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Spain's Road to Empire

Page 75

by Henry Kamen


  Araucanian Indians, 116, 119, 124, 139, 239, 256, 304, 347, 363

  Arawaks, 43, 85

  Araya peninsula, 261

  Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de, 223, 510

  Arias Montano, Benito, 347, 365

  Arica, 262

  Armada, Spanish (1588), 170–171, 226, 230, 306–308, 365, 399, 412, 416

  armaments for Spanish empire, 7, 151, 167–169, 173, 176, 185, 221, 222, 320, 381, 412, 417, 436, 440, 465, 466, 474, 481

  armies of Spanish empire see infantry of Spain; recruitment

  arquebuses, 28, 60, 101, 107, 168, 184, 221, 302

  Arthur, Tudor prince, 34, 37

  artillery, use of, 16, 34, 60, 67, 76, 99, 168, 221, 247, 252, 308, 399, 419

  Ascensión, Antonio de la, 231

  asiento of slaves, 136, 405, 406, 430–431, 447, 470–471

  asientos, financial, 89, 136, 293–295

  Asturians in Spanish empire, 17, 141, 248, 335

  Asunción, 120, 241, 279, 280

  Atahualpa, Inca emperor, 106–108, 110, 113, 145–146, 194, 241, 276, 497–498, 511

  murder of, 109

  Atjeh, sultan of, 225

  Audiencias, 142, 203, 232, 244, 350, 479

  Augsburg, 81, 88, 168, 294, 298

  Augustinian friars, 144, 233

  Australia, identification of, 223, 476

  Austria, 50, 64, 82, 311, 317–318, 401, 410, 413, 434, 440, 456, 491; see also Holy Roman Empire

  Avila y Zúñiga, Luis de, 80

  Avila, Francisco de, 277

  ayllus, 99, 362

  Ayora, Gonzalo de, 31

  Ayora, Juan de, 144

  Azores, islands, 11, 49, 265

  Babur, Mughal emperor, 221

  Baden, treaty of (1714), 448

  Bahamas, islands, 41, 83, 170

  Bahia, 144, 279, 320, 322, 393, 401

  Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 85–87, 113, 135, 138, 197, 229

  bandeirantes, 279–280

  bankers of the Spanish empire, 13, 40, 54, 67, 69, 73, 88–89, 185, 199, 287–288, 381, 404–405, 410, 433, 491

  Bantam, sultan of, 421

  barangays, 201, 372

  Barbados, 315, 427, 431–432

  barbarians, defined and identified, 65, 143, 174, 367–368, 375, 382, 506; see also empire

  Barbarossa, Khayr al-Din, 32, 57, 63, 67, 70, 72–76

  Barbo, Barnabò, 166

  Barcelona, 14, 22–23, 27, 42, 63–64, 67, 73, 172, 192, 337, 341, 400–401, 410, 417–418, 443–445, 453–454, 456–457, 488

  Barroso, Giovanni, 430

  Basel, printers of, 339, 505

  Basques in Spanish empire, 13, 23, 34, 36, 38, 49, 51, 108, 134, 141, 170, 199, 201, 230, 248, 290, 337, 348, 351, 393, 396, 397, 398, 416–418, 454, 468, 493, 511

  Batavia, 327, 402

  Bavaria, 81, 317, 377, 385, 447

  Bay, marquis of, 444

  Bayard, Chevalier, 26

  Baza, city of, 16, 18

  Bazán, Alvaro de, 62, 72, 75, 183

  Bedmar, marquis of, 324

  Belgians in Spanish empire, 120, 166, 170, 297, 311, 316, 318, 321, 323, 325–326, 391–392, 419, 451, 490, 511

  Belgium, 55, 307, 312, 313, 321, 324, 411, 510, 511; see also Netherlands, Southern

