19. Descartes, Discourse on Method, in Philosophical Writings, p. 75.
20. Margaret C. Jacob, The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution (New York, 1988), p. 73.
21. Stillman Drake, ed. and trans., Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (New York, 1957), p. 182.
22. Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, trans. R. H. M. Elwes (New York, 1955), pp. 75–76.
23. Ibid., p. 76.
24. Spinoza, Letters, quoted in Randall, The Making of the Modern Mind, p. 247.
25. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. J. M. Cohen (Harmondsworth, England, 1961), p. 100.
26. Ibid., pp. 31, 52–53, 164, 165.
CHAPTER 17
1. Quoted in Paul Hazard, The European Mind, 1680–1715 (New York, 1963), pp. 304–305.
2. Quoted in Dorinda Outram, Th e Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1995), p. 67.
3. Quoted in Hazard, The European Mind, p. 12.
4. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (New York, 1964), pp. 89–90.
5. Baron Paul d’Holbach, Common Sense, as quoted in Frank E. Manuel, ed., Th e Enlightenment (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965), p. 62.
6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on Inequality, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, England, 1984), p. 109.
7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, England, 1968), p. 141.
8. Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, in Moira Ferguson, ed., First Feminists: British Women Writers, 1578–1799 (Bloomington, Ind., 1985), p. 190.
9. Mary Astell, Some Reflections upon Marriage, in ibid., p. 193.
10. Kenneth Clark, Civilization (New York, 1969), p. 231.
11. Voltaire, The Age of Louis XIV, trans. Martyn P. Pollack (New York, 1961), p. 1.
12. Cesare Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, trans. E. D. Ingraham (Philadelphia, 1819), pp. 59–60.
13. Quoted in René Sand, The Advance to Social Medicine (London, 1952), pp. 86–87.
14. Quoted in Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1978), p. 179.
15. Quoted in ibid., p. 186.
16. Quoted in C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New York, 1970), p. 157.
CHAPTER 18
1. Frederick II, Forms of Government, in Eugen Weber, Th e Western Tradition (Lexington, Mass., 1972), pp. 538, 544.
2. Quoted in Reinhold A. Dorwart, The Administrative Reforms of Frederick William I of Prussia (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), p. 36.
3. Quoted in Sidney B. Fay, The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia to 1786, rev. Klaus Epstein (New York, 1964), p. 92.
4. Quoted in Hans Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy: The Prussian Experience, 1660–1815 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), p. 40.
5. Quoted in Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism (London, 1981–1984), vol. 3, p. 378.
6. Quoted in ibid., p. 245.
7. Quoted in Witold Rybczynski, Home: A Short History of an Idea (New York, 1986), p. 105.
8. Quoted in Jonathan Dewald, The European Nobility, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 91–92.
9. Quoted in Peter Gay, Age of Enlightenment (New York, 1966), p. 87.
10. Quoted in Paul Hazard, The European Mind, 1680–1715 (Cleveland, Ohio, 1963), pp. 6–7.
11. Igor Vinogradoff, “Russian Missions to London, 1711–1789: Further Extracts from the Cottrell Papers,” Oxford Slavonic Papers, New Series (1982), 15:76.
12. Quoted in Jeffrey Kaplow, The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1972), p. 134.
CHAPTER 19
1. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolutions (Princeton, N.J., 1959), vol. 1, p. 239.
2. Quoted in ibid., p. 242.
3. Quoted in O. J. Hufton, “Toward an Understanding of the Poor of Eighteenth-Century France,” in J. F. Bosher, ed., French Government and Society, 1500–1850 (London, 1973), p. 152.
4. Arthur Young, Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789 (Cambridge, 1929), p. 23.
5. Quoted in D. M. G. Sutherland, France, 1789–1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution (New York, 1986), p. 74.
6. Quoted in William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1989), p. 156.
7. Quoted in ibid., p. 184.
8. Quoted in J. Hardman, ed., French Revolution Documents (Oxford, 1973), vol. 2, p. 23.
9. Quoted in W. Scott, Terror and Repression in Revolutionary Marseilles (London, 1973), p. 84.
10. Quoted in H. Morse Stephens, The Principal Speeches of the Statesmen and Orators of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1892), vol. 2, p. 189.
11. Quoted in Leo Gershoy, The Era of the French Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1957), p. 157.
12. Quoted in J. M. Th ompson, ed., French Revolution Documents (Oxford, 1933), pp. 258–259.
13. Quoted in Doyle, Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 254.
14. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled (New York, 1965), p. 75.
15. Quoted in Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson, eds., Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795 (Urbana, Ill., 1979), p. 132.
16. Ibid., pp. 219–220.
17. Quoted in Elizabeth G. Sledziewski, “The French Revolution as the Turning Point,” in Geneviève Fraisse and Michelle Perrot, eds., A History of Women in the West (Cambridge, 1993), vol. 4, p. 39.
