Western Civilization: Volume B: 1300 to 1815, 8th Edition

Home > Other > Western Civilization: Volume B: 1300 to 1815, 8th Edition > Page 83
Western Civilization: Volume B: 1300 to 1815, 8th Edition Page 83

by Spielvogel, Jackson J.


  19. Descartes, Discourse on Method, in Philosophical Writings, p. 75.

  20. Margaret C. Jacob, The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution (New York, 1988), p. 73.

  21. Stillman Drake, ed. and trans., Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (New York, 1957), p. 182.

  22. Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, trans. R. H. M. Elwes (New York, 1955), pp. 75–76.

  23. Ibid., p. 76.

  24. Spinoza, Letters, quoted in Randall, The Making of the Modern Mind, p. 247.

  25. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. J. M. Cohen (Harmondsworth, England, 1961), p. 100.

  26. Ibid., pp. 31, 52–53, 164, 165.

  CHAPTER 17

  1. Quoted in Paul Hazard, The European Mind, 1680–1715 (New York, 1963), pp. 304–305.

  2. Quoted in Dorinda Outram, Th e Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1995), p. 67.

  3. Quoted in Hazard, The European Mind, p. 12.

  4. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (New York, 1964), pp. 89–90.

  5. Baron Paul d’Holbach, Common Sense, as quoted in Frank E. Manuel, ed., Th e Enlightenment (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965), p. 62.

  6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on Inequality, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, England, 1984), p. 109.

  7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, England, 1968), p. 141.

  8. Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, in Moira Ferguson, ed., First Feminists: British Women Writers, 1578–1799 (Bloomington, Ind., 1985), p. 190.

  9. Mary Astell, Some Reflections upon Marriage, in ibid., p. 193.

  10. Kenneth Clark, Civilization (New York, 1969), p. 231.

  11. Voltaire, The Age of Louis XIV, trans. Martyn P. Pollack (New York, 1961), p. 1.

  12. Cesare Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, trans. E. D. Ingraham (Philadelphia, 1819), pp. 59–60.

  13. Quoted in René Sand, The Advance to Social Medicine (London, 1952), pp. 86–87.

  14. Quoted in Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1978), p. 179.

  15. Quoted in ibid., p. 186.

  16. Quoted in C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New York, 1970), p. 157.

  CHAPTER 18

  1. Frederick II, Forms of Government, in Eugen Weber, Th e Western Tradition (Lexington, Mass., 1972), pp. 538, 544.

  2. Quoted in Reinhold A. Dorwart, The Administrative Reforms of Frederick William I of Prussia (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), p. 36.

  3. Quoted in Sidney B. Fay, The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia to 1786, rev. Klaus Epstein (New York, 1964), p. 92.

  4. Quoted in Hans Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy: The Prussian Experience, 1660–1815 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), p. 40.

  5. Quoted in Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism (London, 1981–1984), vol. 3, p. 378.

  6. Quoted in ibid., p. 245.

  7. Quoted in Witold Rybczynski, Home: A Short History of an Idea (New York, 1986), p. 105.

  8. Quoted in Jonathan Dewald, The European Nobility, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 91–92.

  9. Quoted in Peter Gay, Age of Enlightenment (New York, 1966), p. 87.

  10. Quoted in Paul Hazard, The European Mind, 1680–1715 (Cleveland, Ohio, 1963), pp. 6–7.

  11. Igor Vinogradoff, “Russian Missions to London, 1711–1789: Further Extracts from the Cottrell Papers,” Oxford Slavonic Papers, New Series (1982), 15:76.

  12. Quoted in Jeffrey Kaplow, The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1972), p. 134.

  CHAPTER 19

  1. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolutions (Princeton, N.J., 1959), vol. 1, p. 239.

  2. Quoted in ibid., p. 242.

  3. Quoted in O. J. Hufton, “Toward an Understanding of the Poor of Eighteenth-Century France,” in J. F. Bosher, ed., French Government and Society, 1500–1850 (London, 1973), p. 152.

  4. Arthur Young, Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789 (Cambridge, 1929), p. 23.

  5. Quoted in D. M. G. Sutherland, France, 1789–1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution (New York, 1986), p. 74.

