Spain's Road to Empire
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Araucanian Indians, 116, 119, 124, 139, 239, 256, 304, 347, 363
Arawaks, 43, 85
Araya peninsula, 261
Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de, 223, 510
Arias Montano, Benito, 347, 365
Arica, 262
Armada, Spanish (1588), 170–171, 226, 230, 306–308, 365, 399, 412, 416
armaments for Spanish empire, 7, 151, 167–169, 173, 176, 185, 221, 222, 320, 381, 412, 417, 436, 440, 465, 466, 474, 481
armies of Spanish empire see infantry of Spain; recruitment
arquebuses, 28, 60, 101, 107, 168, 184, 221, 302
Arthur, Tudor prince, 34, 37
artillery, use of, 16, 34, 60, 67, 76, 99, 168, 221, 247, 252, 308, 399, 419
Ascensión, Antonio de la, 231
asiento of slaves, 136, 405, 406, 430–431, 447, 470–471
asientos, financial, 89, 136, 293–295
Asturians in Spanish empire, 17, 141, 248, 335
Asunción, 120, 241, 279, 280
Atahualpa, Inca emperor, 106–108, 110, 113, 145–146, 194, 241, 276, 497–498, 511
murder of, 109
Atjeh, sultan of, 225
Audiencias, 142, 203, 232, 244, 350, 479
Augsburg, 81, 88, 168, 294, 298
Augustinian friars, 144, 233
Australia, identification of, 223, 476
Austria, 50, 64, 82, 311, 317–318, 401, 410, 413, 434, 440, 456, 491; see also Holy Roman Empire
Avila y Zúñiga, Luis de, 80
Avila, Francisco de, 277
ayllus, 99, 362
Ayora, Gonzalo de, 31
Ayora, Juan de, 144
Azores, islands, 11, 49, 265
Babur, Mughal emperor, 221
Baden, treaty of (1714), 448
Bahamas, islands, 41, 83, 170
Bahia, 144, 279, 320, 322, 393, 401
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 85–87, 113, 135, 138, 197, 229
bandeirantes, 279–280
bankers of the Spanish empire, 13, 40, 54, 67, 69, 73, 88–89, 185, 199, 287–288, 381, 404–405, 410, 433, 491
Bantam, sultan of, 421
barangays, 201, 372
Barbados, 315, 427, 431–432
barbarians, defined and identified, 65, 143, 174, 367–368, 375, 382, 506; see also empire
Barbarossa, Khayr al-Din, 32, 57, 63, 67, 70, 72–76
Barbo, Barnabò, 166
Barcelona, 14, 22–23, 27, 42, 63–64, 67, 73, 172, 192, 337, 341, 400–401, 410, 417–418, 443–445, 453–454, 456–457, 488
Barroso, Giovanni, 430
Basel, printers of, 339, 505
Basques in Spanish empire, 13, 23, 34, 36, 38, 49, 51, 108, 134, 141, 170, 199, 201, 230, 248, 290, 337, 348, 351, 393, 396, 397, 398, 416–418, 454, 468, 493, 511
Batavia, 327, 402
Bavaria, 81, 317, 377, 385, 447
Bay, marquis of, 444
Bayard, Chevalier, 26
Baza, city of, 16, 18
Bazán, Alvaro de, 62, 72, 75, 183
Bedmar, marquis of, 324
Belgians in Spanish empire, 120, 166, 170, 297, 311, 316, 318, 321, 323, 325–326, 391–392, 419, 451, 490, 511
Belgium, 55, 307, 312, 313, 321, 324, 411, 510, 511; see also Netherlands, Southern
Benalcázar, Sebastián de, 106, 117–118
Benavides, Admiral Juan de, 328
Benavides, Alonso de, 265
Benzoni, Girolamo, 118
Bergeyck, count of, 451–452
Bering, Vitus, 469
Berlaymont, count of Florent, 319
Bermudas, islands, 264, 315
Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, 386, 398