  Benalcázar, Sebastián de, 106, 117–118

  Benavides, Admiral Juan de, 328

  Benavides, Alonso de, 265

  Benzoni, Girolamo, 118

  Bergeyck, count of, 451–452

  Bering, Vitus, 469

  Berlaymont, count of Florent, 319

  Bermudas, islands, 264, 315

  Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, 386, 398

  Berwick, marshal duke of, 444–445, 454

  Betanzos, Domingo de, 266

  Bilbao, 259, 341, 432

  bills of exchange, 40, 70, 185, 293

  Bitti, Bernardo, 346

  Blackfoot Indians, 467

  blacks see Africans

  Blake, Admiral Robert, 411

  Blancas, Francisco, 503

  Blanche of Navarre, Queen, 34

  Boabdil, last ruler of Granada, 18, 19

  Boccalini, Traiano, 368

  Bohemia, 82, 315–318

  Bolaños, Luis de, 279

  Bologna, 58, 64, 66, 67, 169, 500

  book imports to Spain, 340–341

  Borneo, 202, 224

  Borromeo family, 166

  Boscá, Joan, 5

  Bosque, Fray Fernando del, 422

  Botero, Giovanni, 4, 162, 170, 222, 505

  Bougainville, Louis de, 237

  Bougie, 32, 77

  Bourbon, Charles de, constable of France, 60–61

  Brandenburg, 157, 323

  Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, lord of, 27, 60, 156, 163, 178, 190–191, 487

  Brazil, 42, 144, 257, 279–280, 282, 292, 297, 305–306, 320, 328–329, 343–346, 384, 393, 398–399, 402–404, 406, 412, 430, 449

  Breda, siege of (1625), 321–323, 397

  Breisach, 385, 398, 408

  Bruges, 294, 301

  Brun, Antoine, 409, 413, 496

  Bruneau, Jacques, 325

  Brussels, 38, 49–50, 54, 77–78, 81, 88, 90–92, 151–152, 155, 158, 162, 177–180, 186, 191, 299, 301, 313, 318–321, 323–326, 383–385, 387, 407–408, 412, 500, 506, 509

  Bubb, George, 450, 471

  buccaneers in Caribbean, 258, 427–429

  Buckingham, duke of, 315

  Bucquoy, Charles Longueval, count of, 316–317

  Buenos Aires, 120, 134, 138, 241, 271, 279–283, 290, 304, 345, 403, 470–471

  bullion exports to Asia, 449

  bullion from New World, 70, 73, 158, 168, 173, 176, 287, 289, 293, 296, 432, 435,493

  bullion routes to European states, 433–434, 442, 449, 475

  bureaucracy of Spanish empire, 39, 161, 174, 341, 449

  Burgos, city of, 35, 37, 39–40, 288–290, 392

  Burgos, Laws of (1512), 97

  Burgundy, duchy of, 37, 50, 55, 63, 77, 90, 416

  business of empire, 8, 13, 40, 54–55, 64, 66, 70, 74, 85, 90, 135, 158–159, 173, 179, 192, 242, 278, 288, 290, 293–298, 309, 313–314, 317–318, 321, 329, 343, 378, 405, 430, 433, 449, 491–493, 508

  Bustamante, Fernando de, governor of Philippines, 236

  Byng, Admiral Sir George, 443, 453–454

  Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 120–121, 244–245, 250

  Cabot, Sebastian, 119, 334

  Cabral, Francisco, 225

  Cabriada, Juan de, 505

  Cabrilho, João Rodrigues, 228, 468

  caciques, 123, 247, 273, 351

  Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de, 463

  Cadiz, 16, 23, 40–42, 265, 290, 309, 322, 398, 406, 411, 433, 435–436, 449, 452, 455–456, 476–477, 488, 491

  Cajamarca, 95, 107–110, 115, 135, 145–146, 352, 364, 497–498

  Calabria, 25–26, 388

  California, 211, 228, 230–232, 236, 253, 267, 377, 461, 468–469, 485, 511

  Callao, 211, 262–263, 291, 296, 315, 358, 428, 449, 461, 479, 489

  calpulli, 99

  Calvinists, 177, 179, 186, 190, 249, 259, 313, 317

  Cambodia, 226, 327

  Cambrai, 416

  Cambrai, peace of (1529), 61–62

  Cambrai, peace of (1724), 455

  Camden, William, 92

  Campanella, Tommaso, 162, 285, 388–390

  Campillo, José del, 458

  Canada, 425–426, 462, 469,481,484

  Cañari Indians, 194

  Canary Islands, 11, 21, 85, 134, 141, 350, 420, 490, 491

  cannon, use of, 16, 28, 76, 107, 111, 166, 168–169, 184, 202, 221–222, 241, 253, 307, 328, 399, 408, 421, 428

