Sindona Group, 177, 199, 232
Siri, Cardinal Giuseppe, 148, 163, 165, 166, 167, 173, 180, 255, 258, 273–76, 597n
Sistine Chapel, 9, 30, 256n, 335n, 359n, 421, 422, 495, 629n
Sixtus IV, Pope, 536n
60 Minutes, 344, 675n
Slachta, Margit, 97, 568n
Slovakia, 84–87, 124, 561n, 568n
Holocaust in, 97–98
Slovenia, 133, 142
Smith, William French, 335–36, 349
SNIA Viscosa, 158, 160, 170, 180, 595n, 600n
Sobibor concentration camp, 105, 146
Società Finanziaria Telefonica (STET), 158, 176n, 332, 347, 366
Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), 598n, 685n
Sodano, Cardinal Angelo, 374n, 376–77, 379, 401, 408–11, 419, 424, 429–30, 434, 454, 666n, 669n, 678n, 683n
Caloia and, 371–72, 373, 381
interference in sex abuse
investigations by, 372, 411
John Paul II and, 375, 378
Solidarity, 306–8, 309, 310n, 333, 381, 511, 646n
Vatican and, 308–9, 333
Somaliland, 68, 69, 70
Somoza, Anastasio, 288, 309, 598n, 626n
South America, 384
Nazi fugitives in, xi–xii, 384, 386
Sovereign Immunities Act, 409n, 445
Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 371, 493
Soviet Union, 59n, 60, 105, 132, 141–42, 151, 157, 172, 181, 278, 304–6, 307, 308, 310n, 537n, 559n, 564n, 573n, 578n, 589n, 645n
Eastern Europe controlled by, 142
in German nonaggression pact, 85
Nazi invasion of, 88, 90, 96
Pius XII’s fears about, 142
see also Cold War; Russia
Spada, Massimo, 156, 158, 166, 167, 169, 170–71, 165, 176, 177, 181, 185, 187, 197, 206, 232, 333, 360, 548n, 554n, 557n, 577n, 599n, 604n, 643n, 657n
Spain, 32, 125n, 136, 141, 248, 437
Spatola, Vincenzo, 294, 295
Spatola family, 370, 377
Special Administration of the Holy See (ASSS), 52, 83, 111, 157, 160, 162, 167, 172, 182–84, 194, 548n, 605n, 607n
Caneli as head of, 155–56
holding companies used to hide transactions by, 57
tax exemptions of, 182
Spellman, Francis, 81, 108n, 114, 151, 153, 158, 165, 166, 167, 181, 198, 250, 558n–59n, 589n, 594, 598n, 610n
death of, 193
fundraising abilities of, 193–94
on John XXIII, 165
Paul VI and, 173–74
Pius XII’s relationship with, 81
rumored homosexuality of, 558–559n
Vatican and, 152, 162–63, 172–73
Spellman Foundation, see Cardinal Francis Spellman Foundation
SS (Schutzstaffel), 91, 100, 104, 129, 131, 133, 144, 146, 148n, 576n, 603n
Catholics in, 66, 67
Stalin, Joseph, 62, 85, 88, 141–42
Stampa, Ingrid, 433, 436, 460, 465
Stampa, La, 331, 460, 479, 480, 635n
Stangl, Franz, 146–47
Stans, Maurice, 206, 615n
State Department, U.S., 114, 129n, 151, 240, 334, 384, 391, 408, 426, 428, 430, 435, 472, 574n, 588n, 593n, 619n, 659n
Steinberg, Elan, 387, 389, 393, 394n, 669n
Stephen II, Pope, 633n
Stepinac, Alojzije, 87, 91–92, 98, 144, 384–85, 390, 562n, 564n, 568n, 589n
Stevens, Franzo Grande, 373–74, 379, 482
Sua Santità: Le carte segrete di Benedetto XVI (His Holiness: The Scret Papers of Benedict XVI; Nuzzi), 473–74
Sudameris, 57, 116, 127, 156, 575n
Sulfina, Michele, 129
Sullivan and Cromwell, 131–32, 584n
Sunday Times (London), 421, 422
Suprafin S.p.A., 206, 343, 615n
Supreme Court, U.S., 307, 409n, 682n
Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests (SNAP), 399, 403
Swiss Guards, 14, 100, 226, 464, 597n
Switzerland, 42, 57, 86, 106, 112, 113, 119, 124, 129, 131, 132n, 135, 139, 141, 200, 223, 229, 236, 238, 297, 318, 338, 370, 392, 394, 414, 489, 583n, 588n
class action lawsuit against banks in, 383–84, 389
stolen Jewish assets in, 383–84
World War II archives released by, 390–91
Syria, 146, 147, 221, 305n
Szoka, Cardinal Casimir, 378, 397, 673n
Tacchi Venturi, Pietro, 45, 47–48, 75, 99, 463, 545n, 546n
Talcott National, 224, 227
Tamarro, Richard, 211, 213–18, 617n
Tardini, Cardinal Domenico, 52, 81, 87, 88, 93, 95, 108n, 142, 143, 149–50, 157, 163, 164n, 569n, 592n, 595n