Berwick, marshal duke of, 444–445, 454
Betanzos, Domingo de, 266
Bilbao, 259, 341, 432
bills of exchange, 40, 70, 185, 293
Bitti, Bernardo, 346
Blackfoot Indians, 467
blacks see Africans
Blake, Admiral Robert, 411
Blancas, Francisco, 503
Blanche of Navarre, Queen, 34
Boabdil, last ruler of Granada, 18, 19
Boccalini, Traiano, 368
Bohemia, 82, 315–318
Bolaños, Luis de, 279
Bologna, 58, 64, 66, 67, 169, 500
book imports to Spain, 340–341
Borneo, 202, 224
Borromeo family, 166
Boscá, Joan, 5
Bosque, Fray Fernando del, 422
Botero, Giovanni, 4, 162, 170, 222, 505
Bougainville, Louis de, 237
Bougie, 32, 77
Bourbon, Charles de, constable of France, 60–61
Brandenburg, 157, 323
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, lord of, 27, 60, 156, 163, 178, 190–191, 487
Brazil, 42, 144, 257, 279–280, 282, 292, 297, 305–306, 320, 328–329, 343–346, 384, 393, 398–399, 402–404, 406, 412, 430, 449
Breda, siege of (1625), 321–323, 397
Breisach, 385, 398, 408
Bruges, 294, 301
Brun, Antoine, 409, 413, 496
Bruneau, Jacques, 325
Brussels, 38, 49–50, 54, 77–78, 81, 88, 90–92, 151–152, 155, 158, 162, 177–180, 186, 191, 299, 301, 313, 318–321, 323–326, 383–385, 387, 407–408, 412, 500, 506, 509
Bubb, George, 450, 471
buccaneers in Caribbean, 258, 427–429
Buckingham, duke of, 315
Bucquoy, Charles Longueval, count of, 316–317
Buenos Aires, 120, 134, 138, 241, 271, 279–283, 290, 304, 345, 403, 470–471
bullion exports to Asia, 449
bullion from New World, 70, 73, 158, 168, 173, 176, 287, 289, 293, 296, 432, 435,493
bullion routes to European states, 433–434, 442, 449, 475
bureaucracy of Spanish empire, 39, 161, 174, 341, 449
Burgos, city of, 35, 37, 39–40, 288–290, 392
Burgos, Laws of (1512), 97
Burgundy, duchy of, 37, 50, 55, 63, 77, 90, 416
business of empire, 8, 13, 40, 54–55, 64, 66, 70, 74, 85, 90, 135, 158–159, 173, 179, 192, 242, 278, 288, 290, 293–298, 309, 313–314, 317–318, 321, 329, 343, 378, 405, 430, 433, 449, 491–493, 508
Bustamante, Fernando de, governor of Philippines, 236
Byng, Admiral Sir George, 443, 453–454
Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 120–121, 244–245, 250
Cabot, Sebastian, 119, 334
Cabral, Francisco, 225
Cabriada, Juan de, 505
Cabrilho, João Rodrigues, 228, 468
caciques, 123, 247, 273, 351
Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de, 463
Cadiz, 16, 23, 40–42, 265, 290, 309, 322, 398, 406, 411, 433, 435–436, 449, 452, 455–456, 476–477, 488, 491
Cajamarca, 95, 107–110, 115, 135, 145–146, 352, 364, 497–498
Calabria, 25–26, 388
California, 211, 228, 230–232, 236, 253, 267, 377, 461, 468–469, 485, 511
Callao, 211, 262–263, 291, 296, 315, 358, 428, 449, 461, 479, 489
calpulli, 99
Calvinists, 177, 179, 186, 190, 249, 259, 313, 317
Cambodia, 226, 327
Cambrai, 416
Cambrai, peace of (1529), 61–62
Cambrai, peace of (1724), 455
Camden, William, 92
Campanella, Tommaso, 162, 285, 388–390
Campillo, José del, 458
Canada, 425–426, 462, 469,481,484
Cañari Indians, 194