  6. Quoted in William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1989), p. 156.

  7. Quoted in ibid., p. 184.

  8. Quoted in J. Hardman, ed., French Revolution Documents (Oxford, 1973), vol. 2, p. 23.

  9. Quoted in W. Scott, Terror and Repression in Revolutionary Marseilles (London, 1973), p. 84.

  10. Quoted in H. Morse Stephens, The Principal Speeches of the Statesmen and Orators of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1892), vol. 2, p. 189.

  11. Quoted in Leo Gershoy, The Era of the French Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1957), p. 157.

  12. Quoted in J. M. Th ompson, ed., French Revolution Documents (Oxford, 1933), pp. 258–259.

  13. Quoted in Doyle, Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 254.

  14. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled (New York, 1965), p. 75.

  15. Quoted in Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson, eds., Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795 (Urbana, Ill., 1979), p. 132.

  16. Ibid., pp. 219–220.

  17. Quoted in Elizabeth G. Sledziewski, “The French Revolution as the Turning Point,” in Geneviève Fraisse and Michelle Perrot, eds., A History of Women in the West (Cambridge, 1993), vol. 4, p. 39.

  18. Quoted in François Furet and Mona Ozouf, A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), p. 545.

  19. Quoted in J. Christopher Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon (New York, 1955), p. 43.

  20. Quoted in Felix Markham, Napoleon (New York, 1963), pp. 92–93.

  21. Quoted in Doyle, Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 381.

  22. Quoted in Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon, pp. 74–75.

  23. Quoted in Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life (New York, 2004), p. 285.

  INDEX

  * * *

  Italicized page numbers show the locations of illustrations and maps.

  Abolition of slavery

  Absolutism: in central Europe in eastern Europe enlightened limits of in Ottoman Empire philosophes on in Russia in Sweden in western Europe See also Enlightened absolutism

  Act of Supremacy (England)

  Act of Uniformity (England)

  Adams, John

  Addison, Joseph

  Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)

  Adimari, Fiammetta

  Administration. See Government

  Adoration of the Magi(Dürer)

  Affonso of Congo (Bakongo)

  Africa: Portugal and slaves and slave trade and See also specific locations

  Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants (Luther)

  Age of Louis XIV, The (Voltaire)

  Agincourt, Battle of

  Agricultural revolution

  Agriculture: Columbian Exchange and in 18th century in Middle Ages in 16th century See also Land

  Aix-la-Chapelle: treaty of

  Akbar (Mughal Empire)

  Albany, New York

  Alberti, Leon Battista

  Albuquerque, Afonso de

  Alchemy

  Alcohol: in 18th century

  Alexander V (Pope)

  Alexander VI (Pope)

  Alliances: Hanseatic League as in Italy in Seven Years’ War See also specific alliances

  Alsace

  Alva, duke of

  Amadeus (movie)

  Amazon region

  Amendments to Constitution (U.S.)

  America(s): crops from European empires in horses in naming of plantation economy in voyages to and War of the Austrian Succession See also New World

  American Indians. See Indians (Native Americans)

  American Philosophical Society

  American Revolution Amish

  Amsterdam


  Anabaptists Anatomy

  Andes Mountains

  Anesthesia

  Angkor kingdom (Cambodia)

  Anglican Church. See Church of England Anglo-Dutch trade wars

  Animals: in Columbian Exchange

  Anjou, France

  Anjou family, in Naples

  Anne (England)

  Anne of Austria

  Anne of Cleves

  Annotations (Erasmus)

  Antwerp

  Apprentices: in 18th century

  Aqueducts

  Arabs and Arab world

  Aragon: house of

  Archimedes and Archimedian screw

  Architecture: of country houses in Italian Renaissance Rococo

  Arena Chapel, Padua

  Aristocracy. See Nobility

  Aristotle on motion

  Arkwright, Richard

  Armada (Spain)

  Armed forces. See Military; Navy; Wars and warfare

  Arms and armaments. See Weapons

  Arouet, François-Marie. See Voltaire

  Art(s): artists, society, and Baroque Black Death and Classicism in in Enlightenment Mannerism in Neoclassicism in in Renaissance Rococo style in See also specific arts and artists