  Cano, Alonso del, 171, 198–199

  Cape of Good Hope, 198, 200, 210, 229, 263

  caracoa boats, 222

  Carafa, principe of, 166

  Cardinal Infante Ferdinand, brother of Philip IV, 385, 396–397, 407

  Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy, 382
<
br />   Carlos de Chichimecateotl, 275

  Carolinas, islands, 420

  Carranza, Archbishop Bartolomé de, 368

  Cartagena (in Spain), 23, 76

  Cartagena de Indias, 117, 122, 134, 137, 142, 240, 243, 258, 260, 290, 298, 349, 355, 358, 431, 461, 471–475, 477

  cartography, 160, 251, 345

  Casale, 383, 410

  Casas, Fray Bartolomé de las, 44, 82–83, 87, 97, 125, 131, 135, 234, 255, 274–275, 280, 368–371, 374, 375–6, 492

  Castañeda, count of, 496

  Castelrodrigo, marquis of, 444, 454

  Castiglione, Baldassare, 5

  Castilians in creation of Spanish empire, 4–5, 10–11, 13, 15, 18, 21, 25–28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 41, 50, 53–54, 56, 58–61, 65, 67, 71–72, 75, 79–80, 119–120, 125, 129, 133, 159, 161–163, 165, 169, 171, 178, 232, 272, 293, 295, 304–305, 309, 316, 320, 321, 323, 325, 331–336, 339, 342, 347, 366, 373–374, 391, 401, 458, 488–490, 493–495, 500, 503–504, 506, 508, 511

  Castillo de Bobadilla, Jerónimo, 151

  Catalans in Spanish empire, 13, 15, 17, 23, 27, 38, 49, 170, 324, 337, 400–401

  Cataldino, Father, 279

  Catalonia, 6, 7, 27, 70, 81, 162, 164, 323, 337, 341, 390, 392, 400–401, 416, 419, 451–452, 454, 485, 490, 495, 504

  Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of (1559), 152–153, 155, 180

  catechism taught by missionaries, 146, 419, 502

  Catherine of Aragon, 34

  Catholic League in France, 317–318

  Catholicism in Spanish colonies, 144, 235–236, 305, 310

  Cattaneo, Italian financiers, 85

  cattle exported to Spanish colonies, 131, 143, 205, 213, 252, 269–271, 281, 351, 358, 422, 424–425, 427, 466–467

  Cavendish, Thomas, 230, 262

  Cavite, 211, 219

  Caxcan tribes, 247

  Cebu, 198, 201–202

  Cecil, Sir Edward, 323

  Cempoala, 100, 114

  Centurione, Italian bankers, 40–41, 85

  Cephalonia, 25

  Cerdanya, 22

  Cerignola, battle of (1503), 26

  Cervantes, Miguel de, 342, 500

  Ceuta, 30, 322, 451, 455–456

  Ceylon, 214, 306, 394, 501

  Chamorro people, 419–420

  Champlain, Samuel, 271

  Charles I of England, 322, 395

  Charles II of Spain, 406, 420, 434, 439

  Charles III of Spain, 484

  Charles IX of France, 156

  Charles V, emperor, 29, 38, 49, 51–52, 57–59, 62, 65, 69, 82, 84, 86–88, 95, 97, 120, 124, 133, 142, 149, 163, 165, 167, 170, 173–174, 177, 190–191, 199, 228, 242, 265, 274, 294, 296, 300, 314, 334, 338, 371, 439, 456, 489, 492, 495, 500; chapter 2 passim

  coronation of, 64

  Imperial idea of, 52

  Charles VI, Emperor, 446, 448, 459

  Charles VIII of France, 23, 24, 25, 45

  Charles, infante of Spain and later Charles III, 457, 458

  Charleston, 425

  Châteaurenaud, Admiral, 442

  Cheng Cheng-kung see Coxinga

  Cherasco, treaty of (1631), 384, 385

  Chiapas, province of, 275, 424

  Chichimec Indians, 248, 251

  Chickasaw Indians, 463

  Chilam Balam, The Books of, 149, 363

  China, contacts with Spanish empire, 185, 199–200, 202, 206–208, 212–214, 216, 220–221, 224–225, 227, 232–234, 236, 291–292, 296, 304, 421, 488

