Christian, Frederick
Christian church. See Christianity
Christian humanism
Christianity: Indians and science and skepticism about See also Missions and missionaries
Christina (Sweden)
Christine de Pizan on Joan of Arc Chronicles (Froissart)
Chrysoloras, Manuel
Church(es): in 18th century Protestant See also Church and state; De-Christianization; Religion
Church and state: Catholic Church and in 18th century separation of Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough
Church of England
Ciompi revolt
Circumnavigation of earth: by Magellan
Cities and towns: in 14th century in 18th century in British colonies in French Revolution in Renaissance revolts in trade and See also City-states Villages specific locations Citizens and citizenship: in France
City-states: German Italian in Renaissance Italy
Civic humanism
Civil Code (Napoleon)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (France)
Civilization: of Mesoamerica See also Culture(s)
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, The (Burckhardt)
Civil service: in France in Prussia See also Bureaucracy
Civil war(s): American Revolution as in England in France
Clarendon, Lord (Edward Hyde)
Classes: drinking habits of in 18th century in Enlightenment in Prussia revolts and See also Social orders specific groups Classical learning: in 18th century in Renaissance
Classicism: in arts See also Art(s) Neoclassicism
Clement V (Pope)
Clement VI (Pope)
Clement VII (Pope)
Clement XIV (Pope)
Clergy: conciliar movement and corruption of in 18th century English as French First Estate French Revolution and marriage and Protestant as social estate in Spain taxation of See also Pope
Clive, Robert
Clock, invention of
Cloth industry
Code Napoléon. See Civil Code (Napoleon)
Codes of law. See Law codes
Coffee houses
Coitus interruptus
Coke, Thomas
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
Colleges. See Universities and colleges
Colloquy: of Marburg of Regensburg
Colombia
Colonies and colonization: British Dutch European population and French globalization and impact on colonizers India as Latin America and mercantilist theory on missionaries in Spanish See also Imperialism Colonna, Oddone
Columbian Exchange
Columbus, Christopher
“Commentaries of the Great Afonso de Albuquerque, The,”
Commerce: in Amsterdam Dutch Jews in See also Mercantilism; Trade
Commercial capitalism Committee of Public Safety
Common people: in French Revolution science and Commonwealth: in England Compass
Composers. See Music Concerning Character (Vergerio)
Conciliarism
Concordat, Napoleon and (1801)
Condorcet, Marie-Jean de
Condottieri
Confederation of the Rhine
Confession, Luther and
Congo
Congress (U.S.)
Conquistadors (Spain)
Consistory, in Geneva
Conspiracy of Equals
Constance, Council of
Constantinople (Istanbul) siege and capture of (1453)
Constitution(s): in England in France German divisions and
Constitutional monarchy: in England in France
Consul (France)
Contarini, Gasparo
Continental Army
Continental System, of Napoleon
Contraception. See Birth control Conversation in the Park (Gainsborough)
Cook, James
Copernicus, Nicolaus
Corn
Cornwallis, Charles
Coronation: of Napoleon
Corpus Hermeticum
Cortes (Spain)
Cortés, Hernán
Corvinus, Matthias (Hungary)
Cosimo II (Florence). See Medici family
Cosmology of Newton Ptolemaic-Aristotelian
Cosmopolitan movement
Cossacks
Costa, Angelo
Cottage industry
Cotton industry: India and See also Textiles and textile industry
Council of Elders
Council of 500 (France)
Council of Ten (Florence)
Council of Troubles (Council of Blood, Netherlands)
Councils (Christian): of Constance of Pisa of Trent
Counter-Reformation. See Catholic Reformation
Country houses
Countryside: aristocratic lifestyle in
Coup d’état: by Napoleon
Court (of law): in France
Court (royal): in France lifestyles in
Courtiers, Castiglione on
Court of Star Chamber (England)
Cranmer, Thomas
Creation, The (Haydn)
Creation of Adam (Michelangelo)
Crécy, Battle of
Credit
“Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews, The” (Königshofen)
Crime: in Austria in 18th century See also Punishment
Croatia
Cromwell, Oliver Cromwell, Thomas
Crop(s): in Americas in 18th century See also Agriculture Crossbow
Cruz, Juana Inés de la
Cuba
Cultural relativism
Culture(s): in Enlightenment in 14th century high culture (18th century) See also Art(s) Civilization Nationalism Popular culture Renaissance
Currency
Cuzco
Cyprus
Czech people: Holy Roman Empire and
Da Gama, Vasco
Dahomey
Danish phase, of Thirty Years’ War
Dante Alighieri
Dark Ages: in Europe
Dati, Gregorio
Datini, Francesco
Dauphin (France)
David (Donatello)
David (Michelangelo)
David, Jacques-Louis
Death penalty
Death rates: from Black Death decline in in 18th century of infants from Middle Passage of Renaissance babies
Debt: concept of national in France
Decameron (Boccaccio)
De-Christianization: in French Revolution
Declaration of Independence (U.S.) French Revolution and
Declaration of Indulgence
Declaration of Pillnitz