  Articles of Confederation

  Artois

  Ascent of Mount Ventoux, The (Petrarch)

  Ashkenazic Jews

  Asia: European involvement in Mongols in Portugal and trade with water route to See also Southeast Asia specific locations

  Asia Minor: Ottoman Turks from

  Asiento

  Assignats (paper money)

  Assimilation: of Jews

  Astell, Mary

  Astrolabe

  Astrology

  Astronomy: Scientific Revolution and women in

  Atahualpa (Inca) Atheism

  Atlantic Ocean region: seaboard states in slave trade in winds in

  Audiencias

  Augsburg: Diet of Peace of

  Augustinians

  Australia

  Austria France and infanticide and Italy and Jews in military in music in Napoleon and Ottomans and Poland and religious toleration in revolts in Rococo in and War of the Austrian Succession after War of the Spanish Succession See also Austrian Netherlands

  Austrian Empire education in in 18th century See also Austria

  Austrian Netherlands See also Belgium Spanish Netherlands Avignon pope at

  Axial rudder

  Aztec people

  Babeuf, Gracchus

  Babur (Mughal Empire)

  Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Luther)

  Bach, Johann Sebastian

  Bacon, Francis

  Bacon, John, and family

  Bahamas

  Bakongo

  Balance of power in Italy

  Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de

  Balkan region: Ottoman Empire in

  Ball, John

  Baltic region: Denmark and Russia and in Thirty Years’ War

  Banking in Amsterdam commercial capitalism and Fugger and Medici and

  Banknotes

  Bank of England

  Baptism

  Baptists

  Bar (French province)

  Barbados

  Baroque arts music as

  Basel

  Basilicas: of Saint Peter

  Bastille, fall of

  Batavia (Jakarta)

  Battles. See specific battles and wars

  Bavaria and Bavarians

  Bayle, Pierre

  Beccaria, Cesare

  Beggars

  Beijing

  Belgium See also Austrian Netherlands; Low Countries

  Belgrade

  Benedict (Saint) and Benedictine monasticism

  Bengal

  Benin

  Berlin Academy

  Bermuda

  Bern

  Bernini, Gian Lorenzo

  Bible: of Gutenberg Luther and See also New Testament

  Bicameral legislature: in United States

  Bill of Rights: in England in United States

  Birth control: in 18th century

  Birthrate: in 18th century in Middle Ages

  Bishop’s Palace (Residenz)

  Black Death art and Asian trade and burials from in Europe Jews and medicine after spread of See also Plague

  Black Hole of Calcutta

  Black Prince. See Edward (Black Prince, England)

  Blacks: slave trade and See also Africa Black Sea region

  Blenheim, battle at

  Blood circulation: Harvey on

  Board of Trade (Britain)

  Boccaccio, Giovanni

  Bodin, Jean

  Boers, in South Africa

  Bohemia Hussites in Ottomans and

  Bohemian phase, of Thirty Years’ War

  Boigne, Comtesse de

  Boleyn, Anne

  Bologna: papacy and poverty in university in

  Bonaparte, Jerome See also Napoleon I

  Bonaparte (France)

  Boniface VIII (Pope)

  Book of Common Prayer

  Book of the City of Ladies, The (Christine de Pizan)

  Book of the Courtier, The (Castiglione)

  Books: Index of Forbidden Books and printing and See also Literature Borders. See Frontiers

  Borgia family: Alexander VI (Pope) and Cesare

  Borodino, battle at

  Bossuet, Jacques

  Bosworth Field, battle at

  Botticelli, Sandro

  Boundaries. See Frontiers

  Bourbon dynasty Habsburgs and in Italy restoration of in Spain Thirty Years’ War and Bourdonnaye, M. de la

  Bourgeois(ie)

  Boyars (Russia)

  Brahe, Tycho

  Bramante, Donato

  Brancacci Chapel

  Brandenburg

  Brandenburg-Prussia

  Brazil

  Bremen

  Breteuil, baron de

  Brétigny, Peace of

  Britain. See England (Britain)

