The Third Reich in Power
Page 119
Three Little Pigs, The (Disney cartoon)
Thuringia
Thyssen, Fritz
Tietz, Hermann
Tietz, Leonard
Tietz, Oscar
Tietz, Ursula
Times, The (London)
Tobis, film company
Todt, Fritz
Toscanini, Arturo
tourism, commercial; see also Strength Through Joy
trade
Trade Treaty Association
trade unions
brownshirts raid trade union offices
arrests
loyalists
Social Democratic-oriented
takeover by Nazi Labour Front
and Ley
tramps
transport; see also motorways; railway system
Trapp, Max
treasury bonds
Tremel-Eggert, Kuni
Treuchtlingen
Trier
Triumph of the Will (film)
Troost, Paul Ludwig
Trossingen, Swabia
Trott zu Solz, Adam von
Trunk, Hans
Trustees of Labour
Trustees of Labour, Law on
Tschirschky-Bogendorf, Günther
tubal ligation
Turkey
UFA film company
Ukraine
Ulbricht, Walter
Ullstein Publishing Company
unemployed, the (‘work-shy’)
unemployment
fall in
Unemployment Insurance and Jobs, Reich Office for
Ungewitter, Richard
United States of America
Krebs emigrates to
Hindemith emigrates
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Hitler envisages titanic clash with
compulsory sterilization in
compulsory castration
Jewish immigrants
Jews to be held hostage to deter USA from entering war
United Steelworks
Universal, film company
universities
decline of German universities,
Untermassfeld prison
Uruguay
vagrants
Valtin, Jan see Krebs, Richard
van der Lubbe, Marinus
Van Gogh, Vincent
Vatican ; see also Papacy
Veldenstein Castle
Venezuela
Venice
Venice Film festival
Verdi, Giuseppe
Versailles, Treaty of (1919)
restrictions
repudiation of
nationalist resentment
Niemöller rejects
disarmament clauses
international sympathy for revision of
German pride in wiping out
veterinary surgeons
Veterinary Surgeons, Reich Association of German
Vienna
Viernstein, Theodor
village communities
Vlaminck, Maurice
Vogelsang Castle
Volkswagen (People’s Car; previously ‘Strength Through Joy car’)
Voluntary Labour Service
Vossian Newspaper (Vossische Zeitung)
Vulkan shipyard, Stettin
Wäckerle, Hilmar, camp commandant
wages
Wagner, Adolf
Wagner, Cosima
Wagner, Gerhard
Wagner, Richard
Wagner, Senator Robert
Wagner, Siegfried
Wagner, Winifred
Wahnfried House, Bayreuth
Walter, Bruno
Wandervogel
Wanne-Eickel
Wannsee
War, Reich Ministry of
Warburg, Frederic
Warburg, Max
Warnemünde
Warner Brothers, film company
Wartenburg, Count Peter Yorck von
Washington, D.C.