Canary Islands, 11, 21, 85, 134, 141, 350, 420, 490, 491
cannon, use of, 16, 28, 76, 107, 111, 166, 168–169, 184, 202, 221–222, 241, 253, 307, 328, 399, 408, 421, 428
Cano, Alonso del, 171, 198–199
Cape of Good Hope, 198, 200, 210, 229, 263
caracoa boats, 222
Carafa, principe of, 166
Cardinal Infante Ferdinand, brother of Philip IV, 385, 396–397, 407
Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy, 382
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br /> Carlos de Chichimecateotl, 275
Carolinas, islands, 420
Carranza, Archbishop Bartolomé de, 368
Cartagena (in Spain), 23, 76
Cartagena de Indias, 117, 122, 134, 137, 142, 240, 243, 258, 260, 290, 298, 349, 355, 358, 431, 461, 471–475, 477
cartography, 160, 251, 345
Casale, 383, 410
Casas, Fray Bartolomé de las, 44, 82–83, 87, 97, 125, 131, 135, 234, 255, 274–275, 280, 368–371, 374, 375–6, 492
Castañeda, count of, 496
Castelrodrigo, marquis of, 444, 454
Castiglione, Baldassare, 5
Castilians in creation of Spanish empire, 4–5, 10–11, 13, 15, 18, 21, 25–28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 41, 50, 53–54, 56, 58–61, 65, 67, 71–72, 75, 79–80, 119–120, 125, 129, 133, 159, 161–163, 165, 169, 171, 178, 232, 272, 293, 295, 304–305, 309, 316, 320, 321, 323, 325, 331–336, 339, 342, 347, 366, 373–374, 391, 401, 458, 488–490, 493–495, 500, 503–504, 506, 508, 511
Castillo de Bobadilla, Jerónimo, 151
Catalans in Spanish empire, 13, 15, 17, 23, 27, 38, 49, 170, 324, 337, 400–401
Cataldino, Father, 279
Catalonia, 6, 7, 27, 70, 81, 162, 164, 323, 337, 341, 390, 392, 400–401, 416, 419, 451–452, 454, 485, 490, 495, 504
Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of (1559), 152–153, 155, 180
catechism taught by missionaries, 146, 419, 502
Catherine of Aragon, 34
Catholic League in France, 317–318
Catholicism in Spanish colonies, 144, 235–236, 305, 310
Cattaneo, Italian financiers, 85
cattle exported to Spanish colonies, 131, 143, 205, 213, 252, 269–271, 281, 351, 358, 422, 424–425, 427, 466–467
Cavendish, Thomas, 230, 262
Cavite, 211, 219
Caxcan tribes, 247
Cebu, 198, 201–202
Cecil, Sir Edward, 323
Cempoala, 100, 114
Centurione, Italian bankers, 40–41, 85
Cephalonia, 25
Cerdanya, 22
Cerignola, battle of (1503), 26
Cervantes, Miguel de, 342, 500
Ceuta, 30, 322, 451, 455–456
Ceylon, 214, 306, 394, 501
Chamorro people, 419–420
Champlain, Samuel, 271
Charles I of England, 322, 395
Charles II of Spain, 406, 420, 434, 439
Charles III of Spain, 484
Charles IX of France, 156
Charles V, emperor, 29, 38, 49, 51–52, 57–59, 62, 65, 69, 82, 84, 86–88, 95, 97, 120, 124, 133, 142, 149, 163, 165, 167, 170, 173–174, 177, 190–191, 199, 228, 242, 265, 274, 294, 296, 300, 314, 334, 338, 371, 439, 456, 489, 492, 495, 500; chapter 2 passim
coronation of, 64
Imperial idea of, 52
Charles VI, Emperor, 446, 448, 459
Charles VIII of France, 23, 24, 25, 45
Charles, infante of Spain and later Charles III, 457, 458
Charleston, 425
Châteaurenaud, Admiral, 442
Cheng Cheng-kung see Coxinga
