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INDEX
Note: Figures, maps, and tables are indicated by f, m, and t, respectively, following page numbers. Definitions of key terms are indicated by page numbers in bold type.
Academy, 247, 282
accountability, 164, 167, 174
Acemoglu, Daron, 5
Achaea, 242
Achaean League, 274, 308–9
Acharnai, 162
Ada, 298
Aegean Greek world, 225m, 265m
Aegina, 198
Aeneas “the Tactician,” 249, 287, 326
Aeschylus, 206
Aetolia, 242
Aetolian League, 308–9
Agathocles, 300–301
Age of Expansion, 132–37, 134m
Agesilaus, 229
aggregate growth, 81–84, 98
aggregate welfare, 115
Agis III, King of Sparta, 299
agriculture: climatic conditions for, 25, 27; as factor in emergence of democracy, 333n8; Mediterranean triad, 27, 44
Aigeai, 267
Aigina, 37, 146
Aigospotamoi, battle of, 222
Akragas, 176, 178, 180, 183–84, 218
Alcibiades, 217–19, 221
Alcmaeonids, 160, 197
Alexander I, 267
Alexander III, “the Great,” 19, 56; Aristotle as tutor of, 264, 282–83, 290; and coinage, 270–71; death of, 261, 299; Greek campaign of, 278; leadership of, 264, 289; Persia defeated by, 261, 297–99; wounding of, 297
Alexander of Pherai, 238, 262, 263, 268
Allen, Danielle, 68
alphabet, 130, 132
altruistic punishment, 68
amateurism, in governance, 17–18, 251
American Founders, 162, 225
Amphipolis, 205, 238, 239, 269–70
Amyntas III, King of Macedon, 282
Anatolia: under Alexander the Great, 297–98; under Persia, 224, 230, 238, 258–60; settlement of, 126; under Sparta, 224
Anaxagoras, 206
animals, social behavior of, 47
Antigonus “the One-Eyed,” 301
Antipater, 299
ants: amorality of, 52; as analogy for classical Greece, 21, 26, 55, 57, 61–66; decentralized cooperation in, 45, 49; Hobbes on, 58; information exchange among, 61, 63–64; non-specialization in, 31; organized behavior of, 61–67
Aphidna, 162
approvers, of coinage at Athens, 246, 249, 251
arbitration, third-party, 305
Arcadia, 33, 143
Archaic period, 132
architecture, 29, 204–5, 226. See also houses
Areopagus council, 166, 197
Argos, 144, 230
Aristeides, 195
aristocracy, as regime type, 40
Aristogeiton, 159
Aristophanes, 205, 206
Aristotle: as Alexander’s tutor, 264, 282–83, 290; on Carthage, 241; on collective social action, 46–53, 66; father-in-law/patron of, 262; and Hellenistic political conditions, 312–13; Hobbes on, 58; as natural and social scientist, 47; Philip II’s rule and the philosophy of, 290–91; on political regimes, 40, 290, 311–13, 325–26; Politics, 40, 47–53, 283, 290, 301, 311–13; school founded by, 226, 247; on Sparta, 231, 357n16; on walled cities, 43
Artaxerxes II, 227–29, 258
Artemis, 144
Artemisia II, 262
artillery, 226
assembly, Athenian, 95, 168, 233
Athena, 144, 198
Athenian empire, 37, 56, 195m; benefits of belonging to, 201–4; economics of, 203–6; end of, 222; establishment of, 194–96; governance of, 199, 206; ideology of, 199–200; institutions in, 119; overview of, 198–202; Persian Empire compared to, 199, 354n15; rent extraction in, 108; tensions in, 215; threats presented by, 209–12; Thucydides on, 208–12. See also Peloponnesian War
Athenian Naval League, 230, 237, 239–40
Athenian Tribute Lists, 198, 202