Webern, Anton von
Wedekind, Frank
Weekly Review (Wochenschau)
Weill, Kurt: Threepenny Opera
Weimar Republic
Germany’s first attempt at democracy
creation of
constitution
Reich President
and Versailles
Jews in
prison service
political police
cinema
radio
Nazi songs and verses in
workers’ theatre movement
Expressionism
Strauss condemns
antisemitism
conflicts
Niemöller opposes
education
Stark and
and history
housing
inflation and unemployment
class antagonisms and hostilities
labour policy
popular culture
welfare system
and homosexuality
Weiss, Wilhelm
Weizsäcker, Ernst von
welfare system see also social welfare
Wenger, Alois
Werner, Paul
Wertheim, Abraham
Wertheim, Georg
Wertheim, Ida
Wertheim department stores
Wessel, Horst
West German Observer (Westdeutscher Beobachter)
West Wall (Siegfried Line)
Westerplatte (Danzig)
Westheim, Paul
Westphalia
white-collar workers see middle class
Wildenstein, Daniel (art dealer)
Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany
Wilhelm, Kaiser
birthday celebration
Wilhelm, Prince of Hesse
Wilmersdorf
Wilson, President Woodrow
Wilson, Sir Horace
Windsor, Duke and Duchess of
Winter Aid Programme of the German People
Wisliceny, Dieter
Wismar
Witzleben, Major-General Erwin von
Wöhrmeier, Mayor
Wolf, Netter and Jacobi company
Wolfen
Wolfenbüttel gaol
Wolff, Otto
Wolff’s Telegraph Office
Wollheim, Gerd
women
education
suffrage
expected to stay at home
in the labour supply
and Strength Through Joy
mothers for the Reich
Woolworth’s
working class
Nazi Party members
Heckert on
and denunciations
intimidation of
see also Communist Party of Germany
‘work-shy’ see unemployed
World Stage, The (Die Weltühne)
Woyrsch, Udo von
Wurm, Bishop Theophil
Wurttemberg
Württemberg-Hohenzollern
Würzburg
Young Plan
Yugoslavia
Ziegler, Adolf
Ziegler, Hans Severus
Ziegler, Wilhelm
Zillig, Winfried
Zionism
Zöberlein, Hans
Zurich
Zweig, Arnold
Zweig, Stefan
Zwickau
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1. Hitler keeps the workers at a safe distance: speaking at the Mayday celebrations on the Tempelhof field in Berlin, 1935, the Nazi leader is protected by a security cordon of SS bodyguards.
2. Brownshirt leader Ernst Röhm, posing as a bureaucrat, seated at his desk at home in 1933. The artwork on the wall behind him gives a good idea of his taste.
3. Heinrich Himmler, Reich Leader of the SS, tries his skill with a pistol at the police shooting range in Berlin-Wannsee in 1934.
4. Hitler taking the salute at a march-past of the Order Police during the Nuremberg Party Rally in September 1937.
5. Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SS Security Service, poses for a portrait photo.
6. Prisoners of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, reserved especially for ‘asocials’ and ‘criminals’, working at the quarry that supplied stones for Albert Speer’s public buildings.
7. Leni Riefenstahl tries out a camera angle for her film Triumph of the Will at the Nuremberg Party Rally in 1934.
8. ‘The whole of Germany hears the Leader with the People’s Receiver’: advertisement for cheap radio sets that could only receive broadcasts from domestic stations.
9. Actor Emil Jannings (right) towers over ‘the little doctor’, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels (left), during a break at the Salzburg Festival in 1938.
10. Ernst Barlach’s Magdeburg War Memorial, 1929; it was removed from display in the Cathedral by the Nazis as unpatriotic.
11. The preferred style of Nazi art: Arno Breker’s ‘Readiness’, shown at the Great German Art Exhibition in 1938.
12. Albert Speer’s German pavilion at the Paris World Exposition in 1937; it was likened by one critic to a crematorium and its chimney.
13. ‘Degenerate Music: A Reckoning by State Counsellor Dr H. S. Ziegler’. Front cover of the booklet accompanying the exhibition, attempting to portray jazz as both Jewish and black, and therefore racially degenerate, the exhibition was not a success.
14. Monsignor Caccia Dominioni, the Papal Maestro di Camera, flanked by German and Vatican officials, about to take Hermann Göring into an audience with Pope Pius XI on 12 April 1933, as part of negotiations for the Concordat.
15. ‘Adolf Hitler’s Young People enrol in the Non-Denominational School’. Placard urging parents to take their children out of Church-run education.
16. ‘If all young Germans looked like this, we would have no need to fear for the future.’ Children in a primary school class in 1939.
17. Education Minister Bernhard Rust, photographed on 3 August 1935, attempting in vain to look decisive.
18. ‘Young People serve the Leader: All ten-year-olds into the Hitler Youth.’ The Party intensifies its campaign to make all young Germans join the organization, 1936.
19. Hitler Youth camp in Nuremberg, 8 August 1934: the vast scale and military organization of such camps did not satisfy young people looking for freedom, adventure, communion with nature, and other traditional goals of the youth movement.