Cherasco, treaty of (1631), 384, 385
Chiapas, province of, 275, 424
Chichimec Indians, 248, 251
Chickasaw Indians, 463
Chilam Balam, The Books of, 149, 363
China, contacts with Spanish empire, 185, 199–200, 202, 206–208, 212–214, 216, 220–221, 224–225, 227, 232–234, 236, 291–292, 296, 304, 421, 488
Chinese in Spanish empire, 201, 202, 205–209, 212–214, 216, 218, 220–224, 227, 230, 233, 236, 291–292, 296, 327, 338, 345, 375, 394, 421, 489, 502, 507
dominance of in Philippines, 207, 219–220
Ching dynasty, 216
Choctaw Indians, 463
Cholula, 100–101, 103, 114
chroniclers as creators of myths of empire, 9, 28, 32, 38, 95, 98, 112, 124, 127, 133, 240, 329, 332, 334, 370, 498
Cibola, Seven Cities of, 118, 245
Cieza de León, Pedro de, 112, 119
cimarrones, 139, 229, 355–356
cinnamon, 205, 206, 210, 214
Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de, 20, 30–32, 36, 45, 84, 87, 274, 346, 456
Claris, Pau, 400
Claver, Peter, 358
Clement VII, Pope, 64
Clement VIII, Pope, 234
Clemente, Claudio, 36
cloves trade, 205, 224, 320
Cobos, Francisco de Los, 51, 71–2
Coen, Jan Pietersz, 327
Cognac, League of, 61
Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de, 186, 259
collaboration of resident populations with Spaniards in conquest, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 29–30, 66, 110–111, 113–117, 122, 165, 172, 202, 208, 219, 247, 251, 267, 283, 288, 311, 322, 324, 396, 434, 443,459, 488, 507, 508
Coloma, Carlos, 319, 320, 325
Colonna, Marcantonio, 173, 183
Colonna, Prospero, 59
Colonna, Vespasiano, 66, 76
Colorado river, 228, 246, 253, 377, 468, 469
Columbus, Christopher, 14, 19, 41–47, 49, 51, 82–83, 85, 88, 117, 121, 124, 126–129, 133–134, 143, 242, 270–271, 487
Comanche Indians, 466–468
communication, imperial. See language
Comuneros, 50, 51, 58, 288, 373, 488
Condé, prince of, 397, 410, 414
conquests, Spanish ban on (1573), 255
character of, 3, 4, 6, 12–15,19,21, 28–29, 35, 43–44,47,75, 83, 87, 92, 95–98, 100, 105, 111–113, 115, 118, 121–123, 135, 139, 142, 144, 148–149, 169, 187, 195, 202, 206, 221–227, 233, 245, 248, 254, 267, 274, 287–288, 301, 327, 333, 350, 351, 359–360, 361–362, 364, 371–372,383, 455, 458, 468, 491–492, 498–499, 506
cruelty of, 127, 148
spiritual, 375–376
conquistadors, Spanish, 12, 95, 98, 105, 125, 129, 138, 144, 192, 201, 240, 243, 247, 287, 329
Indians as, 115–116
myth of superiority, 112
origins of, 104, 108
Constable of Castile, 311
Constantinople, liberation of, 47, 185, 347
Consulado, 289, 430
contraband trade, 258, 327, 449, 471–472
Convention of the Pardo (1739), 473
conversos, 21, 41, 274, 343–344
conversos in America, 275
convoys, naval, 170, 259, 305
Cook, Captain, 237
copper, 168, 218, 307
Corbie, battle of, 396
Córdoba, 6, 68, 348
Cornish, Admiral, 482
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 118, 245–246
corsairs in Caribbean, 30, 56, 72, 75, 169, 309, 312, 320, 325, 397, 418
Corsicans in Spanish empire, 296–297, 344