  Chinese in Spanish empire, 201, 202, 205–209, 212–214, 216, 218, 220–224, 227, 230, 233, 236, 291–292, 296, 327, 338, 345, 375, 394, 421, 489, 502, 507

  dominance of in Philippines, 207, 219–220

  Ching dynasty, 216

  Choctaw Indians, 463

  Cholula, 100–101, 103, 114

  chroniclers as creators of myths of empire, 9, 28, 32, 38, 95, 98, 112, 124, 127, 133, 240, 329, 332, 334, 370, 498

  Cibola, Seven Cities of, 118, 245

  Cieza de León, Pedro de, 112, 119

  cimarrones, 139, 229, 355–356

  cinnamon, 205, 206, 210, 214

  Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de, 20, 30–32, 36, 45, 84, 87, 274, 346, 456

  Claris, Pau, 400

  Claver, Peter, 358

  Clement VII, Pope, 64

  Clement VIII, Pope, 234

  Clemente, Claudio, 36

  cloves trade, 205, 224, 320

  Cobos, Francisco de Los, 51, 71–2

  Coen, Jan Pietersz, 327

  Cognac, League of, 61

  Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de, 186, 259

  collaboration of resident populations with Spaniards in conquest, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 29–30, 66, 110–111, 113–117, 122, 165, 172, 202, 208, 219, 247, 251, 267, 283, 288, 311, 322, 324, 396, 434, 443,459, 488, 507, 508

  Coloma, Carlos, 319, 320, 325

  Colonna, Marcantonio, 173, 183

  Colonna, Prospero, 59

  Colonna, Vespasiano, 66, 76

  Colorado river, 228, 246, 253, 377, 468, 469

  Columbus, Christopher, 14, 19, 41–47, 49, 51, 82–83, 85, 88, 117, 121, 124, 126–129, 133–134, 143, 242, 270–271, 487

  Comanche Indians, 466–468

  communication, imperial. See language

  Comuneros, 50, 51, 58, 288, 373, 488

  Condé, prince of, 397, 410, 414

  conquests, Spanish ban on (1573), 255

  character of, 3, 4, 6, 12–15,19,21, 28–29, 35, 43–44,47,75, 83, 87, 92, 95–98, 100, 105, 111–113, 115, 118, 121–123, 135, 139, 142, 144, 148–149, 169, 187, 195, 202, 206, 221–227, 233, 245, 248, 254, 267, 274, 287–288, 301, 327, 333, 350, 351, 359–360, 361–362, 364, 371–372,383, 455, 458, 468, 491–492, 498–499, 506

  cruelty of, 127, 148

  spiritual, 375–376

  conquistadors, Spanish, 12, 95, 98, 105, 125, 129, 138, 144, 192, 201, 240, 243, 247, 287, 329

  Indians as, 115–116

  myth of superiority, 112

  origins of, 104, 108

  Constable of Castile, 311

  Constantinople, liberation of, 47, 185, 347

  Consulado, 289, 430

  contraband trade, 258, 327, 449, 471–472

  Convention of the Pardo (1739), 473

  conversos, 21, 41, 274, 343–344

  conversos in America, 275

  convoys, naval, 170, 259, 305

  Cook, Captain, 237

  copper, 168, 218, 307

  Corbie, battle of, 396

  Córdoba, 6, 68, 348

  Cornish, Admiral, 482

  Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 118, 245–246

  corsairs in Caribbean, 30, 56, 72, 75, 169, 309, 312, 320, 325, 397, 418

  Corsicans in Spanish empire, 296–297, 344

  Corso, Antonio, 296

  Corso, Gian Antonio, 296–297, 344

  Cortés, Hernando, 76, 83, 87–88, 98–104, 106, 108, 111–112, 114, 117, 127, 129, 135, 138, 143, 197, 199, 209, 228, 240, 242–245, 253, 287, 354, 493, 512