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (France)
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (Gouges)
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon)
Decree on Serfs (Catherine the Great)
Deduction
Defender of the Peace (Marsiglio of Padua)
Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women (Cereta)
Deffand, marquise du
De Hooch, Pieter
Deism
Della Francesca, Piero
De Meaux, Geoffrey
Democracy: Locke and
Denmark in 18th century Hansa and Russia and Scandinavian unification under upheavals in See also Scandinavia Descartes, René
Despotism: in France
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems… (Galileo)
“Diary of a Citizen,” on slave trade
Dias, Bartholomeu
Díaz, Bernal
Diderot, Denis Encyclopedia of in Russia
Diet (food): in 18th century peasant Diet (legislative body): in Austria in Poland in Sweden
Diet of Augsburg
Diet of Worms
Diggers
Diplomacy: in 18th century modern system of in Renaissance Italy Seven Years’ War and See also Alliances
Directory (France)
Discourse on M
ethod (Descartes)
Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind (Rousseau)
Discoveries. See Exploration
Disease: in 18th century European in New World medical advances and Paracelsus on among slaves See also Medicine
Dissent. See Revolts and rebellions Dissenters (England)
Divine Comedy (Dante)
Divine-right monarchy
Divinity: Hermetics and humanists and
Divorce: in France
Doctors. See Physicians
Doge (Venice)
Domesticity: Dutch
Domestic system
Dominican Republic
Dominicans
Donatello, Donato di
Don Giovanni (Mozart)
Dowry: in Renaissance
Drake, Francis
Drama: in Elizabethan England in France in Spain
Drinking. See Alcohol
Drogheda, battle at
Drugs: Paracelsus and
Dubois, François
Dufay, Guillaume
Duke and Duchess of Urbino (Piero della Francesca)
Duomo (Florence)
Dürer, Albrecht
Dutch: Anabaptism and in Asia domestic life of economy of France and independence from Spain in India in Indonesia in Japan North American colonies of painting of slave trade and in South Africa trade and See also Dutch Republic; Netherlands
Dutch East India Company
Dutch Republic decline of exploration by financing in France and golden age of Huguenots in Thirty Years’ War and upheavals in
Dutch West India Company
Earth: circumnavigation of See also Planets; Universe
East Africa
East Asia. See Asia
Eastern Europe: Calvinism in classes in Jews in monarchies in plague in Poland-Lithuania in
Eastern Orthodoxy: in 18th century Russia and
East India Company. See British East India Company Dutch East India Company East Prussia
Ecclesiastical Ordinances
Eck, Johann
Eckhart (Meister)
Economic liberalism
Economics: discipline of
Economy: in 16th century in 17th century in 18th century Black Death and in Brandenburg-Prussia expansion and in France in Renaissance in Russia of Third Estate after Thirty Years’ War trade and See also Mercantilism Trade
Ecstasy of Saint Theresa, The (Bernini) Ecuador
Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Nantes
Edict of Restitution
Edict of Worms
Education: in 18th century Luther on in Middle Ages primary in Renaissance Rousseau on secondary schools and for women See also Schools Universities and colleges
Education of a Christian Prince (Erasmus)
Edward (Black Prince, England)
Edward II (England)
Edward III (England)
Edward VI (England)
Egypt: Napoleon and
Elba: Napoleon at
Elections. See Voting and voting rights Elector of Saxony
Electors, in Germany
Elegances of the Italian Language, The (Valla)
El Greco
Elites: in cities and towns science and See also Classes Nobility
Elizabeth (movie)
Elizabeth (Russia)
Elizabeth I (England)
Émile (Rousseau)
Empires. See Imperialism Seven Years’ War specific empires
Empiricism
Enclosure acts (England)
Encomienda system
Encyclopedia (Diderot)
Engineering: Inca
England (Britain): agriculture in American colonies of American Revolution and Black Death in China and civil wars in exploration by financing in foreign policy of in 14th century France and French American possessions to Glorious Revolution in Huguenots in Hundred Years’ War and imperialism of imports of India and Industrial Revolution in Ireland and Lollardy in magazines in monarchy in Napoleon and navy of Peasants’ Revolt (1381) in population of Protestant revivalism in religion in restoration in sciences in in Seven Years’ War Southeast Asia trade and Spanish Armada and Thirty Years’ War and in United Kingdom after War of the Spanish Succession See also Stuart dynasty Tudor dynasty
English Royal Society. See Royal Society (England)
Enlightened absolutism
Enlightenment American Revolution and arts in culture and society in families and Jews and Muslims in later period in philosophes in politics and revolutions and science in social status and travel literature in women in See also Scientific Revolution Entertainment: in Middle Ages
Entrepreneurs
Environment: Enlightenment view of
Epicycles: of planetary bodies
Equality: in France of women
Erasmus, Desiderius
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke)