20. The modernism of the Autobahn: a motorway bridge in the 1930S.
21. Fritz Todt, the Nazis’ chief engineer, rewards workers on the West Wall fortifications. Many workers were drafted into the project against their will.
22.The Daimler-Benz automobile company boasts of its success under the Third Reich, 1936.
23. ‘Your Strength Through Joy car’: a young German couple, the man at the wheel, going for a spin in a Volkswagen beetle, built by Ferdinand Porsche from an original design by Adolf Hitler.
In fact, no production models came off the assembly-line until after the war.
24. ‘If this happened, one would not have to fear any measures of self-defence on the part of Germany.’ Cartoon in a once-independent satirical magazine, 11 March 1934, designed to advertise Germany’s defensive weakness but also testifying to widespread fears about the effects of aerial bombardment.
25. ‘A people helps itself: Gertrud’s understood it.’ A family eating the obligatory Sunday stew or ‘one-pot meal’, as shown in a school reading primer in 1939.
26. The hall at Hermann Göring’s modest rural hunting-lodge, Carinhall.
27. The ideal of peasant family life: ‘Harvest’, by Karl Alexander Flügel, shown at the Great German Art Exhibition in 1938.
28. Workers refuse to conform: clad in traditional full-dress uniforms, the coalminers at Penzberg, in Bavaria, show their disdain for Nazi ceremonial by failing to render the Hitler salute in the approved manner; a formation of Hitler Youth near the back shows how it should be done, but the miners pay no attention.
29. ‘Here you are sharing the load. A hereditarily sick person costs on average 50,000 Reichsmarks up to the age of 60.’ A poster of 1935 shows a healthy German bearing the burden of keeping the mentally ill in institutions such as the one in the background. Such propaganda aimed to persuade people of the need to sterilize the mentally handicapped, and eventually to kill them.
30. ‘The decline in marital fertility: of married women aged 15-4 5 , every third one had a live-born child in 1900, every fourth in 1910, every seventh in 1925, and every eighth in 1930.’ Propaganda illustration from 1933, urging Germans to have more children.
31. Parading of a couple accused of ‘race defilement’: the placard around the woman’s neck reads: ‘I am the biggest swine in town and choose/only ever to go with Jews.’ The man’s placard reads: ‘As a Jewish boy I’m always sure/to let only German girls through my door.’ Such scenes, staged by brownshirts like those in the background, were commonplace before the passage of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935.
32. Racial research in a Gypsy camp in 1933: Eva Justin, an assistant of Robert Ritter, the leading Nazi expert in the field, measures a woman’s head as part of a survey of the supposed racial characteristics of the Gypsies.
33. ‘Jews enter the place at their own peril!’ Banner over the road leading to Rottach-Egern, on Lake Tegern, in Bavaria, in 1935. Many towns and villages put up similar notices around this time, removing them for a while in 1936 to avoid bad publicity during the Winter and Summer Olympic Games.
34. The morning after the pogrom of the ‘Reich Night of Broken Glass’, 10 November 1938: a passer-by surveys the damage to a Jewish-owned shop in Berlin while the owners try to clear up the mess.
35. Hitler’s deputy Rudolf Hess, on the right, with his increasingly influential subordinate Martin Bormann, in Berlin, 1935.
36. The aftermath of the Saarland plebiscite, 1935: children give the Nazi salute beneath a canopy of swastikas.
37. Rhinelanders greet the German army as it enters the demilitarized zone on 7 March 1936. Amidst the rejoicing, some of them are rendering the Nazi salute.
38. Members of the Condor Legion at Gijo harbour, leaving Spain on their way to Germany, 3 June 1939, after successfully intervening on behalf of Generalissimo Franco in the civil war.
39. A German soldier is overwhelmed by the euphoric welcome given to his armoured car unit by Austrian girls when it reaches Vienna, 21 March 1938.
40. The other side of the picture: Viennese Jews are forced to scrub pro-Austrian graffiti off the street in March 1938, in front of cheering crowds, including many children.
41. The handshake that sealed the fate of Poland: Stalin and Ribbentrop agree on the country’s partition on 24 August 1939. Ten days later, the Second World War began.