  Cortes of Cadiz, 507

  Cortes of Castile, 8, 17, 33, 35, 50–52, 54, 56, 58–59, 89, 102, 114, 155, 293, 373–374, 410, 456, 507

  Cortés, Martin, 171

  Coruña, 199, 289, 307, 397

  Cosimo I de' Medici, 66

  Council of Castile, 323, 326

  Council of Finance, 188

  Council of Italy, 173–174

  Council of Portugal, 328, 394

  Council of State, 191, 312, 314, 317, 387, 392

  Council of the Indies, 142, 193, 210, 372, 479

  Council of the Indies, 132, 225, 244, 289, 429–430, 461

  Council of Troubles, 179

  Council of War, 167

  Counter Reformation, 267

  ‘country trade’, 421

  Coxinga, 216, 421

  Coymans, Balthasar, 430

  Crato, Antonio prior of, 303, 308

  credit mechanisms, 293

  Creek Indians, 466

  Creoles and Creole identity,
350–352, 358, 359, 370, 478, 506

  Croce, Benedetto, 510

  Cromberger, Hans, 5

  Cromwell, Oliver, 410, 412

  Crow Indians, 467

  Crown of Aragon, 7, 10, 14, 17, 22–23, 27, 29, 51, 75, 95, 448, 450

  Crown of Castile, 27, 51, 157, 333

  crown, authority of, 192

  crusade and expansion, 16–17, 29, 31

  Cruz, Francisco de la, 368–371

  Cruz, Gaspar da, 234

  cruzada, 16–17

  Cuauhtemoc, 104, 114

  Cuba, 41, 83, 85, 87, 98–99, 102–103, 118, 121, 129, 135, 169, 240, 244, 246–247, 250, 261, 270, 356, 442, 471, 474–475, 484–485, 493, 507

  Cumaná, 261

  Cuna tribes, 377

  Curaçao, 315, 329, 343, 427, 430–431, 471, 472

  curacas, 122–123, 351, 360

  Curtius, Jean, 417

  Cusani family, financiers, 381

  Cusco, 107, 110, 115, 193, 241–242, 271, 276, 346

  Cyprus, 183

  d'Asfeld, chevalier, 445

  d'Aubigny, Robert Stuart, sieur, 26, 33

  d'Avaux, Claude de Mesmes, Count, 409

  d'Este family, 166

  d'Isembourg, Count, 407

  Da Torre, Admiral, 399

  daimyos, 201, 216

  Dampier, William, 421, 460, 461

  Darien, 84–86, 197, 377, 428

  Dasmariñas, Gómez Pérez, 216, 227

  Dasmariñas, Luis Pérez, 226–227

  datus, 202

  Daun, Marshal Count Lorenz Wierich von, 446

  Dávila, Gil González, 401

  Dávila, Pedrarias, 86–87, 97, 138, 197

  Dávila, Sancho, 303

  De Haan, Admiral, 415

  De Ruyter, Admiral Martijn, 415, 418

  De Thou, French ambassador, 497

  ‘decline of Spain’, mythology of, 216, 326, 420, 429, 443, 489

  Defoe, Daniel, 460

  Denmark, 162, 209, 323

  depopulation in Spanish colonies, 83, 84, 126–129, 182, 273, 360

  Deventer, Jacob van, 159

  devotio moderna, 143

  Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 87, 98–100, 102, 104–105, 113, 240, 347

  diplomacy in Spanish empire, 23, 24, 38–40, 55, 162, 259, 314, 320, 325, 387, 389, 413, 440, 456, 491, 494, 496

  disease in Spanish colonies, 127–128, 138, 201, 286

  distance and imperial control, 87, 97, 146, 158, 203, 232, 235–236, 239, 256, 463, 468

  Djerba, 32, 156, 168, 172

  doctrinas, 266–267, 269, 279

  Domíngues, Francisco, 160

  Domínguez de Mendoza, Juan, 424

  Dominican friars, 46, 53, 85, 87, 97, 107, 136, 143–144, 233–234, 265–266, 368–369, 372, 376, 388, 395, 492, 502–503

 

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