Corso, Antonio, 296
Corso, Gian Antonio, 296–297, 344
Cortés, Hernando, 76, 83, 87–88, 98–104, 106, 108, 111–112, 114, 117, 127, 129, 135, 138, 143, 197, 199, 209, 228, 240, 242–245, 253, 287, 354, 493, 512
Cortes of Cadiz, 507
Cortes of Castile, 8, 17, 33, 35, 50–52, 54, 56, 58–59, 89, 102, 114, 155, 293, 373–374, 410, 456, 507
Cortés, Martin, 171
Coruña, 199, 289, 307, 397
Cosimo I de' Medici, 66
Council of Castile, 323, 326
Council of Finance, 188
Council of Italy, 173–174
Council of Portugal, 328, 394
Council of State, 191, 312, 314, 317, 387, 392
Council of the Indies, 142, 193, 210, 372, 479
Council of the Indies, 132, 225, 244, 289, 429–430, 461
Council of Troubles, 179
Council of War, 167
Counter Reformation, 267
‘country trade’, 421
Coxinga, 216, 421
Coymans, Balthasar, 430
Crato, Antonio prior of, 303, 308
credit mechanisms, 293
Creek Indians, 466
Creoles and Creole identity,
350–352, 358, 359, 370, 478, 506
Croce, Benedetto, 510
Cromberger, Hans, 5
Cromwell, Oliver, 410, 412
Crow Indians, 467
Crown of Aragon, 7, 10, 14, 17, 22–23, 27, 29, 51, 75, 95, 448, 450
Crown of Castile, 27, 51, 157, 333
crown, authority of, 192
crusade and expansion, 16–17, 29, 31
Cruz, Francisco de la, 368–371
Cruz, Gaspar da, 234
cruzada, 16–17
Cuauhtemoc, 104, 114
Cuba, 41, 83, 85, 87, 98–99, 102–103, 118, 121, 129, 135, 169, 240, 244, 246–247, 250, 261, 270, 356, 442, 471, 474–475, 484–485, 493, 507
Cumaná, 261
Cuna tribes, 377
Curaçao, 315, 329, 343, 427, 430–431, 471, 472
curacas, 122–123, 351, 360
Curtius, Jean, 417
Cusani family, financiers, 381
Cusco, 107, 110, 115, 193, 241–242, 271, 276, 346
Cyprus, 183
d'Asfeld, chevalier, 445
d'Aubigny, Robert Stuart, sieur, 26, 33
d'Avaux, Claude de Mesmes, Count, 409
d'Este family, 166
d'Isembourg, Count, 407
Da Torre, Admiral, 399
daimyos, 201, 216
Dampier, William, 421, 460, 461
Darien, 84–86, 197, 377, 428
Dasmariñas, Gómez Pérez, 216, 227
Dasmariñas, Luis Pérez, 226–227
datus, 202
Daun, Marshal Count Lorenz Wierich von, 446
Dávila, Gil González, 401
Dávila, Pedrarias, 86–87, 97, 138, 197
Dávila, Sancho, 303
De Haan, Admiral, 415
De Ruyter, Admiral Martijn, 415, 418
De Thou, French ambassador, 497
‘decline of Spain’, mythology of, 216, 326, 420, 429, 443, 489
Defoe, Daniel, 460
Denmark, 162, 209, 323
depopulation in Spanish colonies, 83, 84, 126–129, 182, 273, 360
Deventer, Jacob van, 159
devotio moderna, 143
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 87, 98–100, 102, 104–105, 113, 240, 347
diplomacy in Spanish empire, 23, 24, 38–40, 55, 162, 259, 314, 320, 325, 387, 389, 413, 440, 456, 491, 494, 496
disease in Spanish colonies, 127–128, 138, 201, 286
distance and imperial control, 87, 97, 146, 158, 203, 232, 235–236, 239, 256, 463, 468
Djerba, 32, 156, 168, 172
doctrinas, 266–267, 269, 279
Domíngues, Francisco, 160
Domínguez de Mendoza, Juan, 424
Dominican friars, 46, 53, 85, 87, 97, 107, 136, 143–144, 233–234, 265–266, 368–369, 372, 376, 388, 395, 492, 502–503