Athens: access to information in, 116–17; advantages of, 123; anti-Persian strategy of, 193–96; assembly, 95, 168, 233; in Bronze Age, 125–26; citizen-centered government in, 150–51; citizenship in, 123, 149–51, 162, 164, 200; civic culture in, 232–36; Cleisthenes’ reforms in, 162, 164, 170–71, 175, 221, 289; coinage in, 204, 246, 249–50, 285; and colonization, 41, 145, 205; conflicts involving, 69; Council of 500, 164–67, 234; courts, 168; cults in, 144; culture of, 206, 226; debt cancellation in, 149; demes of, 162, 163t, 170; democracy in, 162–66, 197, 208–9, 226, 232–33, 300, 302–3; democracy promoted by, 201; development of, 132; economy of, 124, 303; elites in, 197, 235–36; emulation of, 252, 281, 303–4; equality in, 150–51, 214–15; expertise in, 248; financing of, 249–50; flexibility and versatility as characteristic of, 210–11, 214–15; in fourth century, 224, 232–40; Golden Age, 206; governance of, 250–52; in Hellenistic period, 302–5; income classes in, 151; infantry of, 166, 168, 214–15; influence and prominence of, 37, 144, 210–12; institutions of, 232–36, 243–47, 303–4; land area of, 33, 144; laws in, 148, 158, 233; living standards in, 97; Macedonia challenged by, 299–300; mass audiences in, 234–36; as model for city-state, 155; myth of shared ancestry, 67; navy of, 168–69, 192–93, 206, 214, 221–22, 305; oligarchy in, 221, 300; after Peloponnesian War, 229–30; Persian peace agreement with, 198; Philip II of Macedon and, 239–40, 271–76; plague in, 213, 355n48; political structure of, 162, 164–66; political transformations in, 160–62, 197; population of, 7, 144, 205, 278; pottery produced in, 158; public speaking and politics in, 171–74, 234–36, 249; revenuegenerating practices of, 244; rule egalitarianism in, 151; as sea power, 31; in seventh and sixth centuries, 144–53; Sicilian conflict with, 217–20; size of, 7, 33, 37; social and political development in early, 146–48; social crisis in, 124; Solonian reforms in, 124, 148–53, 161, 289; Sparta compared to, 210–11, 211t; Spartan conflicts with, 160, 166, 196–98, 210–17; specialization in, 124; state performance of, 166–67, 170–75, 247, 248–52; state spending and income in, 245t, 251–52; as superpolis, 169, 196, 208; Syracusan conflict with, 217–20; Syracuse compared to, 157, 186–88, 220; the Thirty in, 228, 231, 232–33; threats to, 159; and trade, 152–53, 201, 237–38, 244–47; tribes of, 164, 165f, 170–71; tyranny in, 153, 158–60; wages in, 95, 205, 303; wealth and income distribution in, 90–91, 92t, 93f, 96–98, 97t; wheat wages in, 96t. See also Athenian empire; Peloponnesian War
Attica, 144–45, 145m, 150, 162
Austin, M. M., 301
authority, 55–57; centralized vs. dispersed, 7–11; of citizens, 16–18; cooperation and, 8; in democracy, 10; in Greek state system, 7–11. See also centralized authority; decentralized cooperation
barbarians, 29, 241, 259, 267, 305
barley, 27, 29, 152
Baumol, William, 117
bees, 49, 54, 58, 335n7
Beloch, J. K., 81
Bentham, Jeremy, 349n33
Bintliff, John, 5
biomimicry, 21
birds, collective behavior of, 45, 61
Black Sea, 22, 241
Blockmans, Wim, 364n29
Boeotia, 145m, 162, 166, 198, 229–32, 237
Boeotian League, 237, 242, 276, 308
border cult, 144
Brasidas, 215
Brauron, 144
Bresson, Alain, 88, 304
Bronze Age, 124–26, 129. See also Late Bronze Age
building. See architecture
burial practices, 146
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 1–2, 206, 293
Byzantine empire, 296
Byzantion, 239, 274, 288, 309
cabotage, 203
Callisthenes, 283
Callistratus, 284–85
Camarina, 178–79
Canada, 90
Caria, 238, 259
carrying capacity, agricultural, 86, 133