Taylor, Myron, 71n, 92, 93, 97, 115, 116n, 142, 152, 565n, 569n, 588n, 593n
Teresa, Mother, 355, 661n
terrorism, 167, 200n, 248–49, 253, 279, 287, 292
Tescaroli, Luca, 468–69
Tettamanzi, Cardinal Dionigi, 412, 418, 423, 455
Thatcher, Margaret, 279, 305, 417
Thavis, Dick, 432, 684n
Theodore II, Pope, 633n
Thief in the Night, A (Cornwell), 273n
Time, 159, 177, 187, 198, 499, 578n, 603n
Tisch, Laurence, 204–5, 614n
Tiso, Jozef, 84–85, 87, 568n
Tisserant, Cardinal Eugène, 75, 85, 154, 165, 212, 213, 597n, 617n
Tito, Josip Broz, 140, 142, 146n, 148–49
Tittmann, Harold, 97, 114–15, 565n
Tondini, Amleto, 168–69
Tosches, Nick, 182n, 243n, 320, 601n, 603n, 613n, 642n
Trading with the Enemy Act, 573n, 574n
Treasury Department, U.S., 71, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 124–25, 127, 132n, 157, 210, 384, 457, 576n, 585n
Treblinka concentration camp, 105, 146
Tripartite Gold Commission, 386, 389
Truman, Harry, 151, 152, 279, 593n
Tulli, Massimo, 506, 507
Turin, Italy, 213, 214
Turkey, 37, 42n, 50–51, 113, 127, 164, 304, 305, 433, 684n
Twitter, 428, 498, 500
Ukraine, 92, 104
Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), 52, 57, 119, 232, 235n, 243, 300, 332, 338, 347, 362, 615n, 668n, 670n
United Nations, 69, 96, 315, 316, 427, 467, 644n, 648n
Committee on the Rights of the Child of (CRC), 501
Congress on Economic and Social Issues of, 414
Food and Agriculture Organization of, 68n
Monetary and Financial Conference of, 585n
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 68n
War Crimes Prosecutor at the Hague of, 427
United States, 56, 70, 71, 76, 82, 95, 106, 107, 117, 119, 120–21, 126–27, 129n, 131, 135–37, 139–41, 143, 145, 147, 150–52, 157, 159n, 180, 181, 189, 190, 194, 208–9, 218, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230–31, 232, 234–35, 236, 240, 241, 247, 250, 280, 285, 290, 305, 307–8, 334–35, 351, 352, 359n, 360n, 363–64, 385, 387, 390, 400–409, 414, 416, 426, 437, 470, 554n, 571n, 574n, 576n, 577n, 581n, 583n, 589n, 615n, 646n
Catholic Church in, see Catholic Church, American
financial blacklists of, 113, 115, 116, 124–25
Great Depression in, 55, 549n
housing bubble (2006) in, 437
Marcinkus as Vatican source to, 334–35
Paul VI’s visit to, 193
press in, 208
Sindona’s investments in, 204–5
stock market crash in, 53, 54
Vatican gold reserves transferred to, 57, 112, 113, 130
Vatican relations with, 306–8, 310n, 349
Vatican view as puritanical, 401
in Vietnam War, 200, 264, 587n
in World War I, 42
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 378, 397, 568n, 591n
United Trading Corporation, 235n, 240, 243, 288, 313, 319, 343, 624n–25n, 627n, 639n
Marcinkus investments into, 239–240, 624–625n
Untouchables, The (Gli Intoccabili),
467–69
Urban II, Pope, 9, 534n
Urban VI, Pope, 596n
Urban VII, Pope, 633n
Ursi, Carrado, 273, 275
Uruguay, 92, 379
Ustaša, 87–88, 90, 390, 562n, 563n, 564n, 566n, 587n, 588n, 590n, 591n, 592n
gold looted by, 384, 391, 672n
as war criminals, 139–41, 143, 145–46, 148–50, 392
Vagnozzi, Cardinal Egidio, 184–85, 188, 213, 233–34, 605n–7n, 624n
Vatican:
Abwehr agents in, 133–34
AIF and, 451–52
Ambrosiano bailout and, 288
Ambrosiano collapse and, 339, 342, 344, 346
American Church loan requests by, 40–41, 43, 46–47, 55, 544n
Antonelli’s financial reform of, 16–17
Bank of Rome investment of, 36–37, 40, 45, 53
Biblical Commission of, 34–35
Bigelow memo and, 384–85
bonds issued by, 17, 19
budget deficit of, 234, 342–43, 359–60, 437
budget of, 437, 624n
bureaucracy of, 370
Calvi and, 303, 326
Casaroli as overseer of finances of, 327
Central Powers’ connections to, 41–42
CIA covert aid to, 153
Cipriani’s resignation from, 506
crisis management of, 340, 480