Estates (political): in Denmark
Estates (social orders) in France in Renaissance
Estates-General: in France
Este family (Ferrara) Isabella d’
Estonia
Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner (Spinoza)
Ethnic groups. See Minorities
Eucharist
Eurasia, Mongols and Euripides
Europe: in 15th century in 1763 American empires of American Revolution and in Asia Black Death in coalition against French Revolution industry and population in 17th century religious populations in 18th century Renaissance monarchies in in Seven Years’ War southeastern state system and trade within
Evangelicalism: of Lutheranism of Zwingli
Exchange Bank of Amsterdam
Executions: in 18th century
Expansion of Amsterdam economy and during French Revolution impact of European by Russia by Venice See also Colonies and colonization Exploration Imperialism Exploration: in 15th and 16th centuries of New World Portuguese Spanish See also Colonies and colonization
Exports
Faith. See Justification by faith alone
Families: chapels of economy and in 18th century in Italy in medieval society Protestantism and See also Children
Family of Henry VIII, The
Famine in Middle Ages
Fantasy literature: expansion and
Farm cooperatives
Farms and farming. See Agriculture Crop(s) Fedele, Cassandra
Female Spectator, The (periodical)
Feminism See also Women
Ferdinand, duke of Modena
Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Empire)
Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Empire)
Ferdinand of Aragon
Ferrara
Festivals: in 18th century
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
Ficino, Marsilio
Fiction writing
Fielding, Henry
Finances. See Economy
Finland
Firearms: Japan and in Thirty Years’ War See also Weapons
Fireworks Music (Handel)
First Estate: in European society in France Swedish nobility as
Flagellants
Flanders: arts in Hansa and
Flanders Fleet, of Venice
Flemish language
Fleury (Cardinal)
Florence arts in ciompi revolt in as city-state Macchiavelli in Medici in Republic of woolen industry in Fluyt (ship)
Fontenelle, Bernard de
Food: in 18th century Renaissance banquet and See also Diet (food) Famine
Foreign affairs: in French Revolution
Foundling homes
France: abolition of monarchy in absolutism in administrative restructuring of American colonies of American Revolution and Black Death in bourgeoisie in bureaucracy in Calvinism in Canada and civil war in Classicism in arts and constitutions in drama in in early 15th century economy in England and Estates-General in foreign policy of Hundred Years’ War and India and Jacquerie in Jesuits and learned societies in in mid-14th cen
tury military in monarchs in in Naples Napoleonic National Assembly in nobility in old regime in papacy and peasants in population of poverty in religion in republics in restoration in revolts in revolutionary army in salons in sciences and in 17th century in Seven Years’ War Spain and War of the Austrian Succession and Wars of Religion in witchcraft trial in women in See also French Revolution Government Huguenots Monarchs and monarchies Franche-Comté
Francis I (France)
Franciscans
Francis of Assisi (Saint)
Franco-Swedish phase, of Thirty Years’ War
Franklin, Benjamin
Frederick I (Denmark)
Frederick I (Prussia)
Frederick II the Great (Prussia)
Frederick III (Holy Roman Empire)
Frederick IV (Palatinate)
Frederick V (Elector of Palatinate)
Frederick the Wise (Saxony)
Frederick William (Great Elector)
Frederick William I (Prussia)
Frederick William II (Prussia)
Freedom(s): in Prussia in Sweden in United States See also Liberty; Rights
Freemasons. See Masons
French and Indian War
French Canadians
French Empire: of Napoleon I French Revolution European concerns about expansion during radical revolution in Republic of Virtue in slavery abolished during See also Reign of Terror
French Royal Academy of Sciences. See Royal Academy of Sciences (France)
Frescoes
Friars
Friends of the Blacks
Froissart, Jean
Fronde
Frontiers: of Russia
Fugger, Jacob
Gabelle (French tax)
Gainsborough, Thomas
Galen (physician)
Galicia
Galilei, Galileo
Gascony
Gaudry, Suzanne: trial of
Geiler, Johannes
Gender issues: Enlightenment in medieval society Scientific Revolution and See also Men; Women
General Directory (Prussia)
General War Commissariat (Prussia) Geneva
Genevan Academy
Genghis Khan
Genoa
Gentileschi, Artemisia
Gentry: in England in Russia Geocentric conception of universe Geoffrin, Marie-Thérèse de Geography (Ptolemy)
George I (England)
George II (England)
George III (England) Georgian style houses
Germany: absolutist states in Black Death in Catholic Church in electors in Hanseatic League and Huguenots in illegitimacy in Jews of Lutheranism in monarchy in nationalism in Peasants’ War in Pietism in Poland and politics in Reformation in religion in Rococo in after Thirty Years’ War See also Berlin Prussia
Ghent
Ghirlandaio, Ridolfo
Giangaleazzo Visconti
Gibbon, Edward
Gibraltar
Gigas, Herman
Gin
Giotto
Western Civilization: Volume B: 1300 to 1815, 8th Edition Page 84