Carthage and Carthaginians: competition and predation from, 27; dynamic and expansionist city-state, 159; land area occupied by, 26, 27; political regime of, 56; Sicily vs., 180, 253–57, 263; Syracuse vs., 180
Cartledge, Paul, 102
cascade, behavioral, 46, 167, 196, 211, 218, 220, 307
catapults, 226, 253, 287–88, 298
cavalry, 28, 106, 159, 212–13, 268–69, 286
centralized authority, 7–11; in Bronze Age, 124–26; collective social action under, 58–60; in Egypt, 55; in Hellenistic world, 310–14; Hobbes on, 58–60; Philip II of Macedon and, 279–80, 291; and specialization, 14–15, 17, 344n24
Cephalus, 256
Chaeronea, battle of, 261, 272, 275–76
Chalkis, 133, 166, 168
Charias, 288
China, contrasted to Greek world, 13, 28, 331n17; Warring States era of, 8, 10
Chios, 154, 239
Choniates, Michael, 72
Cimmerians, 27–28
Cimon, 197
cities. See urbanization
citizen-centered government: in Athens, 166; in classical Greece, 153–54; economic outcomes of, 101–2; emergence of, 131; as factor in efflorescence, 16, 50, 60, 105f; federal leagues as, 242; in Greek states, 11
1; oligarchy and democracy as forms of, 40; public goods produced by, 54; tyranny vs., 40, 60. See also civic culture
citizens and citizenship: in Athens, 123, 149–51, 162, 164, 200; authority of, 16–18, 167, 336n16; federal leagues and, 242; Greek cultural norm of, 182, 200; in Greek states, 153–55, 200; military authority of, 169; in Sicily, 184–85; social and occupational roles of, 31; in Sparta, 123, 143; in Syracuse, 186; wages for public service by, 95. See also Greeks
city planning, 29, 259, 333n11
city-states. See Greek states
civic culture, 16–18; in Athens, 232–36; and economic exceptionalism, 101–2; institutions in relation to, 236. See also citizen-centered government
civic rights, 16–18, 149
civil associations, 246–47
classical Greece: civic culture in, 16–18; decentralized cooperation characteristic of, 56; democracy in, 103, 226; distribution of authority in, 6–11; economy of, 88; exceptional character of, xiv–xix, 1–19, 296; exchange in, 11–14; expansion of, in fourth century, 241; fall of, xviii–xix, 18–19, 261–91; living conditions in, 88–89; living standards in, 70–100; modernity compared to, xv–xvi, 4; non-Greeks in, 41–42; persistence and dissemination of culture of, 4–5, 18–19, 295–97, 315; political institutions in, 16–17; population of, 21–22, 22f, 74, 75f, 81–82; rise of, xviii–xix; specialization in, 11–14; in 338, 278–79; urbanization in, 86–88, 340n34; value of studying, xv–xix, 294, 315. See also efflorescence of classical Greece; Greek states
Cleander, 176
Cleisthenes, and Cleisthenic reforms, 160–62, 164, 175, 197, 224, 289
Cleitus “the Black,” 297
Cleomenes, 160–62
cleruchs, Athenian, 204, 205, 238; cleruchy on Samos, 276, 299, 300
climate, 24–28; exchange linked to, 13–14; microclimates, 106; and social ecology, 104, 106; specialization linked to, 13–14
coinage: in Athenian empire, 204; in Athens, 246, 249–50, 285; city-state production of, 39; Hellenistic, 271; as indicator of state prominence, 35; Macedonian, 270–71, 285; regulation of, 246, 249–50; Spartan avoidance of, 142
coin hoards, 83–84
collective interest, 289–90
collective social action. See cooperation; decentralized cooperation
collective wisdom, 173
colonization: advantages of colonies, 135; Athens and, 41, 145, 205; early, 133; ecology of city-states and, 27; exchanges resulting from, 135; extent of, 41; founder-heroes and, 41; mother cities and, 41; Sparta and, 139