Croatia and, 87–90, 387, 389, 391, 427
debt of, 26–27
declaring of cash required on entrance into, 456–57
dioceses’ finances as independent from, 406–7
divestment of Italian company holdings by, 187–88
dividend tax and, 182–83, 185
downplaying wealth of, 188, 233–234
Draganović and, 140, 148–49
effect of political and social upheaval on finances of, 11, 15
effect of World War I on finances of, 40, 43
1887 real estate crash and, 28–29
Ernesto Pacelli as financial advisor to, 29, 35, 125
euro and, 443–44, 451, 456, 457
European Union and, 443–45, 447, 451, 458
exempted from U.S. financial blacklists, 113, 115
finances of, 261, 295–96, 321, 327, 334, 354, 378, 459, 607n, 612n
financial ramification of sex abuse scandal for, 406–9
foreign bank investments of, 57–58, 116–17
Generali stake of, 122, 124, 125
gold of, 112, 359
gold reserves transferred to U.S. by, 57, 112, 113, 130
Great Depression and, 55–61
Hitler validated by, 65
Holocaust restitution claims and, 284–94, 398, 423, 426, 482
Holy Year revenue for, 343, 348
indulgences sold by, 9–11, 14–15
interest-bearing loans issued by, 27
Italian fascists endorsed by, 49
Italian investments of, 58–59, 70, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 185–86
Italy’s relations with, 28, 29, 36, 41, 47, 68, 100, 114, 182, 342, 345–49, 352–53, 354–55, 356–58, 377, 382, 444n, 447–49
labor unions in, 354, 599n
Lateran Pacts as financial windfall for, 48–49, 50, 52, 121, 349
leaks in, see Vatileaks scandal
and London conference on stolen Holocaust assets, 386–88
Monetary Convention signed by, 443–44, 445, 447, 448, 451
money laundering by, 472
money laundering laws and, 445, 447, 451, 452
Moneyval and, 456, 457, 460
Mussolini’s partnership with, 60–61
Nazi fugitives aided by, 150–51
Nazi Germany and, 62–68, 72, 75, 76–77, 80, 82, 88, 90–91, 110, 551n
Nazi gold and, 384, 387, 388
nepotism and corruption in, 10–11, 356n, 458
1960 Olympics and, 167, 186
Nogara’s diversification of assets of, 53, 57–58, 111–12
OECD’s white list and, 444, 445, 447, 448, 456, 457
OSS agents in, 135
overlapping financial bureaucracies of, 184–85
Philadelphia Diocese audit of, 280–82
Pius XI’s bequest to, 26
press and, 183, 340, 385, 452, 605n
public relations of, 341, 448–49, 478, 479, 480
ratlines and, 145–46, 384
real estate investments of, 183–84, 598n
in refusal to allow author access to the Secret Archives, 128
in refusal to release World War II archives, 391, 392, 393
regional banks opened by, 30
Rothschilds and, 12–13, 15, 44
sale of Banca Cattolica and, 290
Secret Archives of, xiii, 76, 98, 104n, 112n, 120, 128, 256, 260, 386–90, 393, 553n, 560n, 577n, 635n
Sindona’s U.S. trial and, 297, 298–99
Solidarity and, 308–9
sovereignty of, 113, 358, 368, 449, 453, 457, 458
Soviet resistance movement and, 306–7
Spellman and, 152, 162–63, 172–73
taxes and fees levied by, 8, 9, 15, 16
top ranking cutout country, 414–415
U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child ratified by, 501
U.S. investments of, 71
U.S. relations with, 306–8, 310n, 349
Viganò’s reform efforts and, 467–68, 469
wealth of, 233–34
see also Catholic Church
Vatican Asset Management, 512
Vatican Bank, 669n, 670n, 672n, 682n, 686n, 687n–88n, 696n, 700n
Allen Dulles and, 131–32
Ambrosiano and, 203, 286, 288, 297, 300, 309, 312–14, 317, 318–19, 322, 323, 325, 330–31, 332, 338, 348, 357, 363
Ambrosiano collapse and, 343, 348, 352
Ambrosiano creditor banks repaid by, 346, 348, 353–54, 357, 366, 379
Ambrosiano shares owned by, 236–37, 328, 336
Ambrosiano’s indemnity letter for, 319–20, 321, 327–28
anticommunism and, 279
and Banca Cattolica deal, 207
Banca Unione investments of, 350
bank accounts for wealthy Italians in, 182n, 370, 374