18. Quoted in François Furet and Mona Ozouf, A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), p. 545.
19. Quoted in J. Christopher Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon (New York, 1955), p. 43.
20. Quoted in Felix Markham, Napoleon (New York, 1963), pp. 92–93.
21. Quoted in Doyle, Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 381.
22. Quoted in Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon, pp. 74–75.
23. Quoted in Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life (New York, 2004), p. 285.
INDEX
* * *
Italicized page numbers show the locations of illustrations and maps.
Abolition of slavery
Absolutism: in central Europe in eastern Europe enlightened limits of in Ottoman Empire philosophes on in Russia in Sweden in western Europe See also Enlightened absolutism
Act of Supremacy (England)
Act of Uniformity (England)
Adams, John
Addison, Joseph
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)
Adimari, Fiammetta
Administration. See Government
Adoration of the Magi(Dürer)
Affonso of Congo (Bakongo)
Africa: Portugal and slaves and slave trade and See also specific locations
Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants (Luther)
Age of Louis XIV, The (Voltaire)
Agincourt, Battle of
Agricultural revolution
Agriculture: Columbian Exchange and in 18th century in Middle Ages in 16th century See also Land
Aix-la-Chapelle: treaty of
Akbar (Mughal Empire)
Albany, New York
Alberti, Leon Battista
Albuquerque, Afonso de
Alchemy
Alcohol: in 18th century
Alexander V (Pope)
Alexander VI (Pope)
Alliances: Hanseatic League as in Italy in Seven Years’ War See also specific alliances
Alsace
Alva, duke of
Amadeus (movie)
Amazon region
Amendments to Constitution (U.S.)
America(s): crops from European empires in horses in naming of plantation economy in voyages to and War of the Austrian Succession See also New World
American Indians. See Indians (Native Americans)
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution Amish
Amsterdam
Anabaptists Anatomy
Andes Mountains
Anesthesia
Angkor kingdom (Cambodia)
Anglican Church. See Church of England Anglo-Dutch trade wars
Animals: in Columbian Exchange
Anjou, France
Anjou family, in Naples
Anne (England)
Anne of Austria
Anne of Cleves
Annotations (Erasmus)
Antwerp
Apprentices: in 18th century
Aqueducts
Arabs and Arab world
Aragon: house of
Archimedes and Archimedian screw
Architecture: of country houses in Italian Renaissance Rococo
Arena Chapel, Padua
Aristocracy. See Nobility
Aristotle on motion
Arkwright, Richard
Armada (Spain)
Armed forces. See Military; Navy; Wars and warfare
Arms and armaments. See Weapons
Arouet, François-Marie. See Voltaire
Art(s): artists, society, and Baroque Black Death and Classicism in in Enlightenment Mannerism in Neoclassicism in in Renaissance Rococo style in See also specific arts and artists
Articles of Confederation
Artois
Ascent of Mount Ventoux, The (Petrarch)
Ashkenazic Jews
Asia: European involvement in Mongols in Portugal and trade with water route to See also Southeast Asia specific locations
Asia Minor: Ottoman Turks from
Asiento
Assignats (paper money)
Assimilation: of Jews
Astell, Mary
Astrolabe
Astrology
Astronomy: Scientific Revolution and women in
Atahualpa (Inca) Atheism
Atlantic Ocean region: seaboard states in slave trade in winds in
Audiencias
Augsburg: Diet of Peace of
Augustinians
Australia
Austria France and infanticide and Italy and Jews in military in music in Napoleon and Ottomans and Poland and religious toleration in revolts in Rococo in and War of the Austrian Succession after War of the Spanish Succession See also Austrian Netherlands
Austrian Empire education in in 18th century See also Austria
Austrian Netherlands See also Belgium Spanish Netherlands Avignon pope at
Axial rudder
Aztec people
Babeuf, Gracchus
Babur (Mughal Empire)
Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Luther)
Bach, Johann Sebastian
Bacon, Francis
Bacon, John, and family
Bahamas
Bakongo
Balance of power in Italy
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de
Balkan region: Ottoman Empire in
Ball, John
Baltic region: Denmark and Russia and in Thirty Years’ War
Banking in Amsterdam commercial capitalism and Fugger and Medici and
Banknotes
Bank of England
Baptism
Baptists
Bar (French province)
Barbados
Baroque arts music as
Basel
Basilicas: of Saint Peter
Bastille, fall of
Batavia (Jakarta)
Battles. See specific battles and wars
Bavaria and Bavarians
Bayle, Pierre
Beccaria, Cesare
Beggars
Beijing
Belgium See also Austrian Netherlands; Low Countries
Belgrade
Benedict (Saint) and Benedictine monasticism
Bengal
Benin
Berlin Academy
Bermuda
Bern
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo
Bible: of Gutenberg Luther and See also New Testament
Bicameral legislature: in United States
