
and temperance, 153–54, 157
women and, 286
and see Miwok Indians, ceremonies of, and cosmology of
representation, crisis of, 144, 145, 146, 157, 163, 166, 176, 183
reproductive labor (“women’s work”), 107, 115–16, 138
leisure vs., 144
productive work (“men’s work”) vs., 101–3, 133
Republicans:
antislavery views of, 266–67
Frémont and, 261, 266–67
Reynolds, Judge, 196, 205
Ridge, John (father), 45–46
Ridge, John Rollin (son), 45–46, 48, 207
riffles, 187
Rinaldini, Rinaldo, 46
Roaring Camp, 339–40; see also “Luck of Roaring Camp, The”
Roaring Days (Mouat), 12
Robertson, John, 275–76
Robin Hood of El Dorado, The (Burns), 46
rockers, 187, 244, 245, 246, 250, 340
Rohrbough, Malcolm, 26
Royce, Josiah, 26
Rozier, Owen, 191
Ruggles, Caleb, 279
Ruiz (Chilean miner), 202
Sabbatarianism, 285, 286
Sam-yap, 305, 330
Sandwich Islands, see Hawaii, immigrants from
San Joaquin Republican:
on changes in Sonora, California, 237–39
on Chinese immigrants, 299
on diminishing placer yields, 243
on fandangos, 278–79
on foreign miners’ tax, 247–48
on Frémont, 265–67, 274
on Mexican immigrants, 37, 39, 40
and Stockton Times, 247
San Joaquin River, Southern Mines near, 11–12, 27
San Joaquin Valley:
horses in, 32–33, 137
Indian reservations in, 230
Savage, James D.:
as Indian trader, 230, 263
on Indian treaties, 230
Mariposa War and, 227–30
marriages of, 220
and Miwok language, 231
native labor employed by, 220–21, 227–29
Scipiano, see Cypriano (Miwok leader)
Scollan, Judge, 197, 201, 202, 204
Scott, Gen. Winfield, 182
scurvy, 110, 127–28, 129–30
seafaring men, sex between, 173
Seri Indians, 31, 60
sex and sexuality, 156, 255
autoerotic, 162–63
heteroerotic, 156, 157–59, 160–63, 256, 282, 283, 284, 287–89, 293, 295, 298–303, 340–42
homoerotic, 78, 130, 170–74, 213, 265–66, 335–37
and morality, 155–56
Shasta-Trinity diggings, 12, 27, 240, 303
Shaw, William, 209
shelter, 103–6
canvas, 104, 105, 117, 224
and gender, 105
households organized within, 106–7
of Mexicans, 105–6
of native peoples, 103, 211
Shermenhoof, Natividad and John, 291
Shew, William, daguerrotype by, 63
Shinn, Charles Howard, 26
Sierra Madre Occidental, 59–60
Sierra Nevada foothills, mines in, 11–12, 27; see also Northern Mines; Southern Mines
Silas (slave), 69
slavery:
abolitionists and, 282
California an
d, 69–70, 114, 189–90
and Chinese immigrants, 249
cotton and, 68–69, 71
and domestic work, 107, 113–14, 115–16
and earning one’s freedom, 70, 137, 190, 191
economic development and, 189
and “free labor,” 188–93, 207, 266
Frémont and, 260, 266–67
and fugitive slaves, 187, 190, 191–92
and Latin American peonage, 193, 206, 207
and mining, 186, 204, 206–7, 209
Republican Party and, 266–67
in Southern Mines, 189–93
Sunday claims and, 190
sluices, 187, 245, 246, 257, 340
Smith, Jesse, 143
Snow (murdered man), 321
“social, the,” 141–43, 144, 166, 169–70, 174, 176, 183
Société des Lingots d’Or, 80–81
Society of God Worshipers, 85
Solar Rosales, César, 66
Solar Rosales, Federico, 66
Solar Rosales, Ruperto, 66
Sonora, California, 28, 31, 165, 320
boardinghouses in, 100
bull-and-bear fight in, 182–83
bullfight in, 181
change over time in, 167–68, 237–40, 276
commercialized leisure in, 76–77, 78, 163–64, 166–67, 294–96, 297, 299–300
demographic diversity in, 124, 165, 320
establishment of, 164–65
fandangos in, 166, 278–79
“French Revolution” in and near, 210–18
Miwok street performances in, 278, 308–9, 308
name of, 165
open-air kitchens in, 120
shelter in, 105–6
Sunday dress in, 170
vigilance committee of, 218, 320, 321
Sonora Herald, 116, 279, 282, 296, 311
Sonora, Mexico:
federalists vs. centralists in, 61
immigrants from, 30, 61–62
Indian resistance in, 31
location of, 59–60
patrónes from, 62, 195
see also Mexico
South China, see China
Southern Mines, 11–12
Anglo dominance in, see Anglo Americans, dominance of
Catholics in, 150–51
class relations in, 187, 188, 214–15, 234, 238, 240, 241–42, 246–50, 251–58, 260, 262–63, 264, 265–66, 268–74, 277, 279–84, 285, 286, 299, 311–13
in collective memory, 51–52, 316, 333, 339–40, 344
demographic diversity in, 51, 59, 95, 101, 142, 150, 177, 210, 217–18, 285, 304, 316, 320
domestic life in, 99–139
exodus from, 215, 216, 217, 298, 312–13
Indian communities of, see Miwok Indians
and industrialized mining, 12, 51, 188, 241, 259, 263–74
location of, 27–28, 92
maps, 24, 27
as metaphor for immorality, 320
Northern Mines compared to, 12, 51, 142, 242–43, 258–59, 316
party politics in, 242, 254–56, 266–67, 294
population of, 86–87, 92, 95, 142, 163, 240–41, 280, 285, 287, 298, 313
relationship of, to the East, 239, 240, 242, 243, 320–22, 331–33