Bank of Italy and, 447–48
Benedict XVI and, 511
Bertone’s attempted reform of, 442
Caloia as chairman of, 362, 365–72, 378–80, 381, 383, 392, 396–98, 413, 414, 430–31, 438
Caloia’s attempted reform of, 366, 376, 381–82, 398, 413, 438, 440
Calvi’s partnerships with, 226, 236–37, 238–40, 242, 243–44, 312, 320, 338–39, 343, 344, 345, 352, 440
cash reserves of, 416
charter of, 117, 362
Cisalpine and, 201, 296
class action lawsuit against, 391–92, 394, 445–46, 449n
commission of cardinals’ monitoring of, 359, 360
confidentiality at, 376
counterfeit securities ring and, 212–13
creation of, 117–18, 128
Credit Suisse gold in exchange for cash from, 309
criminal investigation of, 338
De Bonis’s influence at, 367–68, 371, 372, 375, 439, 440
di Jorio as overseer of, 163, 167
Enimont scandal and, 373, 377, 379, 380, 381, 450
EU money-laundering standards and, 467, 468, 473, 481, 483, 484, 508
European Union and, 444, 445, 450, 451
fake Vatican Bank foundation accounts at, 366–69, 374
FATF and, 380, 450
FBI investigation of, 284–85
files routinely destroyed by, 118, 120
financial consulting firms hired by, 509
financial fraud indictments of, 414–15
Francis’s reform of, 503, 504, 505, 509–13
Franssu as president of, 511–12
Freyberg as president of, 493, 504
global financial recession and, 438
Gotti Tedeschi as head of, 442, 443, 445, 446, 448, 449–50, 455, 456, 4
72–73, 474–75
illegal profits made by, 208–9
as independent from Prefecture, 184
internal documents released by, 344
investment function stripped from, 512
Italian election slush fund of, 153
Italian investigation into, 286, 344–45, 374–77
Italian investments of, 157–58, 160, 171, 176, 177, 179–80, 181–82, 187–88
John Paul II and, 510–11
letters of patronage given to Calvi by, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 339, 344, 348
loans made by, 325, 326, 327, 347, 350, 379–80
looted Croatian gold deposited in, 140, 387, 391
Lumen Christi account in, 379–80
Mafia and, 382, 468, 600n
Marcinkus as head of, 197–201, 249–50, 257, 258, 260, 261, 286, 325, 339, 342, 347, 354–56, 369–70, 377, 440
Marcinkus’s appointment to, 194–95
Mennini as responsible for day–to–day operations of, 355–56
money laundering by, 182n–83n, 375–77, 382, 414, 442n, 468, 480, 505–7
money laundering investigation into, 449, 453
Moneyval reviews of, 450, 457, 484–85, 487, 508–9
Nazi cash and gold deposited in, 138, 139, 384, 388, 392, 423, 426, 449n, 482
as offshore bank, 339, 507
Philadelphia Diocese reimbursed by, 282–83
Pioppo as chief cleric of, 430
political bribes paid by, 440
poor image of, 397, 414
postwar economy and, 155
press and, 381, 448–49
profits of, 378
real estate holdings of, 416
Reichsbank and, 119
Revisuisse auditors of, 378
as safe haven for capital, 118
SEC and, 208–9
secrecy of, 444
as separate department, 378
Sindona and, 170, 171, 172, 177, 196, 225, 227, 228, 231–32, 233, 258, 260, 290, 298–99, 301, 351, 440
stock portfolio of, 416
internal documents stolen from, 439, 440
supervisory panel of laymen at, 362–63, 442
systemic problems of, 343–44
as tax haven, 439
in World War II, 120–29, 384
Vatican City, 33, 48, 100, 104, 108, 114, 117, 149, 152, 184, 187, 191, 192, 234, 309, 335n, 345n, 348, 363, 449, 451, 456, 458, 459, 485, 512–13, 558n, 565n, 578n, 632n, 658n, 665n, 667n
budget of, 232, 234, 342–343, 353
credit card crisis in, 488–90
disrepair of, 46
expansion of, 35, 53–54, 548n
Lateran Pacts and, 48
Marcinkus as chief administrator of, 310–11
Pius X’s expansion of, 35–36
Pius XI’s rebuilding of, 53–54
prison of, 548n
size, 48
Vatican Connection, The (Hammer), 335, 337, 617n
Vatican Empire, The (Lo Bello), 612n
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