Bill of Rights: in England in United States
Birth control: in 18th century
Birthrate: in 18th century in Middle Ages
Bishop’s Palace (Residenz)
Black Death art and Asian trade and burials from in Europe Jews and medicine after spread of See also Plague
Black Hole of Calcutta
Black Prince. See Edward (Black Prince, England)
Blacks: slave trade and See also Africa Black Sea region
Blenheim, battle at
Blood circulation: Harvey on
Board of Trade (Britain)
Boccaccio, Giovanni
Bodin, Jean
Boers, in South Africa
Bohemia Hussites in Ottomans and
Bohemian phase, of Thirty Years’ War
Boigne, Comtesse de
Boleyn, Anne
Bologna: papacy and poverty in university in
Bonaparte, Jerome See also Napoleon I
Bonaparte (France)
Boniface VIII (Pope)
Book of Common Prayer
Book of the City of Ladies, The (Christine de Pizan)
Book of the Courtier, The (Castiglione)
Books: Index of Forbidden Books and printing and See also Literature Borders. See Frontiers
Borgia family: Alexander VI (Pope) and Cesare
Borodino, battle at
Bossuet, Jacques
Bosworth Field, battle at
Botticelli, Sandro
Boundaries. See Frontiers
Bourbon dynasty Habsburgs and in Italy restoration of in Spain Thirty Years’ War and Bourdonnaye, M. de la
Bourgeois(ie)
Boyars (Russia)
Brahe, Tycho
Bramante, Donato
Brancacci Chapel
Brandenburg
Brandenburg-Prussia
Brazil
Bremen
Breteuil, baron de
Brétigny, Peace of
Britain. See England (Britain)
British: use of term
British East India Company
British Empire
Brothels
Brothers of the Common Life
Bruges
Brunelleschi, Filippo
Bruni, Leonardo
Bruno, Giordano
Bubonic plague. See Black Death Plague
Bucer, Martin
Bulgaria: Ottomans in
Bullion
Burckhardt, Jacob
Bureaucracy: in Austria in 18th century in France military in Prussia
Burghers See also Bourgeois(ie)
Burgundy, duke of
Burgundy and Burgundians
Burma (Myanmar)
Bute (Lord)
Byzantine Empire: Ottoman conquest of plague in See also Eastern Orthodoxy
Cabinet system: in Britain
Cabot, John
Cabral, Pedro
Caffa: plague and
Cahiers de doléances
Calais
Calas, Jean, Voltaire and
Calcutta
Calendar: of Maya in revolutionary France
Calicut
California: missions in
Calonne, Charles de
Calvin, John, and Calvinism in 18th century Huguenots and in Netherlands Puritans and
Cambodia
Canada: England and France and French and Indian War and
Candide (Voltaire)
Cane sugar. See Sugar plantations
Cannons
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)
Canton, China
Cantons: in Switzerland
Cape of Good Hope
Capetian dynasty
Capitalism: commercial cottage industry and
Capuchins
Caraffa, Gian Pietro
Caravan trade
Cardinals (church)
Caribbean region
Carinthia
Carlstadt, Andreas
Carmelite nuns
> Carniola
Carnival (festival)
Cartesian dualism
Cartier, Jacques
Castiglione, Baldassare
Castile
Catalonia
Catherine II the Great (Russia)
Catherine de’ Medici
Catherine of Aragon (England)
Catherine of Siena
Catholic Church: in Asia in Austria Chaucer on in colonies Council of Trent and decline of in 18th century in England Erasmus and exploration and by 1560 French Revolution and Galileo and Great Schism in Habsburgs and in Hungary Indian conversions by in Japan Luther and Napoleon and Peace of Augsburg and in Portugal Reformation and in Renaissance in Spain in Switzerland See also Catholic Reformation Christianity Missions and missionaries Papacy Pope Protestant Reformation Catholic League, of German states
Catholic Reformation
Cattle: in Americas
Cavalier Parliament
Cavalry: English
Cavendish, Margaret
Cecil, William
Celibacy
Censorship: in Enlightenment
Central Africa See also Africa
Central America See also Latin America specific locations
Central Asia See also Asia
Central Europe: absolutism in Calvinism in Jews in power of
Centralization: in European states in France
Ceremonies: Protestant
Cereta, Laura
Ceylon. See Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Charity
Charles I (England)
Charles II (England)
Charles II (Spain)
Charles III (Spain)
Charles V (France)
Charles V (Holy Roman Empire) Aztecs and Henry VIII and Italy and Lutheranism and Ottoman Empire and
Charles VI (Austria)
Charles VI (France)
Charles VII (France)
Charles VIII (France)
Charles IX (France)
Charles X (Sweden)
Charles XI (Sweden)
Charles XII (Sweden)
Charles the Bold (Burgundy)
Charlotte (wife of Philip of Orléans)
Charter of the Nobility (Russia) Châtelet, marquise du
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Chemistry
Chennai, India. See Madras
Childbirth: in Renaissance
Children: in 18th century in Middle Ages in Renaissance Italy as workers
Chile
China: England and Europeans and gunpowder and Jesuits in Portugal and Russia and
Chocolate
Cholula people
Christian II (Denmark)
Christian III (Denmark)
Christian IV (Denmark)
Christian V (Denmark)
Christian VII (Denmark)
Western Civilization: Volume B: 1300 to 1815, 8th Edition Page 83