  British: use of term

  British East India Company

  British Empire

  Brothels

  Brothers of the Common Life

  Bruges

  Brunelleschi, Filippo

  Bruni, Leonardo

  Bruno, Giordano

  Bubonic plague. See Black Death Plague

  Bucer, Martin

  Bulgaria: Ottomans in

  Bullion

  Burckhardt, Jacob

  Bureaucracy: in Austria in 18th century in France military in Prussia

  Burghers See also Bourgeois(ie)

  Burgundy, duke of

  Burgundy and Burgundians

  Burma (Myanmar)

  Bute (Lord)

  Byzantine Empire: Ottoman conquest of plague in See also Eastern Orthodoxy

  Cabinet system: in Britain

  Cabot, John

  Cabral, Pedro

  Caffa: plague and

  Cahiers de doléances

  Calais

  Calas, Jean, Voltaire and

  Calcutta

  Calendar: of Maya in revolutionary France

  Calicut

  California: missions in

  Calonne, Charles de

  Calvin, John, and Calvinism in 18th century Huguenots and in Netherlands Puritans and

  Cambodia

  Canada: England and France and French and Indian War and

  Candide (Voltaire)

  Cane sugar. See Sugar plantations

  Cannons

  Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)

  Canton, China

  Cantons: in Switzerland

  Cape of Good Hope

  Capetian dynasty

  Capitalism: commercial cottage industry and

  Capuchins

  Caraffa, Gian Pietro

  Caravan trade

  Cardinals (church)

  Caribbean region

  Carinthia

  Carlstadt, Andreas

  Carmelite nuns

>   Carniola

  Carnival (festival)

  Cartesian dualism

  Cartier, Jacques

  Castiglione, Baldassare

  Castile

  Catalonia

  Catherine II the Great (Russia)

  Catherine de’ Medici

  Catherine of Aragon (England)

  Catherine of Siena

  Catholic Church: in Asia in Austria Chaucer on in colonies Council of Trent and decline of in 18th century in England Erasmus and exploration and by 1560 French Revolution and Galileo and Great Schism in Habsburgs and in Hungary Indian conversions by in Japan Luther and Napoleon and Peace of Augsburg and in Portugal Reformation and in Renaissance in Spain in Switzerland See also Catholic Reformation Christianity Missions and missionaries Papacy Pope Protestant Reformation Catholic League, of German states

  Catholic Reformation

  Cattle: in Americas

  Cavalier Parliament

  Cavalry: English

  Cavendish, Margaret

  Cecil, William

  Celibacy

  Censorship: in Enlightenment

  Central Africa See also Africa

  Central America See also Latin America specific locations

  Central Asia See also Asia

  Central Europe: absolutism in Calvinism in Jews in power of

  Centralization: in European states in France

  Ceremonies: Protestant

  Cereta, Laura

  Ceylon. See Sri Lanka (Ceylon)

  Charity

  Charles I (England)

  Charles II (England)

  Charles II (Spain)

  Charles III (Spain)

  Charles V (France)

  Charles V (Holy Roman Empire) Aztecs and Henry VIII and Italy and Lutheranism and Ottoman Empire and

  Charles VI (Austria)

  Charles VI (France)

  Charles VII (France)

  Charles VIII (France)

  Charles IX (France)

  Charles X (Sweden)

  Charles XI (Sweden)

  Charles XII (Sweden)

  Charles the Bold (Burgundy)

  Charlotte (wife of Philip of Orléans)

  Charter of the Nobility (Russia) Châtelet, marquise du

  Chaucer, Geoffrey

  Chemistry

  Chennai, India. See Madras

  Childbirth: in Renaissance

  Children: in 18th century in Middle Ages in Renaissance Italy as workers

  Chile

  China: England and Europeans and gunpowder and Jesuits in Portugal and Russia and

  Chocolate

  Cholula people

  Christian II (Denmark)

  Christian III (Denmark)

  Christian IV (Denmark)

  Christian V (Denmark)

  Christian VII (Denmark)

 

‹ Prev